DBMS Manual
DBMS Manual
MASTER MANUAL
Course: DBMS LABORATORY
IV-SEMESTER
Prepared by:
Mr. Nagaraj Shet
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, ICEAS, Bangalore
INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE
SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to create, remove, alter the
database and database objects
in a database management system and to store, retrieve, update the data in a database.
SQL is a standard language
for creating, accessing, manipulating database management system. SQL works for all
modern relational database
management systems, like SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, etc.
SQL commands can be categorized into five categories based on their functionality
SQL commands can be categorized into five categories based on their functionality
);
Suppose, you want to create a Student table with five columns in the SQL
database. To do this, you have to write the following DDL command:
Example 1:
CREATE TABLE Student
(
Roll_No. int ,
First_Name varchar (20) ,
Last_Name varchar (20) ,
Age int ,
Marks int,
Dob Date
);
SQL>desc Student;
Example 2:
create table Employee
(
empid varchar(10),
empname varchar(20) ,
gender varchar(7),
age number(3),
dept varchar(15) ,
doj Date
);
SQL> desc Employee
Example 3:
create table BOOK
(
Book_id varchar(4),
Title varchar(10),
Publisher_name varchar(10),
Pub_year int
);
SQL> desc BOOK;
2. ALTER
This command is used to add, delete or change columns in the existing table. The
user needs to know the existing table name and can do add, delete or modify tasks
easily.
Syntax: –
.ADD:
SQL> alter table employee add(designation varchar(15));
Table altered.
II.MODIFY
SQL> alter table employee modify (designation varchar(20));
Table altered
Example 1:
ALTER TABLE Student
ADD CGPA number;
SQL>desc Student;
Example 2:
ALTER TABLE Employee
ADD Salary number;
SQL>desc Employee;
Example 3:
ALTER TABLE BOOK
ADD Author_nmae varchar(20);
SQL>desc Student;
3. RENAME:
It is possible to change name of table with or without data in it using simple
RENAME command.
We can rename any table object at any point of time.
Syntax –
RENAME <Table Name> To <New_Table_Name>;
Example:
RENAME TABLE Employee To EMP;
4. TRUNCAT:
This command is used to remove all rows from the table, but the structure of the
table still exists.
Syntax –
Syntax to remove an existing table.
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE Student;
5. DROP
This command is used to remove an existing table along with its structure from
the Database.
Syntax –
Syntax to drop an existing table.
DROP TABLE table_name;
Example: DROP TABLE Student_info;
DML(DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE):
Data manipulation language allows the users to query and manipulate data in
existing schema in object.
It allows following data to insert, delete, update and recovery data in schema
object.
DML COMMANDS:
❖ INSERT
❖ UPDATE
❖ DELETE
1. INSERT
This command is used to enter the information or values into a row. We can
connect one or more records to a single table within a repository using this
instruction.
Syntax:
Insert into Table_ Name Values(column1, column2,.....);
Example:
CREATE TABLE Student
(
Roll_No int ,
First_Name varchar (20) ,
Last_Name varchar (20) ,
Marks int,
Dob Date
);
SQL>desc Student;
SQL> insert into Student values(‘01’,’Adit,’k’’,25,’11-02-2004’);
SQL> insert into Student values(02,“Arpitha”,”S”, 20,’21-12-2003’);
SQL> insert into Student values(03,“Jorge”,”D”, 20, 18,’10-08-2001’);
Insert 2 more rows.
SQL>desc Student;
2. UPDATE
This allows the user to update the particular column value using the where
clause condition. This command is used to alter existing table records.
Syntax:
UPDATE <table_ name>
SET <column_ name = value>
WHERE condition;
Example:
UPDATE Students
SET Marks= 21
WHERE First_ name = “Arpitha”;
SQL>desc Students;
3. DELETE
a) Delete some rows
DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table. Generally DELETE
statement removes one or more records from a table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example:
Delete from Students where Roll_no=’111’;
Example:
Select * from Students;
SQL> desc Students;
Example:
SELECT DISTINCT Roll_No FROM Students;
Example:
SELECT * FROM students
WHERE students_name IN ( Arpitha, Jorge);
Example:
SELECT * FROM student WHERE mark BETWEEN 80 and 100;
6. Renaming:
The select statement can be used to rename either a column or the entire table.
Syntax:
Renaming a column:
SELECT column name AS new name FROM table_name;
Example:
Renaming a table:
Example:
RENAME Student TO Stu_details;
7. SELECT DATE
It is used to retrieve a date from a database. If you want to find a particular date
from a database, you can use this statement.
Syntax:
SELECT Column_Names(S) from table-name
WHERE condition(date_column);
8. SELECT NULL
Null values are used to represent missing unknown data.
There can be two conditions:
Syntax:
SELECT COLUMN_NAME(S) FROM TABLE_NAME
WHERE COLUMN_NAME IS NOT NULL;
Example:
SELECT Student_name, Marks FROM STUDENTS
WHERE MARKS IS NOT NULL;
ORDER BY Clause
ORDER BY is a clause in SQL which shows the result-set of the SELECT statement
in either ascending or descending order.
a) with one row
Syntax:
SELECT Column_Name FROM Table_Name
ORDER BY Column_Name;
Example:
SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BY Reg_no;
c) Ascending Order(ASC)/Descending
Order(DESC) SELECT Column_Name(S) FROM
Table_Name ORDER BY Column_Name(S) ASC;
Example:
SELECT * FROM Students ORDER BY Marks ASC;
GROUP BY clause
GROUP BY is an SQL keyword used in the SELECT query for arranging the same
values of a column in the group by using SQL functions.
Syntax:
SELECT Column_Name(S) FROM Table_Name
GROUP BY Column_Name(S);
Example:
SELECT COUNT (marks), Student_name GROUP BY marks;
c) COUNT() Function
The COUNT() function returns the number of rows in a database table.
Syntax:
COUNT(*)
or
COUNT( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )
Example:
1. SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM Student;
2. SELECT COUNT(Marks)
FROM Student
GROUP BY marks
HAVING COUNT(*) > 50;
d) SUM() clause
It is used to return the total summed value of an expression.
Syntax:
SELECT SUM(aggregate_expression)
FROM tables
[WHERE conditions];
Example:
SELECT SUM(Marks)
FROM Student
Where roll_no=’111’;
GRANT
used to provide access right to the user.
REVOKE
REVOKE command is used to take back access right from the user, it cancels
access right of the user from the
database object.
Syntax
REVOKE ALL ON Employee FROM user;
TCL commands can rollback and commit data modification in the database. The
most used TCL commands are COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, and SET
TRANSACTION.
COMMIT
COMMIT command is used to save or apply the modification in the database.
ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK command is used to undo the modification.
SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT command is used to temporarily save a transaction, the transaction
can roll back to this point when it's needed.
Syntax :
Just write COMMIT or ROLLBACK or SAVEPOINT
Solutions:
Create a table employee with the given constraints:
SQL> create table employee (empno number,ename varchar2(10), job
varchar2(10),mgr
number,sal number);
SQL> create table employee (empno number,
ename varchar(10),
job varchar(10),
mgr_no number,
sal number,
commission number );
Table created
SQL>desc employee;
Solutions:
//create user
User created.
Grant succeeded.
Connect c##dbms/dbms403;
Connected.
Show user;
2. Insert the any three records in the employee table and use rollback.
Check the result
SQL>rollback
Rollback completed
3. Add primary key constraint and not null constraint to the employee
table.
SQL>desc Employee;
4. Insert null values to the employee table and verify the result.
1 row inserted
Viva Question:
1. What is data?
Data is a collection of information gathered by observations, measurements,
research or analysis.
2. What is database?
A database is an electronically stored, systematic collection of data. It can contain
any type of data, including words, numbers, images, videos, and files.
3. What is DBMS?
Database Management Systems (DBMS) are software systems used to store,
retrieve, and run queries on data.
7. What is Table?
A table is an arrangement of data in rows and columns, or possibly in a more
complex structure.
8. What is a Tuple?
A tuple is an ordered sequence of values. The values can be repeated, but their
number is always finite.
9. What is Columns?
column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural element
that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other
structural elements below.
Experiment-2
Solution:
Table altered.
1 row updated.
Table altered.
SQL>desc employee;
1 row deleted
Viva Questions
1. What is an Attribute?
A quality, character, or characteristic ascribed to someone or something has
leadership attributes.
A multivalued attribute of an entity is an attribute that can have more than one
value associated with the key of the entity.
In DBMS, key attributes refer to the specific fields or columns in a table that are
used to uniquely identify each record in the table.
Experiment-3
Solution:
1. Create Employee table containing all Records E_id, E_name, Age, Salary.
SQL>desc Employee;
Viva Questions
1. What is an Attribute?
A table consists of several records(row), each record can be broken down into
several smaller parts of data known as Attributes. The above Employee table
consist of four attributes, ID, Name, Age and Salary.
An attributes that may have multiple values for the same entity. For example
colors of a car entity.
Attribute can be subdivided into two or more other Attribute. For Example, Name
can be divided into First name, Middle name and Last name.
Attributes derived from other stored attribute. For example age from Date of
Birth and Today’s date.
These are attributes other than candidate key attributes in a table. For example
Firstname is a non key attribute as it does not represent the main characteristics of
the entity.
Solution:
1. Create Customer Table:
Table created.
Trigger created.
Previous salary:8000
Current salary: 10000
Salary difference:2000
Viva Questions
A primary key is a column whose values uniquely identify every row in a table.
When a "one" table's primary key field is added to a related "many" table in
order to create the common field which relates the two tables, it is called a
foreign key in the "many" table.
For example, the salary of an employee is stored in salary table. The relation is
established via foreign key column “Employee_ID_Ref” which refers
“Employee_ID” field in the Employee table.
6. What is a query?
A query with respect to DBMS relates to user commands that are used to interact
with a data base. The query language can be classified into data definition
language and data manipulation language.
SQL Update is used to update data in a row or set of rows specified in the filter
condition.
SQL Delete is used to delete a row or set of rows specified in the filter condition.
ORDER BY clause helps to sort the data in either ascending order to descending
Create cursor for Employee table & extract the values from the table.
Declare the variables, Open the cursor & extract the values from the cursor.
Close the cursor. Employee(E_id, E_name, Age, Salary)
Solution:
Table created.
3. Create the cursor ,extracting the value from Employee table and close
the cursor.
Output:
1. Define Normalization.
Organized data void of inconsistent dependency and redundancy within a database is
called normalization.
2. Enlist the advantages of normalizing database.
Advantages of normalizing database are:
No duplicate entries
Saves storage space
Boasts the query performances.
3. What is Entity?
An entity can be a real-world object, either animate or inanimate, that can be easily
identifiable. For example, in a school database, students, teachers, classes, and courses
offered can be considered as entities.
5. What is Relationship?
The association among entities is called a relationship. For example, an
employee works_at a department, a student enrolls in a course. Here, Works_at and
Enrolls are called relationships.
Binary = degree 2
Ternary = degree 3
n-ary = degree n
Write a PL/SQL block of code using parameterized Cursor, that will merge
the data available in the newly created table N_RollCall with the data
available in the table O_RollCall. If the data in the first table already exist in
the second table then that data should be skipped.
Solution:
Procedure created.
SQL>call roll_details();
Call completed.
Viva Questions
7. What is DDL?
DDL stands for Data Definition Language. SQL queries like CREATE,
ALTER, DROP and RENAME come under this.
8. What is
DML?
DML stands for Data Manipulation Language. SQL queries like SELECT,
INSERT and UPDATE come under this.
9. What is
DCL?
DCL stands for Data Control Language. SQL queries like GRANT and
REVOKE come under this.
Experiment-7:
Install an Open Source NoSQL Data base MangoDB & perform basic
CRUD(Create, Read,Update & Delete) operations. Execute MangoDB basic
Queries using CRUD operations.
MongoDB is a popular NoSQL database offering flexibility, scalability, and ease of use. Installing
and configuring MongoDB in Ubuntu is a straightforward process, but it requires careful attention to
detail to ensure a smooth setup.
In this guide, we’ll learn how to install and configure MongoDB in Ubuntu. We’ll walk you through
each step, from installation to configuration, enabling you to harness the power of MongoDB on
your Ubuntu system.
Let’s look at the requirements for installing MongoDB in Ubuntu.
MongoDB can be installed on Ubuntu with the use of the following commands. These commands
are easy to run on the terminal and make the installation process handy. Follow the steps given
below to install MongoDB:
Step 1: First you need to update and upgrade your system repository to install MongoDB. Type the
following command in your terminal and then press Enter.
Step 2: Now, install the MongoDB package using ‘apt‘. Type the following command and press
Enter.
Step 3: Check the service status for MongoDB with the help of following command:
Step 4: Now check if the installation process is done correctly and everything is working fine. Go
through the following command:
the value “1” in ok field indicates that the server is working properly with no errors.
Step 5: MongoDB services can be started and stopped with the use of following commands: To stop
running the MongoDB service, use command :
MongoDB provides a command-line interface called the MongoDB shell, which allows you to
interact with the database.
To access the MongoDB shell, simply type the following command in your terminal:
mongo
You are now connected to the MongoDB server, and you can start executing commands
to createdatabases, collections, and documents.
CRUD Operations:
1. Create (Insert)
To create or insert data into a MongoDB collection, you use the insertOne() or
insertMany() methods.
2. Read (Query)
To read or retrieve data from a MongoDB collection, you use the find() method.
db.collection('yourCollection').find();
3. Update
To update existing documents in a MongoDB collection, you use the updateOne() or updateMany()
methods.
db.collection('yourCollection').updateOne(
);
db.collection('yourCollection').updateMany(
);
4. Delete
To delete documents from a MongoDB collection, you use the deleteOne() or deleteMany() methods.
CRUD is the acronym for CREATE, READ, UPDATE and DELETE. These terms describe the
four essential operations for creating and managing persistentdata elements, mainly in relational
and NoSQL databases.
You can perform update, insert and delete operation in the Grid. While performingthese
operations, the corresponding event is invoked. In that event SQL query is used to update the
database. The events for performing CRUD operation are declared.
The MongoDB shell provides the following methods to update documents in acollection:
1. To update a single document, use db. collection. updateOne() .
2. To update multiple documents, use db. collection. updateMany() .
3. To replace a document, use db. collection. replaceOne() .
The basic methods of interacting with a MongoDB server are called CRUD operations. CRUD
stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These CRUDmethods are the primary ways you will
manage the data in your databases.
CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update, and Delete. These are the four fundamental operations
of persistent storage. In the context of RESTful APIs , they correspond to the HTTP methods
POST, GET, PUT/PATCH, and DELETE.
Several ways can be employed to create and remove collections in MongoDB. Of which one
way is by using db. Create Collection (name, options). MongoDB creates a collection for an
inserted command automatically if no similar collectionalready exists in the MongoDB
database.