BUILDING SANITATION

SERVICES

Ar. Aishwarya Sanap

Pad. Dr. D Y patil College of Architecture, Akurdi.

 Building Sanitation System Terminologies

• Wastewater - Water when used for different purpose like domestic commercial, industrial etc., receives impurities and become
wastewater. Thus wastewater is used water and it has physical, chemical, and biological Impurities in it. wastewater is a general
term.
• Sewage - The waste water coming from W.C. and containing human excreta is known as sewage.
• Sullage - The Wastewater coming from bathrooms and kitchens which does not contain fecal matter is known as sullage.
• Plumbing System - It is entire system of pipe line for providing water supply to the building or it is a system of pipes for disposal of
wastewater from the building.
• Sewer - A pipe carrying sewage/ wastewater is called sewer.
• Soil Pipe - It is pipe carrying sewage from W.C. Waste Pipe It is a pipe carrying sullage from bathrooms, kitchens, sinks, wash basins,
etc.
• Sewerage System - A system of sewers of different types and sizes in a town collecting wastewater from the town and carrying it to
the wastewater treatment plant.
• Manhole - These are RCC/ Masonry chambers constructed at suitable intervals along sewer lines.
• Traps - Traps are defined as fittings at the end of soil pipes of waste pipes to prevent foul gases coming out of the soil pipe/ waste
pipe.
 Traps
Components
of House Inspection Chambers
Drainage
system Plumbing system (pipe system)

Sanitary Fitting
 Traps

Classification based on Shape Classification Based on Use

• P – Trap • Floor Trap or Nahni Trap

• Q – Trap • Gully Trap
• S - Trap • Bottle Trap
• Intercepting Trap
• Grease Trap
P, Q, S, Traps

• P-Trap

• Operation: The P-trap consists of two 90-degree joints with a horizontal overflow pipe that remains half-filled with water. Wastewater from sinks or basins flows into the trap, and the water seal inside the trap blocks sewer gases from coming back into the room.

• Materials: P-traps are commonly made of PVC, stainless steel, brass, or chrome-plated brass for durability.

• Advantages:

• Simple and widely used in residential plumbing.

• Effective in preventing the backflow of gases.

• Easy to install and maintain.

• Limitations:

• It may become clogged with debris such as hair, soap scum, or food waste.

• Cleaning out the P-trap requires disassembly in some cases.

• S-Trap

• Operation: The S-trap works similarly to the P-trap, but its "S" shape causes the waste pipe to drop vertically before bending horizontally. This configuration creates a water seal that prevents gases from escaping.

• Materials: Available in plastic (PVC) or metal (brass or cast iron).

• Advantages:

• Commonly used in floor-mounted fixtures or older plumbing installations.

• Still effective at trapping sewer gases in vertical drainage systems.

• Limitations:

• Siphonage Risk: The vertical nature of the trap creates a siphoning effect when water flows too quickly, potentially drawing the water seal out of the trap.

• S-traps are being phased out in modern plumbing codes due to this siphoning issue, replaced by P-traps with venting pipes.

• 3.Q-Trap

• Operation: The Q-trap resembles the S-trap but with a more compressed or compact design. It is typically used in places where space is constrained or where a longer bend is required for water flow.

• Materials: Often constructed from cast iron or PVC, depending on the application.

• Advantages:

• Ideal for larger sanitary fixtures like urinals, floor drains, or industrial applications.

• Provides a reliable water seal without excessive vertical space.

• Limitations:

• Subject to clogging if not maintained properly due to its shape and application in areas that deal with heavy waste loads.
Nahni Trap

• Operation: Installed flush with the floor, floor traps collect surface
water from shower areas, kitchens, and balconies. The water from the
floor runs through the grate into the trap’s U-shaped bend, where a
water seal is formed.
• Materials: Typically made of cast iron, PVC, or stainless steel.
• Advantages:
• Ensures that no unpleasant smells or gases enter the building
while managing large volumes of wastewater from floor surfaces.
• Many floor traps come with integrated strainers to prevent debris
from clogging the pipes.
• Limitations:
• The water seal in floor traps can evaporate over time, particularly
in unused or rarely used drains, allowing gases to escape.
• Requires periodic cleaning to avoid blockages caused by dirt, hair,
or soap residues.
Gulley Trap

• Operation: Positioned outside the building, gully traps connect the

kitchen, bathroom, or rainwater pipes to the underground drainage system.
The water seal prevents sewer gases from rising through the drainpipes into
the building.
• Materials: Usually made of PVC or concrete, with a cast-iron or plastic
grate covering.
• Advantages:
• Keeps the building's internal plumbing system free from odors by
catching any solid waste or debris before it enters the underground
drainage system.
• A common feature in most residential drainage systems, particularly for
outdoor drainage needs.
• Limitations:
• Gully traps are prone to blockages caused by leaves, mud, or other solid
waste if not cleaned regularly.
• If the water seal evaporates due to lack of use, odors may rise from the
trap.
Gulley Trap

• The gulley trap is usually situated near the

external face of the wall. It disconnects the waste
water flowing from kitchen, bathroom, wash-
basin and floors from the main drainage system
This is a deep seal trap forming a barrier for
preventing the foul gases from house drain to the
inside of the building. It is made of cast iron or
glazed stoneware. Grating is provided on top to
retain all solid matter. It is fitted in a small
masonry enclosure to meet the requirements of
invert levels of waste pipes discharging into the
gulley trap. The water seal of about 60 to 70 mm
is provided in the gulley trap. Gulley trap is
provided in the waste pipe only. The maximum
distance between the gulley trap and the first
manhole should be 6 m.
Bottle Trap

• Operation: This trap consists of a cylindrical body that acts as

a reservoir for water. Wastewater flows into the trap, and the
outlet allows only liquid to exit, leaving a pool of water that
forms the seal.
• Materials: Chrome-plated brass, stainless steel, and plastic
are the most common materials used for bottle traps.
• Advantages:
• The compact design makes it ideal for under-counter basins
or modern bathroom fixtures with limited space.
• Easy to clean by unscrewing the base, which allows for the
removal of trapped debris.
• Limitations:
• Bottle traps have a higher chance of clogging than P-traps
due to their compact design.
• Not suitable for applications requiring high flow rates, such
as kitchen sinks or industrial areas.
 • Operation: These are chambers provided on the sewer line to exclude grease and oil from sewage before it enters the
sewer line These traps work on the principle that grease or oil being light in weight float on the surface of sewage. Thus,
Grease Trap the inlet pipe is near the top of the chamber and the outlet pipe is near the bottom. The grease and oil traps are located
near the sources contributing grease and oil to sewage like automobile repair workshops, grease and oil producing
industries, garages, hotel kitchens, etc. If grease or oil is not removed, it sticks to the sides of sewer, reducing its capacity.
Moreover, presence of grease or oil in sewer adversely affects the biochemical reactions during sewage treatment.
• Materials: Typically constructed from stainless steel or fiberglass for durability and corrosion resistance.
• Advantages:
• Essential for commercial kitchens and food processing facilities to prevent grease from clogging the sewer system.
• Keeps harmful substances like fats, oils, and grease (FOG) out of the main drainage system.
• Limitations:
• Grease traps require frequent maintenance and cleaning, as grease can solidify and clog the system.
• Without regular cleaning, the trap can overflow and cause blockages in the sewer line.
 • Operation: This trap is provided at the last manhole, ie. at the junction of house drain (inspection
chamber) and the public sewer so as to prevent the entry of foul air from public sewers to the house drain.
The trap is made of glazed stoneware with an inspection arm for the purpose of cleaning or inspection The
inspection arm is kept closed by a lid or plug. The water seal is deeper than that of normal traps (not less than
Intercepting trap 100 mm). Though the use of intercepting trap is not essential; the provision of this trap is sometimes made
compulsory by the local authority and thus it is a matter of policy of local authority.
• Materials: Made from concrete or brick with a cast-iron or PVC trap.
• Advantages:
• Provides a robust barrier between the building’s plumbing system and the public sewer.
• Enhances the safety and hygiene of the building’s drainage system.
• Limitations:
• Needs proper maintenance and cleaning to avoid solid waste or sediment buildup that could block the
system.
• If improperly installed, it can lead to poor drainage performance or foul smells around the manhole.
Principles House Drainage
• House Drainage should be preferable laid by side of the building to facilitate easy repair and better maintenance.
• House sewer joints should be leak proof because leakage if any shall create an odour problem and leaked wastewater shall infiltrate
in the ground and shall reduce bearing capacity of soil below foundation, which is not desirable.
• The sewage or sullage should flow under the force of gravity.
• The house sewer should always be straight.
• The entire system should be well ventilated from start to the end.
• The house sewer should be connected to the manhole such that the invert level is sufficiently higher to avoid back flow of sewage in
house sewer.
• Where ever there is change in direction of sewer line in the premises, provide inspection chamber at the junction.
• Rain water from roofs or open courtyards should not be allowed to flow through the house sewers.
• Siphonage action can never be permitted and therefore adequate ventilation systems should be installed.
• Sewer drains should be laid at a slope to achieve self cleansing velocity of 0.6 -0.75 m/sec.
• Sewer pipes should be at least 900mm below the road and minimum 600 mm below the fields and gardens.
• It should not be laid near foundation of buildings or near large trees.
 TWO-PIPE ONE-PIPE
BUILDING SYSTEM SYSTEM

SANITARY
DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS SINGLE STACK
SINGLE
STACK(PARTIALLY
SYSTEM VENTILATED)
SYSTEM
 Single Stack
System

• Single Stack System: This system is a single pipe system without providing
any separate ventilation pipe. It uses only one pipe which carries the sewage
as well as sullage, and is not provided with any separate vent pipe, except
that it itself is extended up to about 2m higher than the roof level and
provided with a cowl for removal of foul gases as shown in fig.
• This is a simplified one-pipe system without ventilation pipe work. The trap
of water closet, sinks, basins, is directly connected to single stack. The pipe,
in addition, also acts as a vent pipe. The single stack system is economical
Single stack system has been found satisfactory in actual working if there is
close grouping of sanitary appliances and short branches discharge soil and
waste into the main stack in the direction of flow, there by minimizing the
danger of loss of water seal of traps by induced siphonage. The vertical
distance between the waste water branch and we branch connection should
be separated by minimum 200 mm when soil pipe is above waste water
branch.
 Partially ventilated
single stack

• Partially ventilated single stack: This is an improved form of single stack

system in the sense that in this system, the traps of water closets are
separately ventilated by a separate vent pipe called relief vent pipe. This
system uses two pipes as in single pipe system but the cost of branches is
considerably reduced compared to single pipe system.
• In this, a single soil waste pipe conveys both soil and waste directly to the
building drain. A separate vent pipe is provided. Hence, it is more effective
than the single stack system. The vent pip provides ventilation to water seal
of all the traps of Water Closets. The term one pipe system is a misnomer
as there are actually two stacks, one soil-cumwaste pipe, and the other
vent stack. This system is suitable for buildings when the toilet layout and
the shafts are repetitive as it requires less space and is economical.
One pipe system
• In this system, instead of using two separate
pipes (for carrying sullage and night soil, as it
done in the above described two pipe
system), only main vertical pipe is provided
which collects the night soil as well as the
sullage water from their respective fixtures
through the branch pipes. This main pipe is
ventilated in itself by providing cowl at its top
and in addition to this, a separate vent pipe is
also provided, as shown in the figure.
 ADVANTAGES.

ONE PIPE • LARGELY REPLACED TWO PIPE SYSTEM IN MOST DEVELOPED

SYSTEM COUNTRIES.
• FAST BECOMING PREFERRED SYETEM IN OTHER PARTS OF
THE WORLD.
• HIGH QUALITY PIPES,FITTINGS AND INSTALLATION
TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE THESE DAYS.
• CONSTANT FLOW OF WATER ENSURES REDUCTION IN
BLOCKAGE PROBLEM.
• ELIMINATED GULLY TRAPS. THUS PRECLUDES THE NEED TO
CLEAN THEM.
• REQUIRE LESSER SHAFT/DUCT SPACE.
• HIGHLY ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF COST.
• QUICK TO CONSTRUCT AND COMMISION.

DISADVANTAGES.

• DANGER OF BACK FLOW OF SEWAGE IN WASTE FITTINGS.

Two pipe system
• This is the best and most improved type of system
of plumbing. 2. In this system, two sets of vertical
pipes are laid, i.e. one for draining night soil and
other for draining sullage. 3. The pipe of the first
set carrying night soil are called soil pipes. and the
pipes of the second set carrying sullage from baths
etc are called sullage pipe or waste pipe 4. The soil
fixtures, such as latrines and urinals are thus all
connected through branch pipes to the vertical
pipe. 5. Where the sludge fixtures such as baths,
sinks, wash-basins, etc are all connected through
branch pipes to the vertical waste pipe. 6. The soil
pipe as well as the waste pipe are separately
ventilated by providing separate vent pipe as
shown in figure
 Two Pipe system

• TWO PIPE SYSTEM WITH COMMON VENT PIPE • TWO PIPE SYSTEM WITH INDEPENDENT VENT PIPE
• In this system of plumbing, the soil and the waste • Thus this system of plumbing contains one soil pipe,
pipes are distinct and separate as shown in figure. one waste pipe and two (or one) ventilating pipes.
The soil pipes are connected to the building sewer The two-pipe system is age-old and safe system,
direct. Waste pipes are connected to the building especially advantageous where the sullage (waste
sewer through a trapped gully. The gully trap forms a water ) from waste appliances can be dealt with
barrier to the passage of foul air from the sewer into separately for use in gardening or other such
waste pipe. purposes.
• All traps of soil appliances are completely ventilated • The two pipe system is proper system to adopt where
through a separate ventilating pipe. Likewise traps of fitments are scattered with water closet, baths and
all waste appliances are completely ventilated basins widely separated. Due to unsightly and
through a separate ventilating pipe. uneconomic web of pipes, this system is not much
favored today.
 ADVANTAGES

TWO PIPE • ENSURE SEGREGATION OF FOUL SEWAGE FROM WASTE WATER.

• NO DANAGER OF BACKFLOW OF SEWAGE IN WASTE FITTINGS INCASEOF
SYSTEM BLOCKAGE OF SOIL PIPE.
• ENABLES USE OF WASTE WATER DIRECTLY FOR IRRIGATION/GARDENING.
• SEPARATE WASTE WATER STACK PERMITS ARREST OF SOLIDS FROM
KITCHEN IN THE GULLY TRAP THUS PREVENTING THE FROM ENTERING
SEWER. GULLY TRAPS NEEDS TO BE CLEANED PERIODICALLY.

DISADVANTAGES

• DIFFICULT TO INSTALL IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS WHERE STACKS TERMINATE

IN SERVICE FLOOR OR IN THE CEILING OF THE BASEMENT.
• LONG HORIZONTAL RUNS TO REACH EXTERNAL WALLS IEXTERNAL SEWERS.
• PROVISION OF GULLY TRAP DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT IN ABOVE
SITUATION.
• REQUIRE MORE SHAFT/DUCT SPACE.
• CONGESTED SHAFT RESULTS IN DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN SYSTEM.
• USED IN INDIA AS MATTER OF CONVENTION AND CONSERVATIVE
APPROACH RATHER THAN AS A PRAGMATIC APPROACH.
Pipes and its sizes

Soil pipe – 100 mm

Waste pipe (Horizontal) – 30 – 50 mm
Waste Pipe (Vertical) – 75 mm
Vent Pipe – 50mm
Rain Water Pipe – 75mm
Anti siphonage Pipe – 50mm
 • A Septic Tank is simply a big concrete, brick, fiberglass or polyethylene tank, buried in the
ground that takes all the wastewater from the house. The septic tank was invented in the 1860's
and is the original piece of sewage equipment used for the treatment of sewage in rural areas.
SEPTIC TANK | Septic tanks are a minimum of 2700 litres for a 2 bedroom house. Wastewater flows into the
tank at one end and leaves it at the other.
DESIGN AND • The tank is divided into two sections. The first section is the primary settlement tank (PST) and
the second section is the secondary settlement tank (SST) The sewage enters the PST from the
INFORMATION sewer pipes in the house.. Anything that floats rises to the top of the tank and aerobic bacteria
colonize it, digesting the organic material and preventing the effluent from becoming too septic.
This layer known as the scum layer or crust. Anything heavier than water sinks to the bottom to
form the sludge layer. In the middle is a relatively clear effluent layer. This body of effluent
contains anaerobic bacteria and chemicals like nitrogen and phosphorous, plus a fairly large
proportion of suspended solids – tiny bits that float around in the water. The effluent then
transfers via a baffle, pipe or weir to the SST where the process is repeated.
CONSTRUCTION:
• The septic tank should be water tight and material used are
resistant to corrosion The septic tank should be such that
the direct currents are not established between inlet and
outlet by using submerged pipes or baffle walls near the
inlet. The septic tank should provide proper ventilation by air
vent pipes. The top cover of septic tank should be made of
R.C.C and a manhole is provided in RCC slab for the purpose
of inspection and cleaning. If necessary, C.I. steps may be
provided. The sludge is allowed to be accumulated at the
bottom of tank and it is removed at intervals by pumping.
SOAK PIT:
• It is a circular or square pit of sufficient
dimension. The total depth of soak pit varies
from to 1.8m. The pit is filled with brick bats
or coarse aggregates. The effluent is applied
into the pit so that aerobic bacteria film on
the surface of brick bat oxidizes the dissolved
organic matter. The waste water then
percolates into the ground and thus finally
disposed. The size of the pit depends upon the
quantity of effluent and permeability of
subsoil.
Waste Water Treatment Plant