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Question Bank With Answers AI

The document outlines the history and evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) from its inception in the 1950s to its current applications in various fields. It discusses the nature of AI environments, the structure of intelligent agents, and the potential benefits of AI, including automation and efficiency. Additionally, it covers search strategies, heuristic functions, and compares different search methods, emphasizing the advancements in AI technology and its applications in healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles.

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Nikita Khandare
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282 views5 pages

Question Bank With Answers AI

The document outlines the history and evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) from its inception in the 1950s to its current applications in various fields. It discusses the nature of AI environments, the structure of intelligent agents, and the potential benefits of AI, including automation and efficiency. Additionally, it covers search strategies, heuristic functions, and compares different search methods, emphasizing the advancements in AI technology and its applications in healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles.

Uploaded by

Nikita Khandare
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Q1 Explain the history and evolution of Artificial Intelligence.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved over several decades. The key milestones in AI history
include:

1. 1950s - Birth of AI:


o Alan Turing proposed the "Turing Test" to determine if a machine can exhibit
human-like intelligence.
o John McCarthy coined the term "Artificial Intelligence" in 1956 at the Dartmouth
Conference.
2. 1960s - Early AI Programs:
o Development of early problem-solving programs such as the General Problem
Solver (GPS).
o ELIZA, an early chatbot, was created to simulate conversation.
3. 1970s - AI Winter:
o Funding cuts due to high expectations and slow progress.
o Expert systems emerged to solve domain-specific problems.
4. 1980s - Rise of Expert Systems:
o AI regained interest with rule-based expert systems like MYCIN (medical
diagnosis).
o Machine learning concepts started gaining attention.
5. 1990s - Machine Learning Advances:
o IBM’s Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov (1997).
o AI started being used in business applications.
6. 2000s - Deep Learning & AI Boom:
o AI improved with Big Data, GPU computing, and deep learning models.
o Google’s AlphaGo defeated human champions in Go.
o AI is now widely used in self-driving cars, healthcare, and automation.

Q2 Discuss the nature of environments in AI with suitable examples.

AI operates in different environments, categorized based on complexity and certainty:

1. Fully Observable vs. Partially Observable:


o Fully Observable: The AI agent has complete information about the environment
(e.g., Chess).
o Partially Observable: The AI agent has limited information (e.g., Poker).
2. Deterministic vs. Stochastic:
o Deterministic: The next state is completely determined by the current state (e.g.,
Sudoku).
o Stochastic: There is uncertainty in outcomes (e.g., stock market prediction).
3. Episodic vs. Sequential:
o Episodic: Each action is independent (e.g., image recognition).
o Sequential: Current decisions affect future actions (e.g., driving a car).
4. Static vs. Dynamic:
o Static: The environment does not change with time (e.g., a solved puzzle).
o Dynamic: The environment changes over time (e.g., real-time traffic systems).
5. Discrete vs. Continuous:
o Discrete: A limited number of actions and states (e.g., Chess).
o Continuous: Infinite possibilities (e.g., robot movement).

Q3 Describe the structure of intelligent agents with a neat diagram.

An intelligent agent consists of:

1. Sensors: Collect data from the environment (e.g., cameras, microphones).


2. Actuators: Take actions based on decisions (e.g., robotic arms, motors).
3. Perceptual History: Stores past information to improve decision-making.
4. Agent Function: Maps perceptions to actions.
5. Agent Architecture: The hardware or software that supports the agent.

Types of Intelligent Agents:

1. Simple Reflex Agents - Act based on current perception.


2. Model-Based Reflex Agents - Maintain an internal model of the world.
3. Goal-Based Agents - Act to achieve specific goals.
4. Utility-Based Agents - Optimize performance based on utility functions.
5. Learning Agents - Improve performance over time.

(Include a diagram of an intelligent agent)

Q4 List and explain the potential and benefits of AI.

Potential of AI:

 AI can process vast amounts of data at high speeds.


 Automates complex tasks across industries like healthcare, finance, and manufacturing.
 AI-driven innovation in robotics, self-driving cars, and voice assistants.

Benefits of AI:

1. Automation - Reduces human workload (e.g., chatbots, virtual assistants).


2. Efficiency - AI speeds up data processing and decision-making.
3. Accuracy - AI reduces human errors (e.g., AI in medical diagnosis).
4. Scalability - AI systems can handle large-scale operations (e.g., recommendation
systems).
5. Cost Reduction - AI lowers operational costs in industries like customer service and
logistics.

Q5 Write a note on the history of AI. Explain different applications of AI.

(Refer to Q1(a) for history.)

Applications of AI:

1. Healthcare - AI-powered diagnosis, robotic surgery, personalized medicine.


2. Finance - Fraud detection, stock market prediction, automated trading.
3. E-commerce - Product recommendations, chatbots, demand forecasting.
4. Autonomous Vehicles - Self-driving cars use AI for navigation and safety.
5. Robotics - AI-powered robots used in manufacturing, space exploration.
6. Gaming - AI opponents in video games, procedural content generation.

Q6 Analyze the properties of agent task environment.

The task environment of an agent is characterized by the following properties:

1. Performance Measure - Evaluates the success of an agent’s actions.


2. Observability - Determines if the agent has full or partial knowledge.
3. Deterministic vs. Stochastic - Certainty of outcomes.
4. Episodic vs. Sequential - Whether actions depend on past states.
5. Static vs. Dynamic - Whether the environment changes over time.
6. Discrete vs. Continuous - Whether the state space is countable.

Q7 Explain the different uninformed search strategies used in AI.

1. Breadth-First Search (BFS) - Explores all nodes at one level before moving to the next.
2. Depth-First Search (DFS) - Explores as deep as possible before backtracking.
3. Uniform Cost Search - Expands the least-cost node first.
4. Iterative Deepening Search - Combines BFS and DFS benefits.
5. Bidirectional Search - Searches from start and goal simultaneously.

Q8 What are heuristic functions? Explain with an example.


A heuristic function estimates the cost from a given state to the goal. It helps optimize search
algorithms like A*.
Example:

 In a maze, the heuristic could be the Euclidean distance from the current position to the
goal.

Q9 Discuss local search and optimization problems in AI.

Local search methods focus on finding optimal solutions within a given space. Examples:

 Hill Climbing - Moves towards higher-value solutions.


 Simulated Annealing - Avoids getting stuck in local maxima.
 Genetic Algorithms - Mimic natural evolution to find optimal solutions.

Q10) Explain A algorithm in detail with a suitable example.*

A Algorithm* combines Uniform Cost Search and Greedy Best-First Search using:
f(n)=g(n)+h(n)f(n) = g(n) + h(n)f(n)=g(n)+h(n)
where:

 g(n) = Cost from start node to current node.


 h(n) = Heuristic estimate from current node to goal.

Example: Finding the shortest path in a graph.

Q11 Compare and contrast Depth-First and Best-First Search methods.

Feature Depth-First Search Best-First Search


Strategy Explores deep first Explores best heuristic first
Completeness Not always complete Can be incomplete
Time Complexity O(b^d) Depends on heuristic
Space Complexity O(bd) O(b)
Use Case Solving puzzles Pathfinding

Q12 How is Heuristic Search different from Blind Search?

 Blind Search explores all possibilities without guidance (e.g., BFS, DFS).(Explain )
 Heuristic Search uses domain knowledge to guide the search (e.g., A*). (Explain )
 Heuristic search is faster and more efficient than blind search.

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