STEEL DESIGN

Flexural Members
TABLE OF CONTENTS
o Flexural Member
o Common Types of Flexural Member
o Modes of Failure of Flexural Members
o Composite Beam Section
o Most Economical Steel Beam Section
o NSCP Allowable Bending Stress
o Bearing Plate, Web Local Yielding
FLEXURAL MEMBER
 Flexural Member
Flexural members in steel are structural elements primarily designed to resist
bending moments caused by transverse (perpendicular) loads. These members are commonly
used in steel construction and are critical for ensuring structural stability and efficient load
distribution.
EXAMPLES OF FLEXURAL
MEMBERS
 Examples of Flexural Members
Beams Girders

A typical flexural member that A primary member that supports beams

sustains a load by bending. and spans between columns, walls, or
other girders
 Examples of Flexural Members
Joists Purlins
A less important beam that is closely spaced. Roof beams that span between trusses.
MODES OF FAILURE FOR
FLEXURAL MEMBERS
 Modes of Failure for Flexural Members

Flexural Failure Shear Failure

This failure mode occurs when the loads Shear force exceeds the shear capacity.
on the beam exceed its flexural capacity.
Other Stresses Flexural Members May Experience
COMPOSITE BEAM SECTION
 Composite Beam Section
Composite beams are usually beams with 2 or more materials joint together. For
instance, you might have a wooden beam covered with steel plates.
MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION
 Most Economical Section
In selecting a structural section to be used as a beam, the resisting moment must be equal
or greater than the applied bending moment.

𝑀𝑐 𝑀
𝐹𝑏 = =
𝐼 𝑆

Hence, the justifying sectional properties of beam section as being economical is its section
modulus.

𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≥ 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

Criteria in choosing the section:

1. Safety
2. Economy
NSCP: ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS
NSCP: Allowable Bending Stress
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
 Sample No. 1
A simply supported W 350 x 90 girder, 8 m long carries a concentrated load P positioned at
midpoint. The beam also carries a uniform dead load of 5 kN/m (including its own weight)
and live load of 7.2 kN/m. Use Fy = 250 MPa and E = 200 GPa.

Properties of W 350 x 90: Allowable stresses:

d = 350 mm Flexure, Fb = 0.66Fy
tw = 10 mm Shear, Fv = 0.40Fy
bf = 250 mm
Ix = 266.4 x 106 mm4
Sx = 1 510 x 103 mm3
tf = 16.5 mm

a. Determine the value of P based on flexure.

b. Determine the value of P based on shear.
Sample No. 1
P
Given: w = 12.2 kN/m
Properties of W 350 x 90: Allowable stresses:
d = 350 mm Flexure, Fb = 0.66Fy
tw = 10 mm Shear, Fv = 0.40Fy
bf = 250 mm Fy = 250 MPa
Ix = 266.4 x 106 mm4 L=8m
Sx = 1 510 x 103 mm3
tf = 16.5 mm
𝑤𝑜 = 𝐷𝑙 + 𝐿𝑙
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
a. Determine the value of P based on flexure. 𝑤𝑜 = 7.2
𝑚
+5
𝑚
= 12.2
𝑚
𝑀𝑐 𝑀
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏 =
𝐼𝑥 𝑆𝑥
b. Determine the value of P based on shear.
Solve for Mmax.
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑣 =
𝑤𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 𝑑𝑡𝑤
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 0.66𝐹𝑦 =
8 4 𝑆𝑥
Solve for Vmax.
12.2 𝑥 82 𝑃(8) 97.6 + 2𝑃 106
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 0.66(250) = 𝑤𝐿 𝑃 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
8 4 1 510 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +
2 2 0.40𝐹𝑦 =
𝑑𝑡𝑤
𝑃 = 75.78 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 97.6 + 2𝑃 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 (12.2)(8) 𝑃 𝑃
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 103
48.8 +
2 2 2
0.40(250) =
(350 𝑚𝑚)(10𝑚𝑚)
𝑃
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 48.8 + 𝑘𝑁 𝑃 = 602.4 𝑘𝑁
2
 Sample No. 2
A composite simple span beam is made up of a wide flange with two cover plates of 320
mm x 12 mm placed at the top and at the bottom. The beam has a simple span of 6 m and
carries a total load of 360 kN/m. Allowable bending stress is Fb = 150 MPa and modulus of
elasticity is 200000 MPa.
Properties of the wide flange
A = 20000 mm2
d = 560 mm
tw = 18 mm
tf = 12 mm
bf = 320 mm
Ix = 1568 x 106 mm4

a. Compute the moment of inertia of the composite section.

b. Compute the section modulus of the section.
c. Compute the moment capacity of the beam.
d. Compute the safe uniform load that the beam could carry.
Sample No. 2 320 mm

Plate 12 mm
Given: 12 mm
Properties of the wide flange Properties of the Plate
Fb = 150 MPa 320 mm x 12 mm
A = 20000 mm2 560 mm
d = 560 mm
tw = 18 mm 18 mm
tf = 12 mm
bf = 320 mm Plate
Ix = 1568 x 106 mm4
a. Compute the moment of inertia of the composite section.

Solve via Parallel Axis Theorem

𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼 + 𝐴𝑑 2
(320)(123) 2
𝐼𝑥 = 1568 𝑥 106 + + 12 𝑥 320 286 𝑥2
12
292 mm
𝐼𝑥 = 2.196 𝑥 109 𝑚𝑚4

N.A
b. Compute the section modulus of the section.
𝐼𝑥 2.196 𝑥 109 𝑚𝑚4 286 mm
𝑆𝑥 = 𝑆𝑥 =
𝑐 292 𝑚𝑚
N.A
𝑆𝑥 = 7.52 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3
Sample No. 2 320 mm

Plate 12 mm
Given: 12 mm
Properties of the wide flange Properties of the Plate
Fb = 150 MPa 320 mm x 12 mm
A = 20000 mm2 560 mm
d = 560 mm
𝐼𝑥 = 2.196 𝑥 109 𝑚𝑚4
tw = 18 mm 18 mm
tf = 12 mm
bf = 320 mm 𝑆𝑥 = 7.52 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3
Plate
L=6m
Ix = 1568 x 106 mm4

c. Compute the moment capacity of the beam.

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐹𝑏 = 150 𝑀𝑃𝑎 =
𝑆𝑥 7.52 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1128.23 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

d. Compute the safe uniform load that the beam could carry.
𝑤𝐿2 𝑤 𝑥 62
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1128.23 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 =
8 8
𝑘𝑁
𝑤 = 250.72
𝑚
 Sample No. 3
A composite simple span beam has a span of 8 m. This consists of a wide flange steel
section and a 120 mm concrete slab whose width is 1.5 m. Assume shoring was provided.

Properties of the wide flange Properties of concrete

A = 9480 mm2 f’c = 20.7 MPa
d = 400 mm n = 10
Fb = 138 MPa Unit weight = 23 kN/m3
w = 0.74 kN/m Fb concrete = 0.45f’c
Ix = 270 x 106 mm4

a. Determine the moment of inertia of the section.

b. Compute the moment capacity of the composite beam.
Sample No. 3 1500 mm

Given: 120 mm Concrete

Properties of the wide flange Properties of concrete
A = 9480 mm2 f’c = 20.7 MPa
d = 400 mm n = 10
Fb = 138 MPa Unit weight = 23 kN/m3
w = 0.74 kN/m Fb concrete = 0.45f’c
Ix = 270 x 106 mm4

a. Determine the moment of inertia of the section.

𝐸𝑠 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 1500
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = = = 150 𝑚𝑚
𝐸𝑐 𝑛 10
Find the Neutral Axis using Varignon’s Theorem 150 mm

𝐴𝑡 𝑦ത = ෍ 𝑎𝑦 9480 + (150 𝑥 120) 𝑦ത = 9480 200 + (150𝑥120)(460)

120 mm Equivalent
𝑦ത = 370.31 𝑚𝑚
Steel
Solve via Parallel Axis Theorem
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐼 + 𝐴𝑑 2 y2 = 460 mm
N.A
𝐼𝑥 = 270 𝑥 106 + 9480 370.31 − 200 2 + 400 mm
𝑦ത = 370.31 𝑚𝑚 y1 = 200 mm
(150)(1203)
+ 150 𝑥 120 460 − 370.31 2
12
𝐼𝑥 = 711.37 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
 150 mm
Sample No. 3
120 mm Equivalent
Given: Steel 149.69 𝑚𝑚

Properties of the wide flange Properties of concrete

A = 9480 mm2 f’c = 20.7 MPa
N.A
d = 400 mm n = 10 400 mm
Fb = 138 MPa Unit weight = 23 kN/m3
w = 0.74 kN/m Fb concrete = 0.45f’c 𝑦ത = 370.31 𝑚𝑚
Ix = 270 x 106 mm4
𝐸𝑠
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜, 𝑛 = 𝐼𝑥 = 711.37 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐸𝑐
b. Compute the moment capacity of the composite beam.

For steel
Composite means that the two materials act
𝑀𝑐 𝑀(370.31 𝑚𝑚)
𝐹𝑏 = 138 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = together on the same magnitude of bending
𝐼𝑥 711.37 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
moment. Therefore, it is important to verify if
𝑀 = 265.10 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 each material can carry the bending moment
For concrete applied.
𝐹𝑏 = 0.45𝑓’𝑐 = 0.45 𝑥 21.7 = 9.315 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑀(149.69 𝑚𝑚)
9.315 𝑀𝑃𝑎 =
711.37 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑀 = 44.27 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀𝑐 𝑀(149.69 𝑚𝑚)
(10)(9.315 𝑀𝑃𝑎) = 𝑀 = 442.7 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑛 𝑥 𝐹𝑏 = 711.37 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑥
 Sample No. 4
A simply supported steel beam has a span of 8 m and carries a total uniform load of 40 kN/m
including its weight. Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200000 MPa and allowable bending stress is 0.66Fy.

The following sections are given:

Section Moment of Inertia ( Ix) mm4 Depth (d) mm
W 21 x 55 561.9 x 106 527
W 21 x 57 481.0 x 106 535
W 21 x 62 553.6 x 106 533
W 18 x 71 478.0 x106 469

a. Determine the minimum section modulus in mm3 such that the allowable bending
stress will not be exceeded.
b. Which of the following section is the safest and most economical?
Sample No. 4
w = 40 kN/m
Given:
Properties of the wide flange
L=8m
E = 200000 MPa
Fy = 248 Mpa L=8m
Fb = 0.66Fy
w = 40 kN/m

a. Determine the minimum section modulus in mm3 such that

the allowable bending stress will not be exceeded.

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 = 163.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐹𝑏 =
𝑆𝑥 𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝐿2 (40 )(82 )
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑚
8 8

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 320 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

320 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
163.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎 =
𝑆𝑥
𝑆𝑥 = 1.955 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3
Sample No. 4
𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≥ 𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
Given:
Properties of the wide flange
L=8m
E = 200000 MPa
Fy = 248 Mpa
Fb = 0.66Fy
w = 40 kN/m

a. Determine the minimum section modulus in mm3 such that b. Which of the following section is the safest and most economical?
the allowable bending stress will not be exceeded.
For W 21 x 55 For W 21 x 62
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 = 163.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝐼𝑥
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 553.6 𝑥 106
𝑆𝑥 𝑘𝑁 𝑐 𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
(40 )(82 ) 533ൗ
𝑤𝐿2 𝑚 561.9 𝑥 106 2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
8 8 527ൗ
2 𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 2.077 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 320 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 2.132 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3

320 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚 For W 21 x 57 For W 18 x 71

163.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎 =
𝑆𝑥
𝑆𝑥 = 1.955 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3 S 481.0 𝑥 106 478.0 𝑥 106
required 𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
469ൗ
535ൗ
2 2

𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 1.798 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3 𝑆𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 2.038 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚3

 Sample No. 5
210 mm
Given the properties of a wide flange:
16 mm

d = 530 mm
tw = 18 mm
530 mm
bf = 210 mm
tf = 16 mm 18 mm

a. Compute the value of radius of gyration of the beam, rt.

Sample No. 5 Compression flange
210 mm

Given: 16 mm

d = 530 mm Compression web COMPRESSION SIDE

530 mm
tw = 18 mm N.A
bf = 210 mm
18 mm TENSION SIDE
tf = 16 mm

a. Compute the value of radius of gyration of the beam, rt.

Solve for Area (A)
It is a useful parameter to For the beam, radius of
estimate the stiffness. The gyration of a section comprises
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + 𝐴 1ൗ
3𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑏
smallest value of radius of the compression flange plus 𝐴 = 210 𝑥 16 + (83 𝑥 18) = 4854 𝑚𝑚2
gyration indicates the axis 1/3 of the compression web,
around which the compression taken about an axis in the
member is most likely to plane of the web ( y-axis).
Solve for Moment of Inertia (I)
buckle.
𝑏3ℎ 210 3 𝑥 16 18 3 𝑥 83
210 mm 𝐼= = +
𝐼 12 12 12
𝑟= 16 mm
𝐴 𝐼 = 12.388 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
83 mm
𝐼 12.388 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑟𝑡 = =
𝐴 4854 𝑚𝑚2
N.A 𝑟𝑡 = 50.52 𝑚𝑚
 Sample No. 6
A plate girder 600 mm deep is composed of 300 x 12 mm compression flange, 200 x 12 mm
tension flange and 10 mm thick web.

a. Determine the distance of the neutral axis from the compression face of the beam.

b. Find the value of radius of gyration, rt.

Sample No. 6 300 mm

12 mm

A plate girder 600 mm deep is composed of 300

x 12 mm compression flange, 200 x 12 mm 600 mm
tension flange and 10 mm thick web.
10 mm

12 mm

200 mm

a. Determine the distance of the neutral axis from the compression face of the beam.

Find the Neutral Axis using Varignon’s Theorem

𝐴𝑡 𝑦ത = ෍ 𝑎𝑦 3600 + 5760 + 2400 𝑦ത = (3600) 6 +(5760) 300 +(2400) 594

1
𝑦ത = 270 𝑚𝑚
y1 = 6 mm
y2 = 300 mm
2
𝐴1 = 300 𝑥 12 = 3600 𝑚𝑚
y3 = 594 mm 2
2
𝐴2 = 576 𝑥 10 = 5760 𝑚𝑚
𝐴3 = 200 𝑥 12 = 2400 𝑚𝑚2
3
Sample No. 6 300 mm

A plate girder 600 mm deep is composed of 300 12 mm

x 12 mm compression flange, 200 x 12 mm 𝑦ത = 270 𝑚𝑚
tension flange and 10 mm thick web.
N.A
𝑦ത = 270 𝑚𝑚 10 mm

b. Find the value of radius of gyration, rt.

Solve for Area (A)

300 mm
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + 𝐴 1ൗ
3𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑏
12 mm
𝐴 = 300 𝑥 12 + (10 𝑥 86) = 4460 𝑚𝑚2
86 mm
Solve for Moment of Inertia (I)
𝑏3ℎ 300 3 𝑥 12 10 3 𝑥 86 N.A
𝐼= = +
12 12 12
𝐼 = 27.007 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼 27.007 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4

𝑟𝑡 = =
𝐴 4460 𝑚𝑚2

𝑟𝑡 = 77.82 𝑚𝑚
 Sample No. 7
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m.

Properties of W 350 x 75:

d = 350 mm
tw = 12 mm
tf = 18 mm
bf = 360 mm
rt = 50 mm
Fy = 345 MPa
Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3

a. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if the compression
flange is laterally supported only at every 3 m.
b. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if the compression
flange is laterally supported only at midspan and the length of the beam is 10 m. Cb = 1.0
c. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if the compression
flange has no lateral support, the length of the beam is 10 m, and subjected to a moment
M at the left end (clockwise) and 25% of M at the right end (counterclockwise).
Sample No. 7
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a 360 mm
total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m.
18 mm
Properties of W 350 x 75: bf = 360 mm
d = 350 mm rt = 50 mm
tw = 12 mm Fy = 345 MPa 350 mm
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3
12 mm

a. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if

the compression flange is laterally supported only at every 3 m.

1 Determine the unsupported length.

CASE I: L ≤ Lc CASE II: L > Lc
L=3m
2 Verify which case it belongs to: CASE I or CASE II Since the unsupported length (L) is less
than Lc= 3.88 m, then CASE I.
Solve Lc: (The smaller between a and b)
Proceed to whichever case it belongs and
200 𝑏𝑓 200 (360) 3 identify its respective classification.
a. 𝐿𝑐 = = = 3.88 𝑚
𝐹𝑦 345
If under CASE I, identify whether the section is
137900 137900
b. 𝐿𝑐 = = = 7.4 𝑚 compact, partially compact, or non-compact.
𝑑 350
𝐹𝑦 (345)
𝐴𝑓 18 𝑥 360
If under CASE II, identify whether the beam is
intermediate, short, or long.
Therefore, use Lc= 3.88 m
Sample No. 7
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a 360 mm
total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m.
18 mm
Properties of W 350 x 75: bf = 360 mm
d = 350 mm rt = 50 mm
tw = 12 mm Fy = 345 MPa 350 mm
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3
12 mm

a. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if

the compression flange is laterally supported only at every 3 m.

Proceed to whichever case it belongs and

3 identify its respective classification. Partially Compact Section: Criteria a and b must be obeyed.
𝑏𝑓
Since, under CASE I, identify the type of its section. a. 170 < 𝐹 < 250 170 < 185 < 250
2𝑡𝑓 𝑦

Compact Section: Criteria a and b must be obeyed. 𝑑 350

b. 𝐹 ≤ 1680 345 = 542 ≤ 1680
𝑡𝑤 𝑦 12
𝑏𝑓 360
a. 𝐹 ≤ 170 345 = 185 ≤ 170
2𝑡𝑓 𝑦 2(18) Therefore, it is a partially compact section.

𝑑 350 Non-Compact Section:

b. 𝐹 ≤ 1680 345 = 541 ≤ 1680
𝑡𝑤 𝑦 12
If it is not under compact and
partially compact section, then it
belongs to non-compact section.
Sample No. 7
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a 360 mm
total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m.
18 mm
Properties of W 350 x 75: bf = 360 mm
d = 350 mm rt = 50 mm
tw = 12 mm Fy = 345 MPa 350 mm
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3
12 mm

a. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if

the compression flange is laterally supported only at every 3 m.

Solve the allowable bending/flexural

4 stress under its classification.

𝑏𝑓
𝐹𝑏 = 0.79 − 0.000762 𝐹 (𝐹𝑦 )
2𝑡𝑓 𝑦

360
𝐹𝑏 = 0.79 − 0.000762 345 (345)
2(18)
𝐹𝑏 = 223.72 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Sample No. 7
360 mm
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a
total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m. 18 mm

Properties of W 350 x 75: bf = 360 mm

d = 350 mm rt = 50 mm 350 mm
tw = 12 mm Fy = 345 MPa
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3 12 mm

b. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if the

compression flange is laterally supported only at midspan and the length of the
beam is 10 m. Cb = 1.0

1 Determine the unsupported length.

CASE I: L ≤ Lc CASE II: L ≥ Lc
L=5m
2 Verify which case it belongs to: CASE I or CASE II Since the unsupported length (L) is greater
than Lc= 3.88 m, then CASE II.
Solve Lc: (The smaller between a and b)
Proceed to whichever case it belongs and
200 𝑏𝑓 200 (360) 3 identify its respective classification.
a. 𝐿𝑐 = = = 3.88 𝑚
𝐹𝑦 345
If under CASE I, identify whether the section is
137900 137900
b. 𝐿𝑐 = = = 7.4 𝑚 compact, partially compact, or non-compact.
𝑑 350
𝐹𝑦 (345)
𝐴𝑓 18 𝑥 360
If under CASE II, identify whether the beam is
intermediate, short, or long.
Therefore, use Lc= 3.88 m
Sample No. 7
360 mm
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a
total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m. 18 mm

Properties of W 350 x 75: bf = 360 mm

d = 350 mm rt = 50 mm 350 mm
tw = 12 mm Fy = 345 MPa
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3 12 mm

b. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if the

compression flange is laterally supported only at midspan and the length of the
beam is 10 m. Cb = 1.0
Proceed to whichever case it belongs and
3 identify its respective classification. Long beam:

Since, under CASE II, solve radius of 𝐿 3516330𝐶𝑏

gyration (rt), Cb and identify the beam type. ≥
𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦

Intermediate beam: 100 ≥ 100.96

703270𝐶𝑏 𝐿 3516330𝐶𝑏
≤ ≤ Short beam:
𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦
𝐿 703270𝐶𝑏
≤
703270(1) 5000 3516330(1) 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦
≤ ≤
345 50 345
100 ≤ 45
45 ≤ 100 ≤ 100.96 Therefore, it is an intermediate beam.
Sample No. 7
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a 360 mm
total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m.
18 mm
Properties of W 350 x 75: bf = 360 mm
d = 350 mm rt = 50 mm
tw = 12 mm Fy = 345 MPa 350 mm
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3
12 mm

b. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if the

compression flange is laterally supported only at midspan and the length of the
beam is 10 m. Cb = 1.0

Solve the allowable bending/flexural

4 stress under its classification.
Check the limit:
The greater value between a and b,
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦
but not greater than 0.60Fy.
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60(345)
𝐿 2
2 𝐹𝑦 𝑟 2 345 𝑥 100 2 𝐹𝑏 = 207 𝑀𝑃𝑎
a. 𝐹𝑏 = − 𝑡
𝐹 = − 𝑥 345 = 117.18 𝑀𝑃𝑎
3 10.55𝑥106 𝐶𝑏 𝑦 3 10.55𝑥106 (1)

82740 𝐶𝑏 82740 (1)

b. 𝐹𝑏 = = = 306.37 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 350
𝐿 5000 𝑥
𝐴𝑓 18 𝑥 360
Sample No. 7
360 mm
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a
total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m. 18 mm

Properties of W 350 x 75: bf = 360 mm

d = 350 mm rt = 50 mm 350 mm
tw = 12 mm Fy = 345 MPa
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3 12 mm

c. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if the

compression flange has no lateral support, the length of the beam is 10 m, and
subjected to a moment M at the left end (clockwise) and 25% of M at the right
end (counterclockwise).
1 Determine the unsupported length.
CASE I: L ≤ Lc CASE II: L ≥ Lc
L = 10 m
2 Verify which case it belongs to: CASE I or CASE II Since the unsupported length (L) is greater
than Lc= 3.88 m, then CASE II.
Solve Lc: (The smaller between a and b)
Proceed to whichever case it belongs and
200 𝑏𝑓 200 (360) 3 identify its respective classification.
a. 𝐿𝑐 = = = 3.88 𝑚
𝐹𝑦 345
If under CASE I, identify whether the section is
137900 137900
b. 𝐿𝑐 = = = 7.4 𝑚 compact, partially compact, or non-compact.
𝑑 350
𝐹𝑦 (345)
𝐴𝑓 18 𝑥 360
If under CASE II, identify whether the beam is
intermediate, short, or long.
Therefore, use Lc= 3.88 m
Sample No. 7
360 mm
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a
total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m. 18 mm

Properties of W 350 x 75: bf = 360 mm

d = 350 mm rt = 50 mm 350 mm
tw = 12 mm Fy = 345 MPa
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3 12 mm

c. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if the

compression flange has no lateral support, the length of the beam is 10 m, and
subjected to a moment M at the left end (clockwise) and 25% of M at the right
end (counterclockwise). Intermediate beam:

Proceed to whichever case it belongs and 703270𝐶𝑏 𝐿 3516330𝐶𝑏

3 ≤ ≤
identify its respective classification. 𝐹𝑦 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦

Since, under CASE II, solve radius of

703270(1.506) 10000 3516330(1.506)
gyration (rt), Cb and identify the beam type. ≤ ≤
345 50 345

Solve for Cb: 55.407 ≤ 200 ≤ 123.89

2
𝑀1 𝑀1 Short beam:
𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 + 0.3 ≤ 2.3 Long beam:
𝑀2 𝑀2
2 𝐿 703270𝐶𝑏
0.25 𝑀 0.25𝑀 𝐿 3516330𝐶𝑏 ≤
𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 − + 0.3 ≥ 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦
𝑀 𝑀 𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦
𝐶𝑏 = 1.506 200 ≤ 55.407
200 ≥ 123.89
Sample No. 7
A simply supported W 350 x 75 girder, 9 m long carries a 360 mm
total distributed load of 33.35 kN/m.
18 mm
Properties of W 350 x 75: bf = 360 mm
d = 350 mm rt = 50 mm
tw = 12 mm Fy = 345 MPa 350 mm
tf = 18 mm Sx = 2 340 x 103 mm3
12 mm

c. Determine the permissible flexural stress (MPa) of the beam if the

compression flange has no lateral support, the length of the beam is 10 m, and
subjected to a moment M at the left end (clockwise) and 25% of M at the right
end (counterclockwise).

Solve the allowable bending/flexural

4 stress under its classification.
Check the limit:
The greater value between a and b,
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60𝐹𝑦
but not greater than 0.60Fy.
𝐹𝑏 = 0.60(345)
1172100𝐶𝑏 1172100(1.506) 𝐹𝑏 = 207 𝑀𝑃𝑎
a. 𝐹𝑏 = 2 = = 44.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿 200 2
𝑟𝑡

82740 𝐶𝑏 82740 (1.506)

b. 𝐹𝑏 = = = 230.70 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑 350
𝐿 10000 𝑥
𝐴𝑓 18 𝑥 360
BEARING PLATE & WEB
YIELDING
Bearing Plate and Web Yielding
 Bearing Plate and Web Yielding

Limits of Bearing Plates

1. Web Failures (Web Crippling and Web Yielding) Design the length (N)
2. Bearing Stress Failure on Support or Pedestal Design the width (B)
3. Bending Stress Failure on Base Plate Design the thickness (tw)
 Web Yielding
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance from the member
end that is greater than the depth of the member.

𝑥 >𝑑
𝑃
≤ 0.66𝐹𝑦
𝑡𝑤 (𝑁 + 5𝑘)

When the concentrated load is applied at or near the member end

𝑥 ≤𝑑

𝑅
≤ 0.66𝐹𝑦
𝑡𝑤 (𝑁 + 2.5𝑘)

R and P = concentrated load/reaction, N

N = length of bearing(not less than k for end reactions), mm
k = distance from the outer flange edge to web toe fillet, mm
Bearing Plate Stress and Minimum Plate Thickness

Bearing Plate Stress

𝑅
𝑓𝑝 =
𝑁𝑥𝐵

Minimum Plate Thickness

3𝑓𝑝 𝑥 2
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝐹𝑏

Where,
R = reaction
N = length of the plate
B = width of the plate
fp = actual bearing stress
x = distance to the critical section from edge of flange
Fb = allowable bending stress of the plate
 Sample No. 8
A beam rests on a concrete wall 306 m wide with 27.5 MPa compressive strength, f’c. Refer to the figure
shown.
Beam Properties:
d = 450 mm
tw = 10 mm
bf = 190 mm
k = 35 mm
The critical section for bending is
at distance k from the centroidal y-axis.

Allowable stress
Steel yield stress, Fy = 248 MPa
Bearing stress on support, Fp = 0.35f’c
Bending stress on plate, Fb = 0.75Fy
Beam end reaction = 480 kN

a. Determine the minimum width B (mm) of the base plate with bearing length N = 200 mm base on bearing stress.

b. Determine the web yielding stress (MPa) which occurs at a distance (N+2.5k). The bearing plate is 250 mm by
200 mm long along the wall.
c. Determine the required bearing plate thickness (mm) if the bearing plate (B x N) 250 mm x 250 mm.
Sample No. 8
A beam rests on a concrete wall 306 m wide with 27.5 MPa
compressive strength, f’c. Refer to the figure shown.

Beam Properties: Allowable stress

d = 450 mm Steel yield stress, Fy = 248 MPa
tw = 10 mm Bearing stress on support, Fp = 0.35f’c
bf = 190 mm Bending stress on plate, Fb = 0.75Fy
k = 35 mm Beam end reaction = 480 kN
The critical section for bending is
at distance k from the centroidal y-axis.

a. Determine the minimum width B (mm) of the base plate b. Determine the web yielding stress (MPa) which occurs at a distance
with bearing length N = 200 mm base on bearing stress. (N+2.5k). The bearing plate is 250 mm by 200 mm long along the wall.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 tw
𝐹
𝑓𝑝 ≤ 𝐹𝑝 𝑓𝑤 =
𝐴
𝑅 𝐹
𝑓𝑝 = ≤ 𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝑓𝑤 =
𝑁𝑥𝐵 (𝑁 + 2.5𝑘)(𝑡𝑤 )
480 000 480 000
≤ 0.35(27.5) 𝑓𝑤 =
200 𝑥 𝐵 (200 + 2.5(35))(10)

𝐵 = 250 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑤 = 166.96 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Sample No. 8
A beam rests on a concrete wall 306 m wide with 27.5 MPa
compressive strength, f’c. Refer to the figure shown.

Beam Properties: Allowable stress

d = 450 mm Steel yield stress, Fy = 248 MPa
tw = 10 mm Bearing stress on support, Fp = 0.35f’c
bf = 190 mm Bending stress on plate, Fb = 0.75Fy
k = 35 mm Beam end reaction = 480 kN
The critical section for bending is
at distance k from the centroidal y-axis.

c. Determine the required bearing plate thickness (mm) if the bearing plate (B x N) 250 mm x 250 mm.

Solve for x.
Solve for fp.
3𝑓𝑝 𝑥 2 Y-axis
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐵
𝐹𝑏 𝑥= −𝑘 𝑅
2 𝑓𝑝 =
𝑁𝑥𝐵
250 480000
3(7.68)(90𝑚𝑚)2 𝑥= − 35 𝑓𝑝 =
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2 250 𝑥 250
0.75(248)
𝑥 = 90 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑝 = 7.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 32 𝑚𝑚 k x

B/2
THANK YOU