0% found this document useful (0 votes)

65 views77 pages

Dental Terminology 3rd Edition by Charline M Dofka ISBN 1133019714 9781133019718

The document provides information on how to download the 'Dental Terminology 3rd Edition' by Charline M Dofka, along with links to other related textbooks available on ebookball.com. It includes ISBN numbers for various editions and titles, as well as a brief overview of the contents of the dental terminology book. Additionally, it contains copyright information and a notice regarding electronic rights restrictions.

Uploaded by

penavawakan

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

65 views77 pages

Dental Terminology 3rd Edition by Charline M Dofka ISBN 1133019714 9781133019718

Uploaded by

penavawakan

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 77

Visit ebookball.

com to download the full version and

explore more ebook or textbook

Dental Terminology 3rd Edition by Charline M Dofka

ISBN 1133019714 9781133019718

_ Click the link below to download _

https://ebookball.com/product/dental-terminology-3rd-
edition-by-charline-m-dofka-
isbn-1133019714-9781133019718-7346/

Explore and download more ebook or textbook at ebookball.com

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

Dental Terminology 3rd Edition by Charline M Dofka ISBN

1133019714 9781133019718

https://ebookball.com/product/dental-terminology-3rd-edition-by-
charline-m-dofka-isbn-1133019714-9781133019718-5808/

Dental Terminology 2nd Edition by Charline Dofka ISBN

1418015229 9781418015220

https://ebookball.com/product/dental-terminology-2nd-edition-by-
charline-dofka-isbn-1418015229-9781418015220-7340/

The Anatomy of Medical Terminology A FORMULAIC

INTRODUCTION 3rd Edition by LEWIS STILES ISBN 1988941417
9781988941417
https://ebookball.com/product/the-anatomy-of-medical-terminology-a-
formulaic-introduction-3rd-edition-by-lewis-stiles-
isbn-1988941417-9781988941417-3130/

Orthodontics Current Principles and Techniques 3rd Edition

by Thomas M Graber ISBN 0815193637 9780815193630

https://ebookball.com/product/orthodontics-current-principles-and-
techniques-3rd-edition-by-thomas-m-graber-
isbn-0815193637-9780815193630-8070/
Clinical Cases in Dental Hygiene 1st Edition by Cheryl M
Westphal Theile ISBN 111914504X 9781119145042

https://ebookball.com/product/clinical-cases-in-dental-hygiene-1st-
edition-by-cheryl-m-westphal-theile-
isbn-111914504x-9781119145042-5822/

Craig Restorative Dental Materials 13th Edition by Ronald

L Sakaguchi, John M Powers ISBN 0323081088 9780323081085

https://ebookball.com/product/craig-restorative-dental-materials-13th-
edition-by-ronald-l-sakaguchi-john-m-powers-
isbn-0323081088-9780323081085-2960/

IEEE Standard Glossary of Computer Networking Terminology

1st Edition by IEEE ISBN

https://ebookball.com/product/ieee-standard-glossary-of-computer-
networking-terminology-1st-edition-by-ieee-isbn-9106/

IEEE Standard Glossary of Mathematics of Computing

Terminology 1st Edition by IEEE ISBN 0738145416

https://ebookball.com/product/ieee-standard-glossary-of-mathematics-
of-computing-terminology-1st-edition-by-ieee-isbn-0738145416-9108/

Comparative Dental Morphology 1st Edition by T Koppe, G

Meyer, K W Alt, A Brook, M C Dean, I Kjaer, J R Lukacs, B
H Smith, M F Teaford ISBN B06Y6FC5FZ 9783805592291
https://ebookball.com/product/comparative-dental-morphology-1st-
edition-by-t-koppe-g-meyer-k-w-alt-a-brook-m-c-dean-i-kjaer-j-r-
lukacs-b-h-smith-m-f-teaford-isbn-b06y6fc5fz-9783805592291-7282/
Dental
Terminology
Third Edition

Charline M. Dofka, CDA, RDH, MS

Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with

office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom,
Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at:
international.cengage.com/region
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Delmar, visit www.cengage.com/delmar

Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
online store www.cengagebrain.com
Notice to the Reader
Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product informa-
tion contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the
manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid
all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher
makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any
such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher
shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material.

Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 16 15 14 13 12

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Chapter 1 Introduction to Dental Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Locate the Dental Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Pronounce the Dental Word. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Analyze the Structure of the Dental Word. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Define the Meaning of the Dental Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Pluralize the Dental Word. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Use the Dental Word. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chapter 2 Anatomy and Oral Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Anatomy of the Skull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Anatomical Features of the Skull. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Landmarks and Features of the Mandible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Muscles of Mastication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Trigeminal Nerve Location and Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Blood Supply of the Cranium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Locations and Purposes of the Salivary Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Agents and Functions of the Lymphatic System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Important Structures in the Oral Cavity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Chapter 3 Tooth Origin and Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Classification of the Human Dentition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Histological Stages of Tooth Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Tissue Structure of the Teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Tissue Composition of the Periodontium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Odontology/Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Tooth Surfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Chapter 4 Practice and Facility Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Dental Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Places of Employment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Dental Hand Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Rotary Dental Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Dental Facility Operative Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Chapter 5 Infection Control��93

Disease Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Causes of Disease and Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Port of Entry for Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Immunity Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Disease Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Agencies Concerned with Disease Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Chapter 6 Emergency Care��108

Emergency-Prevention Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Emergency-Prevention Equipment and Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Airway Obstruction and Resuscitation Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Classification of Shock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Common Medical Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Common Dental Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Chapter 7 Examination and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Procedures Involved with the Initial Examination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Examination of the Oral Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Examination of the Teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Charting Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Alginate Impressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Home Preventive Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Dental Facility Preventive Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Chapter 8 Pain Management and Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Description of Pain and Methods to Relieve Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Local Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
General Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Pharmacology and the Science of Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Drug Interactions with Body Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Drug Forms and Methods of Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Routes for Drug Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Drug Prescription Content. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Classification and Types of Drug Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Chapter 9 Radiography ��165

Definition and Production of X-Rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Properties of Roentgen Rays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Measurement of Radiation Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Radiation Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Composition, Types, and Qualities of Dental Radiographs. . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Techniques for Exposing Radiographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Radiographic Film Processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Digital Image Retrieval and Enhancement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Mounting Radiographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Assorted Radiographic Errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
3D Radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Chapter 10 Tooth Restorations��190

Patient Preparation and Procedure Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Isolation of the Operative Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Preparation of the Restorative Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Matrix Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Cements, Liners, and Base Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Restoration Placement Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Restorative Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Finishing Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Chapter 11 Cosmetic Dentistry��204

Definition of Cosmetic Dentistry and Related Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Smile Makeover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Tooth Whitening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Tooth Bonding and Veneer Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Cosmetic Tooth Restorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Periodontal Tissue Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Dental Implants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Accelerated Orthodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Chapter 12 Prosthodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Divisions in the Field of Prosthodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Types and Characteristics of Prosthodontic Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Fixed Prosthodontics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Removable Dental Prostheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Procedures and Methods Used in the Prosthodontic Practice. . . . . . . . . . . 225
Use of Implants in Prosthodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Miscellaneous Prosthodontic Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Chapter 13 Endodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Science and Practice of Endodontic Dentistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Diagnostic Procedures to Determine Pulpal Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Endodontic Treatment Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Endodontic Treatment Equipment and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Surgical Endodontic Treatments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Endodontic Treatment of Traumatized Teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Tooth Replantation Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Chapter 14 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Duties and Functions of an Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon. . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Instrumentation Related to Oral Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Surgical Procedures Involved in Exodontia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Procedures Involved in Soft-Tissue Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Procedures Involved in Minor Bone Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Surgical Procedures Involved in Fracture Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Procedures Involved in Maxillofacial Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Oral Surgery Procedures Involved with TMJ Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Surgical Procedures Involved in Implantology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Oral Surgery Role in Esthetic Dentistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Chapter 15 Orthodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Purpose of Orthodontic Practice and Malocclusion Classifications . . . . . . 272
Types and Methods of Orthodontic Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Requirements for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning for Malocclusion. . . 278
Intraoral Appliances and Auxiliaries Used in Orthodontics. . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Types and Purposes of Headgear and Traction Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Assorted and Specialized Appliances and Retainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Instrumentation for the Orthodontic Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

Chapter 16 Periodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Anatomy of the Periodontium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Etiology and Symptoms of Periodontal Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Classification of Periodontal Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Periodontal Examination and Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Measurement and Recording of Periodontal Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Periodontal Treatment Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Periodontal Involvement with Dental Implants and Cosmetic Dentistry. . 299
Instrumentation for Periodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Chapter 17 Pediatric Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Scope of Pediatric Dentistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Development and Growth Concerns of the Pediatric Dentition. . . . . . . . . 307
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents ix

Maintenance and Preservation of the Pediatric Dentition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Restorative Dental Care for the Primary Dentition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Control and Sedation of the Child Patient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Treatment for Trauma and Abuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Use of Dental Records for Patient Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Miscellaneous Child Health Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Chapter 18 Dental Laboratory Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Impression Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Gypsum Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Wax Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Dental Polymer Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Precious and Base Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Abrasive and Polishing Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Cement Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Characteristics of Dental Laboratory Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Chapter 19 Dental Laboratory Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Range and Scope of the Dental Laboratory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Dental Laboratory Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Denture Construction Laboratory Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Removable Partial Denture Construction Laboratory Procedures. . . . . . . 345
Fixed Prosthodontic Dental Laboratory Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Miscellaneous Dental Laboratory Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
CAD/CAM in the Dental Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352

Chapter 20 Business Management Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Office Communication Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Appointment Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Patient Records and Filing Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Business Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Dental Insurance Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Financial Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Inventory Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Legal and Ethical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Appendix A: Word Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

Appendix B: Answers to Chapter 1 Exercises. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Glossary of Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Glossary of Insurance Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface

Dental Terminology, third edition, was written in the same user-friendly manner
as the previous editions. It is meant to be an opening introduction to the world
of dentistry for the new student or as a quick reference or recall of information
for the seasoned dental professional.
Dental terms are grouped according to a specialty or area of interest to
provide specific and related knowledge of the subject matter. Information is
quick and to the point. In-depth study is left to the classroom instruction or
subject reference texts. Material and review exercises at the end of the chapters
are new and enlarged with a reinforcement of what information they have
acquired.
The book language is plain, common, and easy to understand. When large
words are introduced, they are broken down into syllables and shown in a
“sounds like” manner to help the new or foreign student learn how to speak
the term. Further, this edition has added a Spanish translation to many of the
words listed in the glossary to assist the student or to transfer information in
working with patients with a limited knowledge of English terms.
Although the mission and practice of dentistry with its healing arts do not
change, technology does. Dental Terminology, third edition, has updated infor-
mation, including new equipment, materials, and techniques. More graphic
and enhanced visual aids with color have been added to make the book more
attractive and more informative, as well as to serve as an aid to the learning
process.

New to This Edition

Chapter 1
New tests and examples have been added throughout the chapter for
more enforcement and understanding of the lesson.

Chapter 2
More information has been introduced on palate structure, palatine
areas, and sensory divisions and branches of the trigeminal nerve.

Chapter 3
Tooth eruption and exfoliation information is given along with added
timetables for deciduous and permanent teeth.

Chapter 4
Updating of duties, services, and employment concerns are discussed.
New instrument information is included.

Chapter 5
Concern and care for disease prevention has been expanded. New
CDC classifications of risk categories for instruments and equipment
have been added.

Chapter 6
New guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the use of
automated external defibrillation are included.

Chapter 7
The importance of proper and thorough patient health information
data is discussed. More information is included about additional oral
examination concerns and diagnostic testing.

Chapter 8
Additional descriptions of anxiety abatement controls as a method of
pain reduction are introduced.

Chapter 9
Digital radiography with recovery and enhancement has been added.
Cone beam 3D radiography and tomography information is given.
Revised discussions concerning measurement of radiation energy,
biological effects, and safety are included.

Chapter 10
Information regarding new isolation of restorative sites methods with
new matrix placement and dry field illuminators is introduced.

Chapter 11
Smile makeover with tooth reconstruction, gingival reductions and
augmentation, implant placement, and other cosmetic procedures are
explained.

Chapter 12
Material combinations, makeup, and uses are reviewed as well as a look
at the requirements for practice in this specialty.

Chapter 13
Charting and diagnosis of pulpal conditions have been added.
New instruments, such as flowmeters, loupes, microscopic surgical
instruments, and methods, are discussed.

Chapter 14
Various surgical procedures for maxillofacial treatment of TMJ, bone
reconstruction, implant placement, and other disorders are given.
There is a discussion regarding the surgical participation in esthetic
dentistry.

Chapter 15
Expanded review is included of corrective orthodontic procedures
involving direct or indirect banding or brackets, lingual or Invisalign
braces, and Class II corrective and anchor devices. Involvement of
orthodontic practices in orthognathic procedures is introduced.

Chapter 16
Expanded information related to the measurement and recording of
periodontal conditions is given. A new section describing periodontic
treatment in cosmetic dentistry is included.

Chapter 17
Development and growth concerns of the child patient are described
as well as control and sedation of the child.

Chapter 18
Digital impression methods and the uses in prosthetic procedures are
explained. Use of dental materials and metal information is enlarged.

Chapter 19
Additional discussion of computer-assisted systems in the CAD/CAM
area of dental restoration and appliances is included.

Chapter 20
HIPAA regulations are discussed. Expansion of the dental insurance,
legal, and ethical terms are provided.

End of chapter exercises have been revised for each chapter. A new glossary
approach is prepared with the addition of legal, insurance, and ethical words.
Spanish translations of many words are given at the end of the word listing.

About the Author

Charline Manion Dofka became a Registered Dental Hygienist after study
at West Liberty State College (University) and worked in general dentistry,
oral surgery, and orthodontics while continuing her education and raising her
family.
After earning a bachelor of science degree from West Liberty, she helped
to set up the dental assisting department in Belmont Career Center, a new
vocational school in Ohio. While serving as a senior instructor in dental
assisting, she completed the exam and requirements for DANB certifica-
tion and later became coordinator for DCHO (diversified co-operative
health occupations) in this school. During her educational career, she or-
ganized the local National Honor Society chapter and was adult skill leader
for a Vocational Industrial Club of America (VICA) team trip to national
competition.
During her instructional tenure, Mrs. Dofka continued her p ost-graduate
studies by taking classes at Ohio State, Kent State, Ohio University, West
Virginia University, and the University of Dayton, where she earned an
MS degree in counseling. Also during this period, she penned her first text,
Competency Skills for the Dental Assistant, and later Dental Terminology.
Now retired from active practice, she maintains competency and contin-
ues to contribute to the profession by serving on advisory boards, consulting
engagements, dental meetings, and volunteer services.
Mrs. Dofka feels that in her long and varied involvement in dentistry, she
has seen the growth of the dental art, expertise, materials, equipment, and,
in particular, the development of the use of auxiliary assistance and the team
approach. She has tried to bring out all these features in an up-to-date, easy-
to-comprehend, and useful book.

Feedback
The author hopes that Dental Terminology will aid the beginning student—or
any interested person—in understanding and using dental terms. Comments,
viewpoints, or input regarding this book will be appreciated. The author may
be contacted by e-mail at [email protected].

Reviewers of the Current and Past Editions

Barbara Bennett, CDA, RDH, MS, Texas State Technical College,
Harlingen, Texas
Robert Bennett, DMD, Texas State Technical College, Harlingen, Texas
Cindy Bradley, CDA, CDPMA, EFDA, Orlando Tech, Orlando, Florida
Patricia Frese, RDH, Med, Raymond Walters College, Cincinnati, Ohio
Terri Heintz, CDA, RDA, Des Moines Area Community College, Ankeny, Iowa
Vivian Koistinen, CDA, RDA, BS, Anthem Education Group, Phoenix, Arizona

Kathryn Mosley, RDA, BS, MS, Silicon Valley College, Fremont, California
Denise Murphy, CDA, CDPMA, EFDA, Orland Tech, Orlando, Florida
Juanita Robinson, CDA, EFDA, LDH, MSEd, Indiana University Northeast,
Gary, Indiana
Kelly Svanda, CDA, Southeast Community College, Nehawka, Nebraska
Janet Wilburn, BS, CDA, Phoenix College, Phoenix, Arizona

How to Use StudyWARE™ to Accompany Dental Terminology, Third Edition

The StudyWARE™ software helps you learn terms and concepts in Dental
Terminology, third edition. As you study each chapter in the text, be sure to
explore the activities in the corresponding chapter in the software. Use
StudyWARE™ as your own private tutor to help you learn the material in
your Dental Terminology, third edition textbook.
Getting started is easy. Log into cengagebrain.com. Search for the book by
author, “Dofka”; title, “Dental Terminology 3e”; or ISBN, 978-1-133-019718.
Select the correct product from the list of products provided. Click “Access”
under “Related Products and Free Materials” on the product page. You will be
able to download a copy of the free software and can begin the activities.

Menus
You can access the menus from wherever you are in the program. The menus
include Quizzes and other Activities.

Quizzes
Quizzes include multiple choice,
fill-in-the-blank, and matching
questions. You can take the quiz-
zes in both practice mode and quiz
mode. Use practice mode to im-
prove your mastery of the material.
You have multiple tries to get the
answers correct. Instant feedback
tells you whether you’re right
or wrong and helps you learn
quickly by explaining why an
answer was correct or incorrect.
Use quiz mode when you are
ready to test yourself and keep
a record of your scores. In quiz
mode, you have one try to get
the answers right, but you can
take each quiz as many times as
you want.

Scores
You can view your last scores for each quiz and print your results to hand in to
your instructor.

Activities
Activities include concentration,
hangman, crossword puzzles,
championship game, flashcards,
and word building. Have fun while
increasing your knowledge!

Audio Library
The StudyWARE™ Audio Library
is a reference that includes audio
pronunciations and definitions for
many dental terms! Use the audio
library to practice pronunciation

and review definitions for den-
tal terms. You can browse terms
by chapter or search by keyword.
Listen to pronunciations of the

terms you select, or listen to an en-
tire list of terms.

Objectives Upon conclusion of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
1. Locate the dental word. Words and abbreviations related to dentistry are
printed in boldface when first mentioned in the text.
2. Pronounce the dental word. Words are divided by pronunciation groupings
with indications for emphasis and pronunciation stress.
3. Analyze the structure of the dental word. Combination words are separated
into meaningful parts to show word structure.
4. Define the meaning of the dental word. Definitions/meanings are presented
for each listed term.
5. Pluralize the dental word. Words are changed from singular to plural by using
the standard rules for changing word endings.
6. Use the dental word. Exercises in use of the word terms are provided at the
end of each chapter.

Locate the Dental Word

Dental words are arranged and listed alphabetically in dictionaries, refer-
ence works, or glossary listings. A few terms, such as AIDS (acquired immune
deficiency syndrome) and HVE (high volume evacuator), are commonly listed
in an abbreviated form made up of the first letters of several words. These
acronyms (ACK-roh-nims) are listed along with other abbreviations repre-
senting a combination of word pieces, or initials that can indicate an occupa-
tion, specialty, procedure, condition, or chemical. In filling prescriptions and
writing labels, the science of pharmacology uses many abbreviations, such as
b.i.d. (twice a day). Radiology and dental charting procedures also use many
acronyms and abbreviations.
Care must be taken when looking for or using acronyms or abbreviations to
shorten words because many abbreviations are not universal. For example, the
abbreviation imp in general dentistry charting may indicate an impression, but an
oral surgeon’s office may use imp to designate an impaction. Some dental facili-
ties develop a specific code or method of designating conditions and procedures.
1

When in doubt about the spelling or meaning of an abbreviation or an acronym, it

is best to spell out the word or look it up in a dictionary, glossary, or office manual.
Some examples of abbreviations or acronyms that may be found in refer-
ence works are:
= ALARA: as low as reasonably achievable
= ANUG: acute necrotic ulcerative gingivitis
= CDA: Certifie Dental Assistant
= CCD: charge coupled device
= CAT: computer assisted tomography
= CEREC: ceramic reconstruction
= DDS/DMD: Doctor of Dental Surgery or Doctor of Dental Medicine
= FFD: film focus distance or focal film distance
= HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
= HIV: human immunodeficiency virus
= HVE: high volume evacuation
= MPD: maximum permissible dose
= MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
= MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet
= PID: Position Indicating Device
= PDR: Physician’s Desk Reference
= PPE: personal protection equipment
= RDH: Registered Dental Hygienist
= ZOE: zinc-oxide eugenol

Caution
Some words are very similar in sound and spelling, but have different meanings.
These homonyms (HAHM-oh-nims) may cause confusion and alter the meaning
of what is written so care must be taken to check the meaning and the spelling of a
word when using these terms.
Some common homonyms used in dentistry are:
= die: tooth or bridge pattern used in prosthodontic dentistry
= dye: coloring material; may be used to indicate plaque
= auxiliary: helping subsidiary, such as a dental assistant
= axillary: underarm site; may be used to obtain body temperature
= esthetics: pertaining to beauty
= aesthesia: loss of pain sensation
= facial: (a) pertaining to the face; (b) front surface of incisor tooth
= fascial: pertaining to the fibrous membrane on muscles
= palpation: use of hand or finger pressure to locate/examine
= palpitation: condition of racing or increased heartbeat
= suture: area or line where two bones unite, such as coronal suture
= suture: stitch or staple repairing or closing wound (see Figure 1-1)

Sometimes dental terminology denotes the person who developed the

rocedure, discovered the anatomical area, designed the instrument, named
p
the disease, and the like. Examples are Nasmyth membrane, Sharpey’s fibers, or
Bass Technique. These terms are called eponyms (EP-oh-nims).
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Dental Terminology 3

Coronal suture

Squamosal
suture

Lambdoidal
suture

Continuous Line Suture

© Cengage Learning 2013

Sutures of the Skull

Figure 1-1
The word suture may have two or more meanings.

Pronounce the Dental Word

After locating the word, it has to be pronounced. In this book, each dental term
is broken into “sounds like” syllables or elements that appear in parentheses.
BOLD uppercase letters are used to indicate the syllables that are to receive
the most emphasis when pronouncing the word. If the word has a secondary
syllable or element of stress, it is printed in bold lowercase letters. All other
elements are printed in the phonetic “sounds like” manner.
To pronounce a word, say it just as it is spelled out within the parentheses. For
example, in periodontitis (pear-ee-oh-don-TIE-tis), the syllable TIE receives
the most emphasis, and secondary, or lesser, stress is also placed on the first
syllable, pear. In gingivitis (jin-jih-VIE-tis), the main emphasis is placed on
VIE, with secondary stress on the first syllable, jin.
Pronunciation rules are standard. Some vocal accents, however, show
regional/geographic differences or differences related to the school where
students the words are learned.

Analyze the Structure of the Dental Word

Dental terminology involves the study of words and terms related specifically
to the dental sciences. Every science has its own unique terminology. Rules
and conventions are standardized for formation, pronunciation, pluralization,
and meaning of terms.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
4 Dental Terminology

In medical terminology, many words refer to the proximity or nearness to

anatomical structures. Many dental terms originate from the names of bones
or structures, but more often, from the names of dental procedures or practical
approaches.
Dental terms are usually formed by a combination of small words or syl-
lables linked in a “building block” or word chain. Knowing the basic small
divisions and the combining methods can assist in the understanding of word
meanings. When broken into smaller parts, most longer terms reveal a prefix
that modifies the term, a single- or double-root structure that provides the
foundation to the term, and a suffix that qualifies the word meaning.
When analyzing the structure of a word, some considerations to observe
include the following:
= A prefix qualifies the word by indicating such things as the quantity,
color, size, condition, or location. A word may or may not have a prefix.
= A root provides the basic foundation for the word. A dental term may
have more than one root. When two roots are combined, a combining
vowel (usually o) is used to connect them.
= A suffix is sometimes added to a root (s) to qualify or describe the
meaning. The combining vowel (o) placed after the root is not used
when the suffix itself begins with a vowel.
= A word may be easier to analyze by beginning with the suffix and
working toward the beginning of the word.
= Many word structures have multiple meanings, either from the Greek,
Latin, or French languages. The exercises in this book will use the
more common substitution, but others may be found in the appendix
at the rear of the book.

Prefix
A prefix (PRE-fix) is the first building block of a word division that begins
a term. A prefix alters the word’s meaning by indicating number, color, size,
location, or condition. Some common prefixes used in dental terminology
are listed in Tables 1-1 to 1-5. Table 1-1 gives examples of prefixes denoting
quantity or number.

Table 1-1 Examples of Prefixes Denoting Quantity or Number

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

a- an- without anemia (ah-NEE-me-ah)
bi- two, double bifurcation (bye-fur-KAY-shun)
hemi- half hemisection (HEM-ih-seck-shun)
cent- hundred centimeter (SEN-tah-mee-ter)
deca(i)- ten decibel (DESS-ih-bull)

(Continues)

Table 1-1 (Continued)

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

holo- all holistic (ho-LIS-tick)
mon/o- one monomer (MON-oh-mer)
poly- many polymerization (pol-ah-mer-ah-ZAY-shun)
prim-/i- first primary (PRY-mary)
quad-/quat- four quadrant (KWAH-drant)
semi- half semiluminal (sem-EE-lum-in-al)
tri- three trigeminal (try-JEM-in-al)
uni- one unilateral (you-nah-LAT-er-ol)

Exercise 1-1
Underline the prefixes used in the following words and specify what number
or amount each represents:
1. anaerobic _____oxygen/s 9. tripod _____foot/feet
2. hemisphere _____sphere/s 10. polypnea _____breath/s
3. quaternary _____element/s 11. unilateral _____side/s
4. primordal _____form/s 12. trifurcation _____division/s
5. anesthesia _____feeling/s 13. semicoma _____coma/s
6. monocular _____eyepiece/s 14. decimeter _____meter/s
7. anemia _____hemoglobin/s 15. monocell _____cell/s
8. bicuspid _____cusp/s
As stated earlier, a root occasionally has more than one prefix with the
same meaning. One meaning may stem from Latin and another may be a
Greek or French version. For example, alba, from the Latin word albus, refers
to white, such as in albumen and albino. Leuko is a Greek prefix meaning white
and is used in leukoplakia (a white, precancerous patch found inside the cheek).
Although leuko may be more popular, both prefixes are correct. Table 1-2 in-
cludes other prefixes denoting color.
Table 1-2 Examples of Prefixes Denoting Color

Prefix Color Example Sounds Like

albus- white albumen (al-BU-men)
chlor-/o- green chlorophyll (CHLOR-oh-fill)
cyan-/o- blue cyanosis (sigh-ah-NO-sis)
erythr-/o- red erythrocyte (eh-RITH-row-site)

(Continues)

Table 1-2 (Continued)

Prefix Color Example Sounds Like

leuk-/o- white leukoplakia (loo-koh-PLAY-key-ah)
melan-/o- black melanoma (mel-ah-NO-ma)
xanth-/o- yellow xanthoma (zan-THO-ma)

Exercise 1-2
Match each prefix in Column A with the color it represents in Column B. (An
answer in Column B may be used more than once.)
Column A Column B
1. _____melan-/o- A. white
2. _____cyan-/o- B. yellow
3. _____chlor-/o- C. violet
4. _____erythr-/o- D. blue
5. _____leuk-/o- E. black
6. _____alba- F. red
7. _____xanth-/o- G. green
Some prefixes are used to qualify the size or degree of development of the
root term. Table 1-3 gives examples.
Table 1-3 Examples of Prefixes Denoting Size or Degree

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

hyper- over/excess hypertrophy (high-PER-troh-fee)
hypo- under/below hypoplasia (high-poh-PLAY-zee-ah)
iso- equal isograft (I-so-graft)
macro- large macrodontia (mack-row-DON-she-ah)
micro- small/minute microbe (MY-crobe)
pan- all around panoramic (PAN-oh-ram-ic)
ultra- extreme/beyond ultrasonic (UL-trah-son-ic)

Exercise 1-3
Give the meaning of the prefix underlined in the following words:
1. macroglossia = ________________tongue
2. isocoria = ________________pupil size
3. hyperglycemia = ________________blood sugar
4. hypocementosis = ________________cementum
5. micrognathia = ________________jaw
6. panoramic = ________________view
7. ultrasonic = ________________sounds
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Dental Terminology 7

Some prefixes are used to specify the location or the position of the root
term and the involvement occurring, such as treatment occurring inside (endo)
the tooth or treatment around ( peri) the gingiva. Table 1-4 contains some
examples of prefixes referring to location and/or position.

Table 1-4 Examples of Prefixes Denoting Location or Direction

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

ab- away from absent (AB-sent)
ad- toward/near adjacent (ad-JAY-cent)
ambi- both sides ambidextrous (am-bah-DECK-strous)
ana- apart analysis (ah-NAL-ah-sis)
ante- in front anterior (an-TIER-ee-or)
de- down from dehydration (de-high-DRAY-shun)
dexi- right side dexter (DECKS-ter)
dia- complete dialysis (die-AL-ah-sis)
ecto- outside ectopic (eck-TOP-ic)
endo- within endodontic (en-dough-DON-tic)
epi- upon/over epidermis (ep-ah-DER-mis)
ex/o- out from excretion (eeks-KREE-shun)
in- into/in incision (in-SIZH-shun)
infra- below infraorbital (in-frah-OR-bih-tal)
inter- in midst of interdental (in-ter-DEN-tal)
im- into/position implant (IM-plant)
mes-/o- mid, among mesioclusion (me-zee-oh-CLUE-shun)
para- near/beside parenteral (PARE-en-ter-al)
peri-/o- around periodontal (pear-ee-oh-DON-tal)
post- after/later posterior (pahs-TEE-ree-or)
pre-/ante- before premolar (pree-MOL-ar)
retro- behind/back retromolar (rhet-tro-MOLE-ar)
sub- under, lesser subdermal (sub-DER-mal)
supra- above/over supraorbital (sue-pra-OR-bih-tal)
syn- together synergism (SIN-er-jizm)
trans- through transplant (TRANS-plant)
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
8 Dental Terminology

Exercise 1-4
Using the prefix list given, choose the prefix that best describes the meaning
of the term:

ab-, ad-, ambi-, ana-, de-, dexi-, dia-, ecto-, endo-, ex-, in-, mes-, peri-,
post-, pre-, retro-, sub-, supra-, syn-, trans-

1. around = 8. through = 15. into = __

2. outside = ______ 9. together = ______ 16. away from = ______
3. behind = ______ 10. down from = ______ 17. out from = ______
4. under = ______ 11. right = ______ 18. within = ______
5. toward = ______ 12. after = ______ 19. above = ______
6. mid/among = ______ 13. before = ______ 20. complete = ______
7. apart = ______ 14. both sides = ______

Some prefixes are used to denote the condition of the root element. These
prefixes may indicate that the condition is new (neo) or that the root term is not
in effect, as in the word infertile (not fertile). Some examples denoting condi-
tion of the root are presented in Table 1-5.

Table 1-5 Examples of Prefixes Denoting Condition

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

a-, an- without anodontia (an-oh-DON-she-ah)
anti- opposite to antiseptic (an-tih-SEP-tick)
brady- slow bradycardia (bray-dee-KAR-dee-ah)
con- with connective (con-NECK-tive)
contra- against contrangle (CON-tra-ang-el)
dis- take away disinfectant (dis-inn-FECK-tant)
in- not insoluble (in-SOL-you-bull)
mal- bad malocclusion (mal-oh-CLUE-zhun)
malaco- soft malacosis (mal-ah-KO-sis)
neo- new neoplasm (NEE-oh-plazm)
pachy- thick pachyderma (pack-ah-DERM-ah)
sclero- hard scleroma (sklay-ROW-ma)
tachy- fast tachycardia (tack-ee-KAR-dee-ah)
un- non/not unerupted (un-ee-RUPT-ed)

Exercise 1-5
Match the prefix in Column A to the term it best describes in Column B:
Column A Column B
1. neo-_____ A. soft
2. pachy-_____ B. bad
3. con-_____ C. without
4. sclero-_____ D. against
5. dis-_____ E. hard
6. a- or an-_____ F. fast
7. mal-_____ G. opposite to
8. anti-_____ H. not/non
9. un- or in-_____ I. new
10. tacky-_____ J. removal
11. contra-_____ K. with
12. malaco-_____ L. slow
13. brady-_____ M. thick

Root Word
The main section or division of a term that provides the foundation or
basic meaning is a root word. A word may have one or more root sections.
When a root section is combined or connected with other word elements,
it may take on a combining vowel and become a combining form. The
most common combining vowel is o. For example, the word temporal re-
lates to the temporal bone in the skull, and the word mandible is the lower
jaw bone. Independently, these are two separate words, but they can be
combined to form the word temporomandibular, as in temporomandibular
joint (TMJ). Note that the combining vowel o is inserted in place of the
al in temporal.
As another example, two roots are combined to designate specific areas
of teeth. In referring to the back chewing surface of a tooth, the root term for
back or distant is distal and the term occlusal refers to chewing or occluding
area. When combining these two roots with the combining vowel o, we have
distocclusal, the back chewing surface.
Other examples of terms with two roots are thermometer, cementoenamel
junction, and radiograph. Table 1-6 gives examples of common root words and
combining forms used in dental terminology. More examples of root words are
provided in the appendix.

Table 1-6 Common Dental Root/Combining Forms

Root Word Sounds Like Combo Form Pertains To

alveolar (al-VEE-oh-lar) alveo alveolus
apical (AY-pih-kahl) apic-/o- apex of a root
axis (ACK-sis) ax-/o- axis/midline
buccal (BUCK-ahl) bucc-/o- cheek
cheilo (key-LOH) cheil-/o- lip
coronal (kor-OH-nal) coron-/o- crown
dens (denz) dent-/o- tooth
distal (DIS-tal) dist-/o- farthest from center
enamel (ee-NAM-el) ename-/o- or amel-/o- tooth, enamel tissue
fluoride (FLOOR-eyed) fluor-/o- chemical, fluoride
frenum (FREE-num) frene- frenum
front (front) front-/o- forehead
gingiva (JIN-jih-vah) gingiv-/o- gingiva, gum tissue
glossa (GLOSS-ah) gloss-/o- or gloss/a tongue
gnatho (nah-TH-oh) gnath-/o- jaw, cheek
incisor (in-SIGH-zore) incis-/o- incisor tooth
labia (LAY-bee-ah) labi-/o- lip area
lingua (LING-wa) lingu-/o- tongue
mandible (MAN-dih-bull) mandibu-/a- lower jaw
maxilla (MACK-sih-lah) maxilla-/o- upper jaw
mesial (ME-zee-al) mesi-/o- middle, midplane
mucosa (myou-KOH-sah) muc-/o- tissue lining an orifice
occlude (oh-KLUDE) occlus-/o- occluding, jaw close
odont (oh-DONT) odont-/o- tooth
orthos (OR-thohs) orth-/o- straight, proper order
stoma (STOW-mah) stoma- mouth
temporal (TEM-pore-al) tempor-/o- temporal bone

Exercise 1-6
Place a root element for the given words in the blanks provided.
1. gum tissue __________________________________
2. lip area __________________________________
3. root apex __________________________________
4. tongue __________________________________
5. upper jaw __________________________________
6. mouth opening __________________________________
7. middle __________________________________
8. orifice tissue lining __________________________________
9. far from center __________________________________
10. crown area __________________________________

Suffix
An element added to the end of a root word or combining form to describe or
qualify the word meaning is a suffix (SUF-icks). A suffix cannot stand alone
and is usually united with a root element by inserting a combining vowel (o)
unless the suffix begins with a vowel. In that case, the combining form or vowel
is dropped. For example, the surgical removal of gum tissue is the meaning
of gingivectomy from the root word gingivo (gum) and suffix ectomy (surgical
excision). Dropping the ending vowel in gingivo and adding ectomy to make
gingivectomy unites these two word elements.
Word endings can act as an adjective or indicate time and size, condi-
tion, agents, or specialists. Some examples of common suffixes used in dental
terminology are given in Table 1-7 to Table 1-10. A more complete listing of
common suffixes is contained in the appendix.
Suffixes used as adjectives are word endings that describe or show a relation-
ship. Suffixes have the ability to transform a noun or verb into an adjective, or
verbs into nouns, by the addition of a word ending. The suffixes in Table 1-7 trans-
form the root word to indicate relationship or description to the root foundation.

Table 1-7 Examples of Suffixes in Adjective Use

Suffix Shows Relation to the Root Sounds Like

-ac cardiac (heart) (CAR-dee-ack)
-al gingival (gum tissue) (JIN-jah-val)
-ar alveolar (alveolus) (al-VEE-oh-lar)
-ary maxillary (maxilla) (MACK-sih-lair-ee)
-eal pharyngeal (pharynx) (fare-IN-gee-al)
-form fusiform (spindle shape) (FEW-zah-form)

(Continues)

Table 1-7 (Continued)

Suffix Shows Relation to the Root Sounds Like

-gram radiogram (X-ray) (RAY-dee-oh-gram)
-graphy sialography (saliva measurement) (sigh–ah-LOG-raph-fee)
–ic or tic cariogenic (start of decay) (CARE-ee-oh-jen-ick)
-ior posterior (in the rear) (pahs-TEE-ree-or)
-oid coronoid (crown) (KOR-oh-noyd)
-ous venous (vein) (VEE-nus)

Exercise 1-7
Underline the suffix indicating relationship in each given word, and write it in
the blank next to the word.
1. filliform ________ 7. vascular ____________
2. chronic _________ 8. squamous ____________
3. kilogram ________ 9. apical ___________
4. condyloid ________ 10. cardiac ______________
5. endosteal ________ 11. xenograph __________
6. posterior _________ 12. intraligamentary __________
A suffix added to a root may indicate the condition of the root founda-
tion. It may denote that disease (pathy) or inflammation (itis) occurs, or it may
merely indicate that the condition exists (tion). Table 1-8 gives examples.

Table 1-8 Examples of Suffixes Indicating Condition

Suffix Condition of Root Foundation Sounds Like

-ant etchant (etching) (ET-chent)
-cle vesicle (small blister) (VES-ee-kal)
-ule molecule (small bit of matter) (MALL-ah-cule)
-ia anesthesia (without feeling) (an-es-THEE-zee-ah)
-ible, -ile reversible (change to or fro) (re-VERSE-able)
-id cuspid (cusp shape) (CUSS-pid)
-ion occlusion (bite) (oh-CLUE-shun)
-ism bruxism (tooth grinding) (BRUCKS-ism)
-itis arthritis (joint inflammation) (ar-THRI-tis)
-ity acidity (acid) (ah-SID-a-tee)

(Continues)
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Dental Terminology 13

Table 1-8 (Continued)

Suffix Condition of Root Foundation Sounds Like

-ium bacterium (germ) (back-TIER-ee-um)
-olus alveolus (air sac) (al-VEE-oh-lus)
-oma lipoma (fat tumor) (la-POE-mah)
-pathy myopathy (muscle disease) (MY-oh-path-ee)
-sion incision (surgical cut) (in-SIZH-un)
-tic necrotic (dead tissue) (neh-KRAH-tic)
-tion mastication (chewing) (mass-tah-KAY-shun)
-y slurry (plaster water mix) (SLUR-ee)

Exercise 1-8
Insert the correct suffix to complete the root element.
1. condition of being acid = acid______.
2. surgical cut = inci______
3. term for a germ = bacter______
4. fatty tumor = lip________
5. act of chewing = mastica________
6. dead tissue = necro_______
7. muscle damage disease = myo________
8. small bit of matter = a mole________
9. tooth grinding = brux_______
10. air sac = alve______________
Some suffixes are added to the root element to indicate an agent or a
person concerned with or trained in that specialty. The suffixes in Table 1-9
are some of the more familiar ones, and many more are used to indicate
specialization.
Table 1-9 Suffixes Denoting Agent or Person Concerned

Suffix Agent or Person

-ee trainee, employee, leasee
-ent patient, recipient, resident
-eon surgeon
-er subscriber, examiner, practitioner
-ician physician
-ist dentist, orthodontist
-or doctor, donor
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
14 Dental Terminology

Exercise 1-9
List six agents and/or persons concerned with a specialty area, and underline
the suffix denoting their position.

1. ____________________________ 4. ____________________________
2. ____________________________ 5. ____________________________
3. ____________________________ 6. ____________________________

Some suffixes are added to root elements to show processes, uses, or heal-
ing. When analyzing a long dental word, starting at the suffix may indicate
something happening to the root element, such as ectomy (surgical removal) or
trophy (development). Other suffixes are added to indicate pain (algia) or bleed-
ing (rrhage) and so on. Table 1-10 gives some examples.

Table 1-10 Suffixes Expressing Medical Terms, Processes, Uses

Suffix Meaning Sample Words

-algia pain odontalgia, neurolagia, myalgia
-ate, -ize use/action vaccinate, luxate, palpate, visualize
-cide kill germicide, homicide
-cyte cell leukocyte, osteocyte
-ectomy surgical removal apicoectomy, appendectomy
-gnosis knowledge prognosis, diagnosis
-ology study of histology, biology
-oma tumor carcinoma
-opsy view biopsy, autopsy
-phobia dread fear claustaphobia
-plasty surgical repair gingivoplasty
-plegia paralysis paraplegia
-rrhea discharge hemmorrhea, sialorrhea
-scope instrument microscope (micro), laryngoscope
(larynx)
-tomy incision myotomy (muscle)
-trophy development osteotrophy (bone development)

Exercise 1-10
Examine the boldfaced words in each sentence, and circle the suffix denoting
a medical procedure, use, or condition of the root element. Then write the
meaning of the word in the space below.
1. A gingivoplasty may be the correct treatment for an infected third molar
area.

2. The patient’s health history included drugs for her fibromyalgia condition.

3. The assistant prepares the germicide according to the manufacturer’s
instructions.

4. A stethoscope is used to determine blood flow sounds in a blood pressure
examination.

5. Tissue hemorrhea may be an indicator of a serious blood disease.

6. The dentist will cauterize the patient’s gingiva during the surgical
procedure.

7. Jimmy will need a frenectomy before the central incisors can be moved
into the area.

8. The patient was referred to an oral surgeon for the apicoectomy.

9. To avoid bone and tooth damage, the dentist will rotate the tooth before
removal.

10. Some patients claim to suffer claustrophobia when visiting the dental
office.

11. A complete dental exam includes inspection for oral carcinoma symptoms.

12. The patient was anxious to hear a good prognosis from the dentist.

13. The assistant prepared the biopsy slide for shipment to the laboratory.

14. An infection could be the cause of an elevated leukocyte count.

15. Histology is the study of microscopic structure of tissue.

Define the Meaning of the Dental Word

After providing the word and its pronunciation, this text gives the meaning of
the word, including the definition and any relevant feature that occurs within
or about the word. For example:
syncope (SIN-koh-pee): a temporary loss of consciousness resulting from
an inadequate supply of blood to the brain; also known as swooning or
fainting.
xerostomia (zeer-oh-STOH-me-ah; xeros = dry, stoma = mouth): dryness of
the mouth caused by the lack of normal saliva secretion.
In the first example, synonyms (e.g., fainting) are provided for syncope.
The second example contains information about the derivation of the word
xerostomia; xeros is Greek for dry, and stoma is the word for mouth.

Pluralize the Dental Word

Because much of the dental terminology originates from Latin and Greek, the
rules for changing terms from singular to plural are predetermined by the con-
ventions of those languages. Occasionally, we find English plural terms and,
whenever possible, encourage the use of these endings. The standard method
to understand plural forms of words is to learn the basic rules for changing
word endings, bearing in mind that a few terms will not conform to the rules
given in Table 1-11. Look terms up in a dictionary or reference book to verify
spelling on any terms in question.

Table 1-11 Guideline for Plural Forms

Word Endings Change To Singular Plural

a ae (add e to end) gingiva gingivae
ex, ix ices (drop x, add ices) apex apices
itis ides (drop s, add des) pulpitis pulpitides
sis sis (change is to ses) cementosis cementoses
nx nges (change nx to nges) larynx larynges
on a (change on to a) ganglion ganglia
oma omas (add s to the end) dentinoma dentinomas
um a (change um to a) frenum frena
us i (change us to i) sulcus sulci
y ies (drop y, add ies) biopsy biopsies

Exercise 1-11
Provide the plural form for each singular word listed here:
Singular Plural
1. matrix ____________
2. mamelon ____________
3. frenum ____________
4. radius ____________
5. sulcus ____________
6. iris ____________
7. axillary ____________
8. diagnosis ____________
9. gingiva ____________
10. stoma ____________

Use the Dental Word

After reading and pronouncing each word, you should determine the structure
of the term. An examination of the meaning of the given word will help to
determine if your structure analysis was correct and will reinforce word mean-
ings. To strengthen knowledge of the dental term, practice incorporating the
dental term into a sentence or statement. Completing the review exercises that
appear at the end of each chapter will help you achieve this objective.

Review Exercises

Matching
Match the following word elements with their
meanings:
1. _____ poly- A. tongue 15. _____ -otomy O. fear
2. _____ supra- B. from, away from 16. _____ glossa P. above
3. _____ peri- C. many 17. _____ stoma Q. small
4. _____ -trophy D. mouth 18. _____ neo- R. disease
5. _____ mesial E. black 19. _____ gingiva S. tooth
6. _____ ab- F. tumor 20. _____ phobia T. new
7. _____ -oma G. gum tissue
8. _____ melano- H. middle, midplane Definitions
9. _____ retro- I. around or about
10. _____ mini- J. inflammation Using the selection given for each sentence, choose
11. _____ mal- K. development, growth the best term to complete the definition.
12. _____ -itis L. evil, sickness, disorder, poor 1. The root/combining word for lip is ________.
13. _____ pathy- M. cutting into, incision into a. labia b. glossa
14. _____ dens N. backward c. frenum d. buccal

2. Which suffix means pain or ache? 15. Which suffix designates a specialist in a
a. -soma b. -oma particular study?
c. –ous d. –algia a. -ology b. -ier
c. -ologist d. -teur
3. Which prefix means toward or increase?
a. an- b. ad-
c. ab- d. in- Building Skills
4. The abbreviated form for high volume Locate and define the prefix, root/combining form,
evacuation is: and suffix (if present) in the following words.
a. HIV b. HVE
c. HEE d. HCC 1. bifurcation (bye-fer-KAY-shun): branching
into two parts.
5. Which prefix means together?
a. con- b. bi- prefix ___________________
c. syn- d. retro- root or combining form ___________________
6. The root or combining word for lower jaw is: suffix ___________________
a. maxilla b. mesial 2. transillumination (trans-ill-lum-mih-NAY-
c. mandible d. megial shun): passage of light through an object.
7. Which suffix means tissue death, decay? prefix ___________________
a. -plasty b. -pathogy root or combining form ___________________
c. -ectomy d. -necrosis
suffix ___________________
8. The combining form for straight or for proper
order is: 3. vasoconstrictor (vas-oh-kahn-STRIK-tore):
a. occlus/o b. anti/e chemical used to constrict blood vessels.
c. oppos/o d. orth/o prefix ___________________
9. Which suffix means graph or picture (especially root or combining form ___________________
in radiology)? suffix ___________________
a. -grate b. -photo
c. -gram d. -trophy 4. interdental (in-ter-DENT-al): between two
teeth.
10. Which prefixes determine the number to be two?
prefix ___________________
a. bi- and semi- b. bi- and uni-
c. tri- and bi- d. bi- and pan- root or combining form ___________________
suffix ___________________
11. Which combining form means apex of the root?
a. apix/o b. apic/o 5. periodontitis (pear-ee-oh-don-TIE-tis):
c. axi/o d. axium inflammation/degeneration of dental periosteum.
12. A pattern used in prosthodontic dentistry is: prefix ___________________
a. dia- b. dye root or combining form ___________________
c. dys- d. die
suffix ___________________
13. What is the plural form of frenum?
a. frenix b. freni 6. malocclusion (mal-oh-KLOO-shun): imperfect
c. frena d. frenia occlusion of the teeth, improper closure.
prefix ___________________
14. Which prefix means less than, below, or under?
a. hypo- b. hyper- root or combining form ___________________
c. trans- d. hydro- suffix ___________________

7. submandibular (sub-man-DIB-you-lar): 13. fossa ____________________________

beneath the lower jaw or mandible.
14. enema ____________________________
prefix ___________________
15. appendix ____________________________
root or combining form ___________________
suffix ___________________
Word Use
8. biodegradable (bye-oh-dee-GRADE-ah-bull):
metabolic breakdown of protein matter. Read the following sentences, and define the word
written in boldfaced letters.
prefix ___________________
root or combining form ___________________ 1. The dentist suggested topical anesthesia for
the treatment.
suffix ___________________
________________________________________
9. myocardium (my-oh-KAR-dee-um): middle 2. The hygienist explained that a gingivectomy is
cardiac muscular layer. a common treatment for necrotic gingival
prefix ___________________ tissue.
root or combining form ___________________ ________________________________________
suffix ___________________ 3. The dentist wrote a prescription for therapeutic
vitamin B complex medicine for the patient
10. orthodontist (or-thoh-DON-tist): a specialist suffering from cheilosis.
dealing with tooth arrangement. ________________________________________
prefix ___________________
4. A calcium deposit in the sublingual salivary
root or combining form ___________________
duct caused a large and uncomfortable swelling
suffix ___________________ in the mouth.
________________________________________

Plurals 5. An incorrect bite can be one of the causes of a

temporomandibular joint disorder.
Use the blank space to write in the plural form of ________________________________________
each given word.
6. The assistant attached the biopsy report to the
1. ala ____________________________
patient’s records.
2. apex ____________________________ ________________________________________
3. calculus ____________________________ 7. The dentist pointed out the patient’s abscess on
4. diagnosis ____________________________ the enlarged digital radiograph.
________________________________________
5. larynx ____________________________
8. During the dental examination, the patient is
6. dens ____________________________
screened for the presence of an oral carcinoma.
7. bacterium ____________________________ ________________________________________
8. carcinoma ____________________________ 9. Sometimes a posterior dental X-ray may be
9. bacillus ____________________________ difficult to place in a small mouth.
________________________________________
10. labium ____________________________
10. All maxillary molars exhibited a trifurcation of the
11. therapy ____________________________
root, while mandibular molars show a bifurcation.
12. focus ____________________________ ________________________________________

Note
Please note that the answers to this chapter’s exercise may be found in Appendix B.

Audio List
This list contains selected new, important, or difficult terms from this chapter. You may use the list to review
these terms and to practice pronouncing them correctly. When you work with the audio for this chapter,
listen to the word, repeat it, and then place a checkmark in the box. Proceed to the next boxed word, and
repeat the process.

acronym (ACK-roh-nim) -itis (EYE-tiss)

-algia (AL-jee-ah) -oid (OYD)
ante- (AN-tea) -ologist (AH-logh-jist)
anti- (AN-tie) -otomy (AH-toh-mee)
dys- (DIS) peri- (PEAR-ee)
-ectomy (ECK-toh-me) -plasty (PLAS-tee)
endo- (EN-doe) prefix (PREE-fix)
homonym (HAHM-oh-nim) poly- (PAHL-ee)
hyper- (HIGH-per) retro- (REH-troh)
hypo- (HIGH-poh) suffix (SUF-icks)
infra- (INN-frah) supra (SOO-prah)
intra- (INN-trah) -trophy (TROH-fee)

Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, the reader should be able to identify and
understand terms related to the following:
1. Anatomy of the skull. Name and identify the major bones of the face and
skull.
2. Anatomical features of the skull. Locate the sinus cavities, sutures, processes,
and foramina of the skull.
3. Landmarks and features of the mandible. Locate the major structural points
of the mandible, and explain their functions or purposes.
4. Muscles of mastication. Identify the names and locations of the major muscles
of mastication, and explain the function of each.
5. Trigeminal nerve location and functions. Describe the principal branches of
the trigeminal nerve, and explain the functions of each division.
6. Blood supply of the cranium. Locate and identify the major blood vessels to
and from the cranium.
7. Locations and purposes of the salivary glands. Describe the placement and
functions of the major salivary glands.
8. Agents and functions of the lymphatic system. Discuss the tissue bodies
present in the cranium and their function in fighting infection and assisting with
immunity.
9. Important structures in the oral cavity. Locate and explain features in
the oral cavity, such as the labia, frena, tongue, and palate structures and
miscellaneous tissues.

Anatomy of the Skull

Medical terminology deals with the entire body and all its systems, whereas
the language of dentistry is related mostly to the head region. The skull area
is composed of two main bone divisions: the cranium and the facial section.

Cranium
The cranium (KRAY-nee-um) is the portion of the skull that encloses the
brain. Eight bones make up this section of the skull (Figure 2-1):
temporal (TEM-pore-al): two fan-shaped bones, one on each side of the skull,
in the temporal area above each ear.

Parietal bone

Frontal bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone

Frontal bone

Parietal bone

Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone

Figure 2-1
Cranial bones

parietal (pah-RYE-eh-tal): two bones, one on each side, that make up the roof
and side walls covering the brain.
frontal (FRON-tal): a single bone in the frontal or anterior region that makes
up the forehead.
occipital (ock-SIP-ih-tahl): one large, thick bone in the lower back of the head
that forms the base of the skull and contains a large opening for the spinal
cord passage to the brain.
ethmoid (eth-moyd): a spongy bone located between the eye orbits that
helps form the roof and part of the anterior nasal fossa of the skull.
sphenoid (SFEE-noyd): a large bat-shaped bone at the base of the skull
between the occipital and ethmoid in front, and the parietal and temporal
bones at each side.

Facial Bones
Fourteen bones make up the facial division of the cranium (see Figure 2-2). All
are paired with one on each side, except there is only one vomer in the nose and
one mandible extending from right to left. The facial bones are:
zygomatic (zye-goh-MAT-ick): two facial bones, one under each eye, that
form the cheekbone and give character to the face. The zygomatic bones
are also called the malar (MAY-lar) bones.
maxilla (MACK-sih-lah): two large facial bones, one under each eye, that
unite in the center in the median suture to form the upper jaw that supports
the maxillary teeth in the alveolar process. Also present in this bone is the
maxillary sinus (Atrium of Highmore), and the infraorbital frenum under
each eye that permits the passage of nerves.
palatine (PAL-ah-tine): two bones, one left and one right, that unite at the
median palatine suture to form the hard palate of the mouth and the nasal
floor. Present in this bone are multiple foramina, the largest, the incisive
foramen, is directly behind the central incisors.
nasal (NAY-zal): two bones, one left and one right, that join side by side to
form the arch or bridge of the nose.
lacrimal (LACK-rih-mal): two small bones, one each on the inner side or nose
site of the orbital cavity, that make up the corner of the eye where the tear
ducts are located.
inferior concha (KONG-kah in singular use or (conchae) KONG-kee in plu-
ral use): two thin scroll-like bones that form the lower part of the interior
of the nasal cavity.
mandible (MAN-dih-bull): the strong, horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the
lower jaw (described in further detail later in this chapter).
vomer (VOH-mer): a single bone that forms the lower posterior part of the
nasal septum and separates the nose into two chambers.

Nasal bone
Lacrimal bone
Perpendicular plate
Zygomatic bone
of the ethmoid bone
Vomer bone Inferior nasal
concha
Maxilla

Mandible

Figure 2-2
Facial bones

Miscellaneous Bones of the Skull

Although the auditory ossicles (AHS-ih-kuls), small bones in the ear, are not
considered bones of the face or cranium, they are present in the head or skull.
The three auditory ossicles are:
malleus (MAL-ee-us): the largest of three ossicles in the middle ear; com-
monly called the ear mallet.
incus (IN-kus): one of the three ossicles of the middle ear; commonly called
the anvil.
stapes (STAY-peez): one of the three ossicles in the middle ear; commonly
called the stirrup.
Another bone of interest and closely related to the dental field but not
located in the skull is the hyoid (HIGH-oyd), a horseshoe-shaped bone lying
at the base of the tongue. It does not articulate with any other bone.

Anatomical Features of the Skull

Many anatomical features are present in the cranial and facial bones, including
the sinuses, bone sutures, processes of the skull bones, and major foramina.
Each feature has a specific location and purpose.

Sinus
A sinus (SIGH-nus) is an air pocket or cavity in a bone that lightens the bone,
warms the air intake, and helps form sounds. These sinus cavities receive their
names from the bone in which they are situated (Figure 2-3). The accessory
paranasal sinuses that empty into the nasal cavity are:
frontal: larger accessory sinus, located in the frontal bone or the forehead
above each eye.
ethmoid: multiple, smaller sinuses located in the ethmoid bone, at the side of
each eye.
sphenoid: multiple, small sinuses located in the sphenoid bone situated behind
the eyes.
maxillary: located in the maxilla; the maxillary sinus is the largest and is called
the atrium (A-tree-um) of Highmore; this cavity is easily seen and is used
as a landmark for identifying radiographs in the mounting of films.

Sutures of the Skull

A suture (SOO-chur) is a line where two or more bones unite in an immovable
joint. Several main sutures are located in the cranium (Figure 2-4):
coronal (kor-OH-nal): junction of the frontal and the parietal bones; this area
is soft at birth and shortly afterward, and it has been called the baby’s “soft
spot” or fontanel (fon-tah-NELL = little fountain), sometimes spelled
fontanelle.

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal sinuses

Sphenoidal sinus

Figure 2-3
Sinuses

Frontal suture

Anterior
fontanel
Frontal
bone

Coronal
suture

Sagittal
Parietal
suture
bone

Posterior
fontanel

Lambdoid

suture

Figure 2-4 Occipital bone

Sutures of the skull

sagittal (SAJ-ih-tahl): the union line between the two parietal bones on the
top of the skull.
lambdoid (LAM-doyd): located between the parietal bone and the upper
border of the occipital bone.
temporoparietal (tem-poe-roe-pah-RYE-eh-tal): located between the
temporal and parietal bones; also known as the squamous (SKWAY-mus)
suture (not visible in Figure 2-4).

Bone Structures of the Hard Palate

Oral cavity sutures are unions of bones occurring in the mouth. The hard
palate is composed of four main processes united by two palatine sutures, the
median and the transverse palatine sutures. The left and right palatine processes
and the left and right processes of the maxilla meet at the median palatine su-
ture. All four edges of the processes combine at the transverse palatine suture
completing the hard palate. Five foramina are present in this hard palate bone.
The largest, the incisive foramen, is situated behind the incisors; a greater and a
lesser palatine foramina are present on each side in the rear (Figure 2-5).

Processes of the Cranium

A process (PROS-es) is a projection or outgrowth of bone or tissue. This
bone excess is not to be confused with the fusion line where two bones develop
into one, such as the mandible. The symphysis (SIM-fih-sis) is in the center of
the mandible, forms the chin, and is called the mental or chin protuberance
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 2 Anatomy and Oral Structures 27

Incisive foramen

Palatine process
of the maxilla

Median
palatine
suture

Transverse
palatine
suture

Horizontal plate
of palatine bone

Maxillary
tuberosity
Greater palatine foramen

Figure 2-5 Lesser palatine foramina

Anatomy of the palate

(pro-TOO-ber-ans = projection). The skull has eight main processes or bony

growths related to dentistry:
alveolar (al-VEE-oh-lar): bone growth or border of the maxilla and the
mandible; makes up and forms the tooth sockets.
condyloid (KON-dih-loyd): posterior growth on the ramus (RAY-mus) of the
mandible; articulates with the temporal bone in the temporomandibular
(tem-poe-roe-man-DIB-you-lar) joint (TMJ).
coronoid (KOR-oh-noyd): anterior growth on the ramus of the mandible that
serves as the attachment position for the temporalis muscle.
frontal: the projection of maxilla meeting with the frontal bone to form the
eye orbit.
infraorbital (in-frah-OR-bih-tahl): growth process from the zygomatic bone
that articulates with the maxilla to form the lower side of the eye orbit.
mastoid (MASS-toyd): growth on the temporal bone behind the ear that is
used for muscle attachment.
pterygoid (TER-eh-goyd = wing shaped): growth of the sphenoid bone
extending downward from the bone; the most inferior end of the process
is known as the pterygoid hamulus (HAM-you-luss), a hook-like end
that serves as a site for muscle attachment.
styloid (STY-loyd): small, pointed growth from the lower border of the tempo-
ral bone; serves as a bone position for attachment of some tongue muscles.

Foramina of the Cranium

A foramen (for-RAY-men) is an opening or hole in the bone for nerve and
vessel passage. A foramen is not to be confused with the external auditory
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
28 Dental Terminology

meatus (mee-AY-tus), a large opening in the temporal bone used for the
passage of auditory nerves and vessels. Knowing the location of the foramina
is important because many injections for anesthesia are placed in these areas.
The nine main foramina (foh-RAY-men-ah = plural of foramen) of the head
related to dentistry are:
magnum (MAG-num): opening in the occipital bone for spinal cord passage;
largest of all foramina.
mandibular: located on the lingual side of the ramus of the mandible; permits
nerve and vessels passage to teeth and mouth tissues.
mental (MEN-tal = Latin for chin): opening situated on left and the right
anterior areas of the mandible; used for passage of nerve and vessels.
lingual (LIN-gwal): small opening in the center of the mental spine for nerve
passage to the incisor area.
incisive (in-SIGH-siv): opening in the maxilla behind the central incisors on
the midline.
supraorbital (soo-prah-OR-bih-tal): an opening in the frontal bone above
the eye orbit.
infraorbital: an opening in the maxilla under the eye orbit.
palatine: anterior and posterior openings in the hard palate.
zygomaticofacial (zye-go-MAT-ee-coe-fay-shal): an opening in the zygo-
matic bone.
All bones are covered by a fibrous membrane called the periosteum
(pear-ee-AHS-tee-um) that forms a lining on all surfaces, except the areas of
articulation. When this layer has a mucous surface, it is called mucoperiosteum
(MYOU-koh-pear-ee-AHS-tee-um). The oral cavity has three types of oral
mucosa (MU-ko-sa):
lining mucosa: mucous membrane that lines the inner surfaces of the lips
(labial mucosa) and the cheeks (buccal mucosa).
masticatory (mass-TIH-kah-toe-ree) mucosa: elastic type of mucous mem-
brane that undergoes stress and pull; located around the alveolar area of
the teeth and lines the hard palate.
specialized mucosa: smoother mucous tissue found on the dorsal side of the
tongue.

Landmarks and Features of the Mandible

The mandible is the only movable bone in the skull. It is the strongest bone in
the face and supports many features (see Figure 2-6). The mandible has seven
major anatomical parts:
ramus: ascending part of the mandible that arises from the curved, lower arch.
angle of the mandible: area along the lower edge of the mandible where the
upward curve of the mandible forms.
sigmoid notch: S-shaped curvature between the condyle and coronoid pro-
cesses; upper border of the mandible; also called the mandibular notch.

Condyle Coronoid process

Mandibular foramen
Mandibular
(sigmoid) notch Retromolar area

Ramus
Internal oblique ridge
Mandibular
(Mylohyoid line)
angle

External oblique ridge

Submandibular
Border of the mandible fossa

Mental foramen
Mental protuberance
Lateral view
Coronoid process
Condyle
Internal
oblique ridge

Sublingual Mylohyoid
Mandibular fossa groove
foramen

Genial tubercles

Submandibular
fossa
Figure 2-6 Lingual foramen
Lateral and lingual view of the Lingual view
mandible

mylohyoid ridge (my-loh-HIGH-oyd): bony ridge on the lingual surface of

the mandible.
oblique (oh-BLEEK) line: slanted, bony growth ridge on the facial side of
the mandible.
retromolar (ret-trow-MOLE-ar) area: space located to the rear of the man-
dibular molars.
symphysis: center of mandible (chin); also known as mental protuberance
(projection).
The mandible articulates (are-TICK-you-lates) or comes together as a
joint with the temporal bone of the cranium. This temporomandibular joint
is commonly abbreviated as TMJ. The condyle (KON-dial) of the mandible
rests in a depression in the temporal bone called the glenoid (GLEE-noyd)
or mandibular fossa (FAH-sah). The articular eminence (ar-TICK-you-
lar EM-in-ence) of the temporal bone forms the anterior boundary of the
fossa and helps maintain the mandible in position. Between the contact area
of these two bones is the articular disc, a meniscus (men-IS-kus) and synovial
(sin-OH-vee-al) fluid that cushions and lubricates the joint that works in a
hinge-action movement.

Muscles of Mastication
Mastication (mass-tih-KAY-shun = chewing) is controlled by paired (left-
right) muscles, named for their placement area. Each performs a specific func-
tion. The four major muscles of mastication (Figure 2-7) are:
temporal: a fan-shaped muscle on each side of the skull; elevates and lowers
the jaw and can draw the mandible backward.
masseter (mass-SEE-ter): the muscle that closes the mouth; the principal
mastication muscle.
internal pterygoid (wing shaped): muscle that raises the mandible to close the
jaw.
external pterygoid: muscle that opens the jaw and thrusts the mandible for-
ward; assists with lateral movement.
Several other muscles of the head are important to dentistry. These essen-
tial muscles relate to or control some of the anatomy concerned with dental
care (Figure 2-8):
orbicularis oris (or-bick-you-LAIR-iss OR-is): Also known as the “kissing
muscle,” a circular muscle surrounding the mouth that compacts, com-
presses, and protrudes the lips.
buccinator (BUCK-sin-ay-tore): principal cheek muscle; compresses the
cheek, expels air through the lips, and aids in food mastication.
mentalis (men-TAL-iss): muscle of the chin (mental) that moves the chin
tissue and raises or lowers the lower lip.

Temporal muscle

External pterygoid muscle

Zygomatic bone

Internal pterygoid muscle

Angle of the mandible

Masseter muscle

Figure 2-7
Muscles of mastication

Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Other documents randomly have
different content
"Fly lower!" suggested Louise. "Let's see!"
Cautiously the young pilot descended, but though both girls looked
eagerly, there were no roofs or other evidences of a town. An almost
continuous expanse of shrubbery seemed to cover the ground, and
Linda did not care to land.
So she went higher again, and pointed her plane south, trusting that
they were right.
For two hours more they continued to fly without seeing any of the
landmarks for which they were so eagerly watching. Afterwards
Linda remarked that she believed they had been going in a circle.
The sun was almost directly overhead now, and both girls were
feeling hungry, for their breakfast, though substantial, had been an
early one. They were just considering opening their box to eat, when
Linda noticed a queer noise in the motor.
"Something's wrong, Lou!" she shouted, trying to smile as if she
were not worried. "We'll have to land."
"Here?" gasped Louise, in horror.
"Yes. Watch the ground! We must find a good place."
Louise was gazing about at the sky and the horizon, when, turning
around, she happened to glance at her companion's face. A set look
had come into Linda's eyes, her lips were rigid. Uneven, yet
deafening, was the threatening sound of the motor. Suddenly it let
off a terrific explosion.
"Will we be killed?" screamed Louise, hoarsely.
Linda did not try to answer. She needed every ounce of brain power,
of energy for the test that was ahead of her. She was working
frantically with the joystick. So Louise too, kept quiet, and looked
over the side of the plane—and prayed.
At first it seemed they were dropping terrifically; but gradually,
frightened though she was, she could feel that some safety device
was taking hold. The speed was lessening. Down, down they went,
but more gradually now.
And then they were close enough to the ground to see it. A woods
of stumpy trees stretched under them, but over to the right was a
field. Would Linda be able to guide the plane there, or must they be
dashed against the tree-tops, to meet a sickening death?
How would it feel to be dead, Louise wondered. And oh, her poor
mother and father! Even in those few seconds, it seemed as if her
whole life flashed before her, and although she was really a very
sweet girl, she believed herself a monster of ingratitude. Not a bit
like Linda—who was always thinking of her Aunt Emily and her
father!
Linda, on the other hand, had no time for any such thoughts. She
was working as she had never worked before, guiding her stricken
plane. And—miracle of miracles—they were passing the tree-tops!
They were over a field of weeds.
"Thank God!" cried Louise, reverently.
"Wait!" whispered Linda, not sure yet that they were safe.
The landing was not easy. The plane came down and hit the ground
and bounced up again. Suppose it should pancake? Linda held her
breath, suffering greater agony than Louise, who knew less of the
dangers. But in a moment the valiant little Arrow came to a stop, in
the shrubbery.
In a rapture of relief and thanksgiving, Louise grasped Linda and
kissed her, while the tears ran down the young pilot's face. For a
moment the girls sat thus in silent embrace, each too filled with
emotion to speak.
"Come, let's get out, Lou," said Linda, finally, and shakily they both
stepped from the plane.
"I wonder where we are," remarked Louise, trying to make her voice
sound natural.
"We'll get out our maps and study the situation. But first let's eat.
I'm simply famished. It must be noon at least."
They found upon consulting Louise's wrist-watch that it was ten
minutes of one.
Resolutely deciding to be cheerful, they opened the hamper which
Louise's Aunt Margaret had packed. What a delicious lunch!
There was a whole roast chicken, and tiny dainty lettuce sandwiches
—at least a dozen of them. Pears and cherries, and lemonade in a
thermos bottle. And a beautiful little layer cake evidently baked just
especially for them, though how the cook had managed it, they had
no idea. They spread out the paper cloth and attacked the food
ravenously.
"It looks pretty desolate around here," remarked Louise, as she
nibbled at a chicken leg. "I don't see a house in sight."
"Or a road either, for that matter," returned Linda. "I wish we could
get to a telephone—and send a call for assistance."
They ate silently for a while. How good the food tasted! In spite of
their distress and worry, both girls enjoyed that lunch.
"Have you any idea what is wrong with the plane?" asked Louise, as
she broke off a piece of chocolate cake. "It was all right yesterday."
"Yes. That mechanic at the airport gave it a hasty examination.
Funny he didn't notice anything so serious as this.... Louise, do you
suppose that Roger could have done anything to it?"
"No," answered Louise, thoughtfully. "No; I think Roger knows what
he's about. But I have an idea, Linda."
"What?"
"Do you remember hearing a plane very close to the house when we
were playing ping-pong last night?"
"Yes. I thought it was the air-mail."
"So did I. But I believe now it was the Pursuit—with Dan piloting!"
"Dan Stillman?"
"Yes. He's a regular daredevil. And you know Roger won't let him fly
his plane."
A pained look came into Linda's eyes, as if she herself had been
mistreated.
"Oh, Lou, that seems awful," she said. "He wouldn't do a thing like
that, would he?"
"He must have. Remember, he went out right after supper. And he's
so conceited. He wouldn't think he could hurt it. But I'll tell you how
to find out—look at the gas. You remember you had her filled at that
airport."
Holding their cake in their hands, both girls dashed excitedly back to
the plane and looked at the dial which indicated how much gasoline
was left. And, sure enough, the supply was running low! Too low to
be accounted for by the flying they had done that morning. In fact,
it was almost gone.
"You're right!" cried Linda. "Oh, Lou, now we're in a worse pickle
than ever. We'll never get to Daddy!" The tears ran down her
cheeks.
"Don't!" urged her chum, putting her arms around the other girl.
"Don't give up yet! We'll find somebody—on some road—who will
send a mechanic to us. And we'll be at the ranch before night!"
"I hope so!" replied Linda, bravely trying to keep up her courage.
They went back to the spot where their lunch was spread—luckily
there was plenty left for supper, in case they needed it—and packed
the remainder again. Then, arm in arm, they set out in quest of a
road. They walked in an easterly direction; that much they knew
from the sun.
What they saw appeared to be a flat country, without even any
fences or signs of cultivation. Gazing off in the distance, they could
faintly distinguish the outline of a house—but it might be five miles
away, or it might be fifteen. Or it might not be a house at all;
perhaps just some abandoned building or mill.
For half an hour they walked aimlessly onward, till they finally
reached a dirt road.
"This is encouraging," said Louise, hopefully. "Let's drop down and
wait here till something passes. We don't want to get too far from
the plane—if we get out of sight, we might not be able to find our
way back."
They sat down on some moss by a small tree and consulted the
time. It was half-past two.
Everything was extremely still. No noise of motor or traffic
anywhere. No voices. So strange after the places they were used to,
for even Green Falls was noisy. And the birds were quiet, too—or
perhaps there weren't many, for there were no big trees.
Linda yawned. "I'm so sleepy."
"Take a nap," suggested Louise. "You deserve one!"
"Hardly fair," returned the other. "Aren't you sleepy too?"
"Not so sleepy as you are. Go ahead! I'll wake you if anything comes
along."
"And suppose nothing does?"
"Then I'll wake you anyway at three o'clock. We'll have to strike out
in some other direction."
So Linda curled up and went to sleep, and Louise, yawning,
wondered how she could possibly manage to keep awake. The
whole atmosphere was so drowsy—and there was nothing to do.
"If only there were a place to swim," she thought, regretfully. "Cold
water would make me a different girl!"
But there wasn't any water at all, as far as she knew; indeed, she
and Linda didn't dare wash in the small supply they carried with
them. For they might need it for drinking.
She never knew how it happened, but soon she too was peacefully
asleep. For two whole hours both girls slept the dreamless sleep of
fatigue. Then, at a quarter of five they were suddenly awakened by
the rattle of an old, tumble-down cart, pulled by a haggard horse.
The girls sat up with a start, and looked at each other and laughed.
Jumping to her feet in an instant, Louise ran hastily towards the
driver. He was staring at them with great curiosity.
"We have been in an airplane accident, and we want to get to a
telephone—" began Louise.
But the man only shook his head and grinned.
"Nicht versteh'," he replied, helplessly.
"He's a foreigner," said Louise, turning back to where Linda was
standing. "A German, who doesn't understand English."
"I can speak German," said Linda. "At least, I had some, Freshman
year. Let me try him!"
But already he was driving away.
"Wo ghen Sie?" called Linda. "Warte!"
He stopped driving, evidently amazed at her words, and pointed to
the road ahead of him.
Encouraged by this display of intelligence, Louise jumped up on the
cart, and waved her arms in the direction of the airplane, in the field
half a mile away.
"We want help!" she cried. Then, turning to Linda, "What's the
German word for help?"
"I don't know," answered the other girl. "But I think he understands.
If he does meet anybody, I think he'd send them to us."
So Louise climbed down again, and waved good-by to the man as he
continued on with his cart, and, faintly encouraged, the girls went
back to the plane to eat their supper.
Chapter XVII
The Lost Necklace

Many thoughts raced through Linda's mind, as she and Louise sat
beside the airplane, nibbling at their frugal supper. For this time,
they had decided to eat sparingly; nobody knew how long they
might have to stay there, without any more food.
But all of Linda's thoughts were regrets. Regret that her father had
met with an accident, regret that Dan Stillman had borrowed her
Arrow, regret that she was unable to locate the trouble herself and
repair it.
Louise, with her usual practical cheerfulness, interrupted these
gloomy meditations.
"We have three good hours of daylight left, Linda," she announced,
glancing at her watch. "To try another direction. There must be a
real road around here somewhere—where automobiles go. Texas
isn't the end of the world."
"If we're actually in Texas!" returned Linda. "It may be Oklahoma,
for all we know."
"But Oklahoma has roads, too. Come on, finish your cake! We must
hurry."
Taking their coats along, for the night gave promise of being cooler,
the girls set off in the opposite direction from the one they had
taken that afternoon. This time they had to go right through the
shrubbery—the dangerous shrubbery which had threatened disaster
to their landing.
"This is awful!" exclaimed Louise, pausing to pull a brier from her
sweater. "There can't be any road here."
"On the contrary, I think we'll be more likely to find one, once we
get through this. The very fact that we can't see beyond is hopeful."
"That's true," admitted Louise, starting on again.
They walked for some time, carefully picking their way through the
undergrowth, thankful that they were wearing breeches. At last they
came to a more open space, and stopped to look about them.
"No road!" exclaimed Louise, in disappointment.
"But that looks like a stream over there, Lou—between those two
banks!" cried Linda.
"Oh, if it only is! Then we could have a swim!"
"If we ought to take the time."
"I think we might as well, Linda, because it's going to get too dark
for us to take a chance getting lost tonight. Let's have our swim and
go back to the plane to sleep. Then tomorrow morning we'll start to
hike—if we have to go all the way to the ranch on foot!"
"We won't have to do that, because we have plenty of money," Linda
reminded her. "Once we get back to civilization, our dollars will be
some good. And, even if we have to leave the Pursuit, and never see
her again, it would be worth it to get to Daddy!"
Having come to this decision, the girls hurried rapidly towards the
stream, and then, taking off their flyers' suits carefully, under cover
of their coats, in case there should be some human being around,
they both plunged in.
The water felt cold, and oh, so refreshing! They swam happily for
some minutes, forgetful of all their worries, in the joy of the
invigorating pastime.
When they had gone some distance, Linda suddenly realized how
swift the current was, out in the middle of the creek. Already they
were several hundred yards downstream.
"Lou!" she called. "We must be careful of this current!"
Her chum did not answer, and Linda suddenly experienced another
sickening moment of dread. Suppose Louise were unconscious! She
turned around, but she could not see the other girl.
However, the creek turned sharply at this point, and Linda reassured
herself with the hope that Louise was beyond the bend. She swam
in to where it was shallow enough for her to stand up, and cupped
her hands and called.
"Lou! Oh, Lou!"
"Yes!" came the instant reply. "Around the bend."
Linda hurried around the cliff which separated her chum from sight,
and there, to her amazement, she beheld a shattered airplane. The
wings and the propeller were gone—had evidently been floated out
on the stream and swept away on the current, and the plane itself
was smashed to pieces. Louise was standing beside it, holding a
man's coat in her hand.
"Ye gods!" cried Linda, shocked by the horror of such a wreck. "How
terrible!"
But Louise was searching the pockets of the coat madly, excitedly, as
if she had no thought for the man who had been killed.
"Look, Linda!" she cried triumphantly. "I had an inspiration it might
be your thief! I've got it!"
"What?" demanded the other.
"The necklace!"
Both girls held their breath while Louise steadied her nervous fingers
and opened the box—a cheap pasteboard affair, totally unlike the
original one in which Kitty Clavering's pearls had been sold. To
Linda's unbelieving eyes, she held up the costly jewels.
Louise dropped down on the ground, absolutely overcome with
emotion, and Linda sat beside her, examining the necklace for
herself, as if she could not believe her eyes. But there was no doubt
about it; it was the real thing this time.
"That man didn't know much about flying," remarked Linda, finally.
"I suppose, though, he realized that his only chance of escape lay in
getting over the border.... But Lou, if his coat is here, why isn't he?"
"He probably took off his coat before anything happened. But his
body may be somewhere in the wreckage. I—I'd just as soon not
see it, wouldn't you, Linda?"
"Of course not," replied the other, with a shudder of repulsion.
"Come on, Lou, let's go. But don't let's try to swim with that
necklace. I'd rather walk."
"So would I."
Both girls scrambled to their feet, and started back towards their
coats. Suddenly Linda stopped, horrified by what she saw. Over in a
little cove, away from the main stream, were not one, but two
bodies, half floating, half caught on the shore by the weeds and
underbrush.
"It's the thief, all right," she managed to say. "And I wonder who the
other man was."
Louise squinted her eyes; she had no desire to go any closer, and in
the fading light it was hard to see clearly.
"He looks—as—if—he had red hair," she announced, slowly. "That
would explain about the gasoline agent, who tried to put the blame
on Ted Mackay."
"Of course!" cried Linda. "Isn't it all horrible? As if any necklace
could be worth this! I wonder when it happened."
"Probably last night, during the storm. That would be too much for
an inexperienced flyer."
"Of course."
The girls picked up their clothing and dressed hurriedly, reaching the
plane just as it was beginning to get dark.
"Let's make a fire," suggested Linda, "and tell each other stories till
we get sleepy. We mustn't try to go to sleep too early on this hard
ground, especially after having had naps."
"Are you scared at all, Linda?" asked Louise.
"No. What of? Ghosts—or tramps?"
"Both."
"Well, I'm not afraid of tramps or robbers because I have my pistol—
Daddy made me promise to take it with me on all my flights—and
I'm just not going to let myself be worried about ghosts. After all,
those two dead men deserved their fate, didn't they? And I mean to
forget them. Now, tell me a story!"
"What about?"
"Some nice new novel you've read that I haven't."
So Louise began the story of "Father Means Well"—a very amusing
book she had just finished, and the girls kept their camp-fire going
until eleven o'clock. Then, when both were certain that they were
sleepy, they spread out Louise's raincoat on the ground, and,
crawling close together, put Linda's on top of them. Almost instantly
they were asleep, forgetful of accidents and thieves, not to waken
until the sun was brightly shining again.
Chapter XVIII
In Pursuit of the "Pursuit"

From the moment that Ted Mackay had been shot by the thief who
stole Kitty Clavering's necklace, everything had gone wrong for him.
Not only had he been wounded and forced to lose time from work,
but the new plane, which was worth thousands of dollars to his
company, had been stolen. And, in view of the fact that the robber
was not a licensed pilot, it was very unlikely that the plane would
stand the test, even if it were ever recovered.
Then, added to his other troubles, Ted had been accused of being in
league with the thief! Ralph Clavering believed he was guilty, and so
did Mr. Carlton. But what worried him most was whether Linda
thought so too.
The little nurse at the hospital had been a great comfort, believing in
Ted as she did, implicitly, from the first. But when he had gone
home, he said nothing to his mother of the suspicions aroused
against him. The good woman had enough to worry about, with the
unhappy life she led, and the constant menace of his father's
returning in trouble or in need of money. But Ted's conscience was
clear; all the detective's in the world could not make him a criminal
when he knew that he was innocent.
He wasn't surprised, however, when two men arrived at his home
the day after he had reached it. Two plainclothes men, with warrants
for his arrest.
His first anxiety was of course for his mother. If she should believe
that he was following in his father's footsteps! Why, at her age, and
after all she had been through, the shock might kill her! Her one
comfort in life had always been that her three children were fine,
honest citizens, that her teaching and training had been rewarded.
Fortunately when the detectives arrived, she was out in the back
yard, working in her little garden. But what could Ted do? To argue
with these men would only arouse her attention, bring her hurrying
to the front porch to see what was the matter. For she seemed to
live in daily fear of trouble between her husband and the law.
"But you have no evidence to arrest me," Ted objected, quietly, in
answer to the man's brusque statement.
"You are wrong there! We have evidence. The gasoline agent, who
sold you gas for the plane. The description fits you perfectly—a great
big fellow, with red hair. Besides, you were caught in the very place
where the other thief escaped."
"But I had nothing to do with it! I can prove it!"
"How?"
"By other men in the company——"
"Are they here?" interrupted the detective, with a hard, sneering
look.
"No—but——"
"Then you will come with us until such time as you prove your
innocence. One of us will go inside with you while you get whatever
things you want."
Ted looked about him helplessly. Oh, how could he keep the news
from his mother? It would break her heart!
And his career! What would this sort of thing do to that? Did it mean
that, just as he was hoping to make his mark in the world, and
rendering valuable assistance to his family, all must stop? With a
gesture of utter despair he gazed up into the skies, where he heard
the noise of an airplane, coming nearer and lower.
For a moment the other men forgot their duties, and likewise looked
up into the air. For the plane was certainly flying very low indeed,
actually circling over their heads. And its roar was insistent; it would
not be ignored.
At last it became plain to Ted that the pilot wanted to land. So the
young man held up his arm and pointed to field on the right of his
house.
Wondering what its business could be, and interested in the plane as
everybody is, although it is a common sight, the detectives waited to
find out what would happen.
What they actually saw was certainly worth looking at. The pilot was
an experienced flyer, and his landing, in the small area of this field,
was as neat as anything they had ever witnessed. Both men
watched with admiration and awe.
When the motor had been turned off, and the pilot stepped from the
plane, Ted recognized him instantly. Sam Hunter—the best
salesman, the most experienced flyer of their company!
"Sam!" he exclaimed with genuine pleasure, for although Ted had
been with his firm only a short time, this man was an old friend.
"Ted! Old boy! How are you?" cried the other, clasping his hand in a
hearty handshake. "How's the shoulder?"
"Pretty good," replied Ted. "I'm ready to go back to work, if I take it
a little easy. But—" he paused and glanced at the two men beside
him—"these fellows don't want to let me."
"Doctors?" inquired Sam, though Ted's manner of referring to them
seemed queer—almost rude. He hadn't introduced them—a courtesy
due them if they were doctors, or men in any way worthy of respect.
"They're detectives," explained Ted. "Sorry I can't introduce you,
Sam, but they did not favor me with their names. They've come here
with a warrant for my arrest."
"By heck!" ejaculated Sam. "Then the little lady was right! The pretty
aviatrix who was so worried about you! And I'm just in time!"
"I don't know what you mean."
Sam put his hand into his pocket, and produced the paper which Mr.
Jordan had dictated and three of the men had signed. He handed it
to the detectives, both of whom read it at once.
"All right," said one of them, briefly, as he handed it back to Sam.
"Good-by."
Without another word they turned and fled to their automobile and
immediately drove away.
Ted stood gazing at Sam in amazement, unable to understand what
his friend had done, how he had been able to accomplish what
seemed like a miracle. In a few words the latter told him of Linda's
visit, and her insistence upon the written alibi.
He finished his explanation and Ted had just time to warn Sam not
to mention the matter to his mother, when the latter appeared,
dressed in a clean linen, beaming at both the boys.
"Are you willing to have me take Ted back again?" asked Sam, after
he had been introduced. "Because we need him, if he's well enough
to go."
"I'll be sorry to lose him, of course," she answered with a motherly
smile. "But I always want Ted to do his duty. And I think he'll be all
right if he is careful. But first let me give you an early supper, so that
you can do most of your flying by daylight."
Sam accepted the invitation with pleasure, and as the boys sat down
at five o'clock to that splendid home-cooked meal, it seemed to Ted
that he was perfectly happy again. He knew now that his company
believed in his innocence; best of all, he had the reassurance that
Linda Carlton shared that opinion!
It was good to be in a plane again, he thought, as they took off, half
an hour later. Good to be up in the skies, with Sam—who was a
friend indeed!
The whole trip was pleasant, and Mr. Jordan's greeting was just as
cordial as Sam's. When the former heard what a life-saver his
message had been, he was more impressed than ever with the
cleverness of the two girls who had visited him.
"And if you'd like to see them and thank them yourself," he
continued, "I'll arrange for you to combine it with a visit to our
Denver field. The girls are out there in Colorado, they said—'Sunny
Hills', I believe the name of the village is."
"Thank you, sir!" cried Ted, in delight and gratitude. "I don't deserve
that—after letting that other plane get away from me!"
"Not your fault a bit!" protested the older man. "We've got
insurance. Still—if you could happen to sell one on your trip, it would
be a big help to us."
"I'll do my best, Mr. Jordan. Now—when do I start?"
"Tomorrow morning. At dawn, if you like."
So it happened that when Linda and Louise were taking off for their
trip to Texas, that was halted so sadly, Ted Mackay, at the very same
hour, was flying to Denver.
He reached his destination without mishap, and went back to Sunny
Hills that night. He had some difficulty in finding the place, stopping
as the girls had, at the airport to inquire, and reaching the Stillman
estate about ten o'clock that night.
Thinking naturally that the airplane was Linda's, and that the girls
were back again for some reason, Roger and his brothers went out
to welcome them.
Ted explained quickly that he was a friend of Miss Carlton—it was
the first time he had ever made such a statement, and there was
pride in his tone—and that, as he had just been to Denver, he
wanted to stop over here and see her for a few minutes.
"Shucks! That's too bad!" exclaimed Roger with regret. "Miss Carlton
left this morning for her father's ranch in Texas."
Ted's smile faded; the ranch was the one place where he could not
visit Linda.
"But you must come in and make yourself at home. Stay all night—
you won't want to fly any more tonight. Why!" he cried, noticing
Ted's bandage, "you've been hurt!"
"Last week," replied the other. "It's almost well now. But—really, Mr.
Stillman, though I thank you, I have no right to impose on your
hospitality!"
"It's a pleasure, I'm sure. Besides, I want to look at your plane by
daylight. I'm in the market for a new airplane. My old one's being
repaired now, but it's so hopelessly out of date I thought I'd try to
trade it in."
Instantly Ted became the business man, the salesman, and while he
accepted Roger's invitation to put his plane into the other's hangar,
he told of all its merits.
So interested were they that they talked for an hour before they
went into the house. Then Roger was all apologies, for he knew Ted
had had no supper.
He hunted his mother, who was sitting disconsolately at the
telephone.
"I'm worried about the girls," she told them. "They didn't phone
from the ranch, as they promised, and I have just finished calling it,
by long distance. They haven't arrived."
"But they had plenty of time!" insisted Roger. "They started at seven
o'clock this morning!"
"Something must have happened," said Mrs. Stillman, anxiously.
"Airplanes are so dangerous!"
"I think I know why—if anything did happen," explained Roger,
slowly. "It isn't airplanes that are so dangerous as inexperienced
pilots. I found out that Dan had Linda's plane out last night, alone."
"Dan?" Mrs. Stillman was horrified. "But he never flew alone in his
life!"
"No, because I saw to it that he didn't. But he admitted that he
borrowed the Arrow last night."
"This is serious," put in Ted. "We ought to do something—right
away!"
"What can we do? I made the girls a map, but they may be off their
course. I have no plane—and your time's not your own, Mr. Mackay."
"But I'll have to do something!" cried Ted, excitedly. "Even if I lose
my job on account of it! It may be a question of life or death!"
"I'll tell you what I'll do," decided Roger. "I'll buy that plane of yours.
I want it anyhow. And tomorrow morning at dawn we'll go on a
search.... Now, mother, can you give Mr. Mackay something to eat—
and a room?"
Gratefully the young man accepted the hospitable offers of his new
friends and, pleased with the sale he had put through, he fell
instantly asleep, not to awaken until Roger both knocked at his door
and threw pillows at him the next morning.
He dressed and they left in short order, after a hearty breakfast,
however, and armed with a lunch perhaps not so dainty as that
provided for the girls, but at least as satisfying. Roger reconstructed
the map, like the one he had made for Linda, and they flew straight
for the nearest airport.
Unfortunately, however, they got no information there, no news of a
wreck, or of two girls flying in a biplane. But their time was not
wasted, for they took the opportunity to question one of the flyers
who seemed familiar with the territory around him. They asked
particularly about the more lonely, desolate parts of the near-by
country, where an airplane accident would not quickly be discovered.
"There's a stretch about ten miles south of here," the man informed
them, indicating a spot on Roger's rough map. "Not a farm or a
village, as far as I know, except one old shack where a German lives.
He hid there during the War, because he didn't want to be sent
home, and he has continued to live on there ever since. He has a
sort of garden, I believe—just enough to keep him alive—with the
fish he catches. And a few apple trees. Once in a while he drives in
here with his apples. I could tell you pretty near where he lives,
because I was stranded there once myself. You could drop down and
ask him if he heard any planes."
Eagerly the two young men marked the spot and set off once more
in their plane, flying in the direction indicated. Before nine o'clock
they came to the shack, which was the building that Linda and
Louise had spied at a distance. They found the man frying fish on a
fire in front of his tumble-down house.
Their landing had been of sufficient distance to avoid frightening
him, but near enough for him to hear them. They hurried towards
him, Roger almost shouting the question about the girls, before he
actually reached him.
But, like Linda and Louise, when they tried to talk to this man, Roger
received a shrug of his shoulders in reply, and a muttered, "Nicht
versteh."
Unlike the girls, however, Roger commanded a good knowledge of
German, and he translated the question with ease into the foreign
language.
To both flyers' unbounded delight, they were rewarded with the
information that they so longed to hear. The girls were safe—and not
far away!
Chapter XIX
Rescued

When the girls awakened at practically the same time—for Louise, in

stirring, moved against Linda—they were horrified to see that it was
half past eight by their wrist watches.
"Two hours wasted!" groaned Louise. "And it's going to be hot
today! Oh, Linda, why didn't we wake up at six?"
"Next time I'll bring an alarm clock," laughed her companion. "Come
on, let's straighten ourselves up. I—I—believe I'd rather not swim!"
"No, indeed!" agreed Louise, recalling the horror they had witnessed
the night before. "We'll use what water we have—we can't carry
much on our hike anyway.... Now, let's see what we have for
breakfast."
"There's some fruit left, and a little bit of chicken. With water to
drink we'll have a fine meal."
They sat down beside the plane to eat, and both girls seemed to
enjoy their breakfast, meager as it was. For each had resolutely
made up her mind to be cheerful.
"Are the pearls safe?" asked Linda, as she gathered up the chicken
bones.
"In my pocket!" replied Louise, taking them out for examination.
"How about your pistol?"
"O.K.... Lou! Look! A plane!"
Both girls jumped instantly to their feet and waved their arms and
their coats in the air as signals of distress. If only the pilot would
look down and see them!
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookball.com

Root Canal Anatomy of Human Teeth
No ratings yet
Root Canal Anatomy of Human Teeth
11 pages
Biocompatibility of Dental Materials
No ratings yet
Biocompatibility of Dental Materials
31 pages
10 Anos de Brasil Sorridente
No ratings yet
10 Anos de Brasil Sorridente
6 pages
J of Oral Rehabilitation - 2008 - SPALJ - Skeletal Components of Class III Malocclusions and Compensation Mechanisms
No ratings yet
J of Oral Rehabilitation - 2008 - SPALJ - Skeletal Components of Class III Malocclusions and Compensation Mechanisms
9 pages
Abdallah Abbas CV
No ratings yet
Abdallah Abbas CV
2 pages
2023 Medical Certificate Regular Combative 1
No ratings yet
2023 Medical Certificate Regular Combative 1
13 pages
Innovation in Dentistry - CADCAM Restorative Procedures PDF
No ratings yet
Innovation in Dentistry - CADCAM Restorative Procedures PDF
14 pages
4th Seminar - Microwaves
No ratings yet
4th Seminar - Microwaves
54 pages
Year 4 Science Home Learning Week 1 Teeth
No ratings yet
Year 4 Science Home Learning Week 1 Teeth
37 pages
Post Op Pain & Sensitivity-2022
No ratings yet
Post Op Pain & Sensitivity-2022
45 pages
HZ Dental Catalogue
No ratings yet
HZ Dental Catalogue
217 pages
Development of Face & Oral Cavity
No ratings yet
Development of Face & Oral Cavity
56 pages
4 Phonetics 2 - Vowel Consonant - Place Manner of Articulation
No ratings yet
4 Phonetics 2 - Vowel Consonant - Place Manner of Articulation
15 pages
Restorative Management of Common Oral Diseases in The Elderly
No ratings yet
Restorative Management of Common Oral Diseases in The Elderly
3 pages
Complete Download Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition PDF All Chapters
100% (2)
Complete Download Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology 9th Edition PDF All Chapters
24 pages
Rehabilitation of Totally Atrophied Maxilla by Means of Four Zygomatic Implants - Stievenart & Malevez
No ratings yet
Rehabilitation of Totally Atrophied Maxilla by Means of Four Zygomatic Implants - Stievenart & Malevez
6 pages
Phonetics and Phonology Assignment 3
No ratings yet
Phonetics and Phonology Assignment 3
3 pages
Dentifrices Project Sources - Edith and Rose
No ratings yet
Dentifrices Project Sources - Edith and Rose
5 pages
Infective Endocarditis Wallet Card
No ratings yet
Infective Endocarditis Wallet Card
2 pages
1988 - Template For Positioning and Angulation of Intraosseous Implants
No ratings yet
1988 - Template For Positioning and Angulation of Intraosseous Implants
5 pages
Complex Restoration
100% (1)
Complex Restoration
59 pages
PA 4 Neurological Assessment e Tool
No ratings yet
PA 4 Neurological Assessment e Tool
3 pages
Screenshot 2024-05-30 at 11.02.34 AM
No ratings yet
Screenshot 2024-05-30 at 11.02.34 AM
4 pages
1.rodriguez JPRD Vasculatureincisiondesign
No ratings yet
1.rodriguez JPRD Vasculatureincisiondesign
11 pages
Flouride MCQ
No ratings yet
Flouride MCQ
10 pages
Scenario "A Red Float On The Gum": Problem Analysis
No ratings yet
Scenario "A Red Float On The Gum": Problem Analysis
6 pages
613944e8b9301880ca396321 - TW Instructions
No ratings yet
613944e8b9301880ca396321 - TW Instructions
1 page
Tads - Komal
100% (1)
Tads - Komal
100 pages
CPD Du
No ratings yet
CPD Du
9 pages
Comparison of Effectiveness of Quad Helix.2
No ratings yet
Comparison of Effectiveness of Quad Helix.2
9 pages

Dental Terminology 3rd Edition by Charline M Dofka ISBN 1133019714 9781133019718

Uploaded by

Dental Terminology 3rd Edition by Charline M Dofka ISBN 1133019714 9781133019718

Uploaded by

Visit ebookball.

com to download the full version and

Dental Terminology 3rd Edition by Charline M Dofka

_____ Click the link below to download _____

Explore and download more ebook or textbook at ebookball.com

Dental Terminology 3rd Edition by Charline M Dofka ISBN

Dental Terminology 2nd Edition by Charline Dofka ISBN

The Anatomy of Medical Terminology A FORMULAIC

Orthodontics Current Principles and Techniques 3rd Edition

Craig Restorative Dental Materials 13th Edition by Ronald

IEEE Standard Glossary of Computer Networking Terminology

IEEE Standard Glossary of Mathematics of Computing

Comparative Dental Morphology 1st Edition by T Koppe, G

Charline M. Dofka, CDA, RDH, MS

Charline M. Dofka, CDA, RDH, MS

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with

To learn more about Delmar, visit www.cengage.com/delmar

Printed in the United States of America

Chapter 1 Introduction to Dental Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 2 Anatomy and Oral Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Chapter 3 Tooth Origin and Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Chapter 4 Practice and Facility Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Chapter 5 Infection Control�����������������������������������������������������������������������93

Chapter 6 Emergency Care�����������������������������������������������������������������������108

Chapter 7 Examination and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Chapter 8 Pain Management and Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Chapter 9 Radiography ���������������������������������������������������������������������������165

Chapter 10 Tooth Restorations�����������������������������������������������������������������190

Chapter 11 Cosmetic Dentistry�����������������������������������������������������������������204

Chapter 12 Prosthodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Chapter 13 Endodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Chapter 14 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Chapter 15 Orthodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Chapter 16 Periodontics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

Chapter 17 Pediatric Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

Maintenance and Preservation of the Pediatric Dentition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Chapter 18 Dental Laboratory Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Chapter 19 Dental Laboratory Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

Chapter 20 Business Management Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Appendix A: Word Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

New to This Edition

About the Author

Reviewers of the Current and Past Editions

How to Use StudyWARE™ to Accompany Dental Terminology, Third Edition

Locate the Dental Word

When in doubt about the spelling or meaning of an abbreviation or an acronym, it

Sometimes dental terminology denotes the person who developed the

Continuous Line Suture

© Cengage Learning 2013

Pronounce the Dental Word

Analyze the Structure of the Dental Word

In medical terminology, many words refer to the proximity or nearness to

Table 1-1 Examples of Prefixes Denoting Quantity or Number

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

Table 1-1 (Continued)

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

Prefix Color Example Sounds Like

Table 1-2 (Continued)

Prefix Color Example Sounds Like

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

Table 1-4 Examples of Prefixes Denoting Location or Direction

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

1. around = ______ 8. through = ______ 15. into = ______

Table 1-5 Examples of Prefixes Denoting Condition

Prefix Meaning Example Sounds Like

Table 1-6 Common Dental Root/Combining Forms

Root Word Sounds Like Combo Form Pertains To

Table 1-7 Examples of Suffixes in Adjective Use

Suffix Shows Relation to the Root Sounds Like

Table 1-7 (Continued)

Suffix Shows Relation to the Root Sounds Like

Table 1-8 Examples of Suffixes Indicating Condition

Suffix Condition of Root Foundation Sounds Like

Table 1-8 (Continued)

Suffix Condition of Root Foundation Sounds Like

Suffix Agent or Person

_ Click the link below to download _

Chapter 5 Infection Control��93

Chapter 6 Emergency Care��108

Chapter 9 Radiography ��165

Chapter 10 Tooth Restorations��190

Chapter 11 Cosmetic Dentistry��204

1. around = 8. through = 15. into = __