Formulae Sheet Class 9 Mathematics

Chapter 1. Number System

Any number that can be expressed as p ⁄ q, with p and q being integers and q ≠
0 being rational numbers. The p ⁄ q form cannot be used to write irrational numbers.
 Any unique real number can be represented on a number line.
 If r is one such rational number and s is an irrational number, then (r + s), (r – s),
(r × s) and (r ⁄ s) are irrational.
 Following rules must hold for positive real numbers:
1. √ab = √a × √b
2. √(a/b)= √a/√b
3. (√a + √b) × (√a – √b) = a−b
4. (a + √b) × (a − √b) = a 2 −b
5. (√a+√b)2 =a2 + 2√ab +b
 To rationalize the denominator of 1 ⁄ √ (a + b), then one must have to multiply it by
√(a – b) ⁄ √(a – b), where a and b are both the integers.
 Suppose a is a real number (greater than 0) and p and q are the rational numbers.
1. ap × bq = (ab)p+q
2. (ap)q = apq
3. ap / aq = (a)p-q
4. ap / bp = (a/b)p

Chapter 2: Polynomials

A polynomial p(x) denoted for one variable ‘x’ comprises an algebraic expression in
the form:
p(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + ….. + a2x2 + a1x + a0
where a0, a1, a2, …. an are constants where an ≠ 0
1. Any real number; let’s say ‘a’ is considered to be the zero of a polynomial ‘p(x)’ if
p(a) = 0. In this case, a is said to be the equation p(x) = 0.
2. Every one variable linear polynomial will contain a unique zero, a real number
which is a zero of the zero polynomial, and a non-zero constant polynomial that
does not have any zeros.
3. Remainder Theorem: If p(x) has the degree greater than or equal to 1 and p(x)
when divided by the linear polynomial x – a will give the remainder as p(a).
4. Factor Theorem: x – a will be the factor of the polynomial p(x), whenever p(a) = 0.
The vice-versa also holds true every time.

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 Chapter 3: Coordinate Geometry

The coordinate geometry is a part of geometry where the position of the points on the
plane is described with the help of an ordered pair of numbers called coordinates.

Coordinate geometry: Quadrants

Whenever you have to locate an object on a plane, you need two divide the plane into
two perpendicular lines, thereby, making it a Cartesian Plane.
1. The horizontal line is known as the x-axis and the vertical line is called the y-axis.
2. The coordinates of a point are in the form of (+, +) in the first quadrant, (–, +) in the
second quadrant, (–, –) in the third quadrant, and (+, –) in the fourth quadrant;
where + and – denotes the positive and the negative real number respectively.

Chapter 4: Linear Equations in Two Variables

Any equation which can be defined in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are
real numbers, and a and b are not both zero, is called a linear equation in two variables.

 (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
 (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
 (a + b) (a – b) = a2 -b2
 (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab
 (x + a) (x – b) = x2 + (a – b) x – ab
 (x – a) (x + b) = x2 + (b – a) x – ab
 (x – a) (x – b) = x2 – (a + b) x + ab
 (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
 (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
 (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy +2yz + 2xz
 (x + y – z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy – 2yz – 2xz
 (x – y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xy – 2yz + 2xz
 (x – y – z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xy + 2yz – 2xz
 x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x 2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz -xz)
 x2 + y2 = 1212 [(x + y)2 + (x – y)2]
 (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) = x 3 + (a + b + c)x2 + (ab + bc + ca)x + abc
 x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy + y2)
 x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)
 x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx = 1212 [(x – y) 2 + (y – z)2 + (z – x)2]

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 Chapter 5: Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry

Euclidean geometry is the branch of geometry that deals with the study of geometrical
shapes and figures based on different axioms and theorems. This study basically
provides a brief explanation for flat surfaces.
 Axioms: The basic facts which are taken for granted without proof are called
axioms. Some of Euclid’s axioms are:
1. Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
2. If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
3. If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.
5. The whole is greater than the part.
 Postulates: Axioms are the general statements, postulates are the axioms relating
to a particular field. Euclid’s five postulates are.
1. A straight line may be drawn from anyone point to any other point.
2. A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.
3. A circle can be drawn with any center and any radius.
4. All right angles are equal to one another.
5. If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the
same side of it taken together less than two right angles, then the two straight
lines, if produced indefinitely meet on that side on which the angles are less
than two right angles.
Chapter 6: Lines and Angles

 Angle: The union of two non-collinear rays with a shared beginning point is called
an angle.
 Types of Angles: Following are the major types of angles-
o Acute angle: An acute angle measure between 0° and 90°.
o Right angle: A right angle is exactly equal to 90°.
o Obtuse angle: An angle greater than 90° but less than 180°.
o Straight angle: A straight angle is equal to 180°. Reflex angle: An angle
that is greater than 180° but less than 360° is called a reflex angle.
o Complementary angles: Two angles whose sum is 90° are called
complementary angles. Let one angle be x, then its complementary angle
is (90°−x).
o Supplementary angles: Two angles whose sum is 180° are called
supplementary angles. Let one angle be x, then its supplementary angle
is (180°−x).
o Adjacent angles: Two angles are Adjacent when they have a common
side and a common vertex (corner point) and don’t overlap.
o Linear pair: A linear pair of angles is formed when two lines intersect.
Two angles are said to be linear if they are adjacent angles formed by two
intersecting lines. The measure of a straight angle is 180°, so a linear pair
of angles must add up to 180°.
o Vertically opposite angles : Vertically opposite angles are formed when
two lines intersect each other at a point. Vertically opposite angles are
always equal.
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 o Transversal: A line that intersects two or more given lines at distinct
points, is called a transversal of the given line. Following are the angles
that are made on a traversal as,
1. Corresponding angles
2. Alternate interior angles
3. Alternate exterior angles
4. Interior angles on the same side of the transversal.
Chapter 7: Triangles
A triangle is a three-sided polygon with three edges and three vertices, as described
by geometry. The Angle sum property of a triangle is the most significant and widely
used characteristic, which states that the sum of a triangle’s interior angles is only 180
degrees. Three sides and three angles make up a triangle, which is a closed
geometrical object.
 Congruence: Congruent refers to figures that are identical in all aspects, such as
their forms and sizes. Two circles with the same radii, for example, are congruent.
Also congruent are two squares with the same sides.
 Congruent Triangles: Two triangles are congruent if and only if one of them can
be superimposed over the other to entirely cover it.
 Congruence Rules: Following are the list of some important congruence rules of
triangles,
o Side angle side (SAS) Congruence
o Angle Side Angle (ASA) Congruence
o Angle angle side (AAS) Congruence
o Side side side (SSS) Congruence
o Right-angle Hypotenuse Side (RHS) Congruence

Chapter 8: Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral is a plane geometrical figure which has four sides and has four corners
or vertices. Typically, quadrilaterals are rectangle, square, trapezoid, and kite or
irregular and uncharacterized figures with four sides. The Sum of all angles of a
quadrilateral is 360°.
 A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two congruent triangles.
 In a parallelogram,
o diagonals bisect each other.
o opposite angles are equal.
o opposite sides are equal
 Diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles and are equal, and vice-
versa.
 A line through the mid-point of a side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects
the third side. (Midpoint theorem)
 The line segment joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the
third side and equal to half the third side.
 In a parallelogram, the bisectors of any two consecutive angles intersect at a right
angle.
 If a diagonal of a parallelogram bisect one of the angles of a parallelogram it also
bisects the second angle.
 The angle bisectors of a parallelogram form a rectangle.

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 Each of the four angles of a rectangle is the right angle.
 The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular to each other.

Chapter 9: Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles

The area of a plane figure is described as the amount of the planar surface covered
by a closed geometric figure like rectangle, square, etc. A parallelogram is a type of
quadrilateral that contains parallel opposite sides.
1. Area of Parallelogram = Base × Height
2. Area of Triangle = 1/2 × Base × Height or 1/2 × Area of Parallelogram
3. Area of Trapezium = 1/2 × (Sum of its parallel sides) × Distance between the two
parallel side
4. Area of Rhombus = 1/2 × Product of its two diagonals
Chapter 10: Circles

The locus of the points drawn at an equidistant distance from the center is known as
a circle. The radius of a circle is the distance between its center and the outside line.
The diameter of a circle is the line that divides it into two equal sections and is equal
to twice the radius. Therefore in the Class 9 syllabus following important properties
and formulas related to circles are discussed:
 Concentric circles are circles with the same center but different radii.
 Arc: An arc of the circle is a continuous portion of a circle.
 Chord: The chord of the circle is a line segment that connects any two locations on
a circle. Some important properties of Chords of a circle are:
o The diameter of a circle is defined as a chord that passes across its
center.
o A circle’s diameter divides it into two equal sections, which are called
arcs. A semi-circle is made up of these two arcs.
o If two arcs of a circle have the same degree of measure, they are said to
be congruent.
o When two arcs have the same length, their associated chords are likewise
the same length.
o The chord is bisected by a perpendicular drawn from the center to the
chord of the circle, and vice versa.
o Three non-collinear points are intersected by one and only one circle.
o Equal circle chords are equidistant from the center.
o The line across the centers of two circles intersecting in two points is
perpendicular to the common chord.
o An arc’s angle at the center of the circle is double the angle it has
throughout the rest of the circumference.
o Any two angles in the same circle segment are equal.
o A circle’s equal chords form an equal angle at the center.
o The greater chord of a circle is closer to the center than the smaller chord.
o The semicircle has a right angle. At the circle’s center, equal chords
subtend an equal angle.
 Cyclic Quadrilateral : A quadrilateral is said to be cyclic if all of its vertices are on
the perimeter of a circle.
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 o The sum of opposing angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°, and vice
versa.
o A cyclic quadrilateral’s exterior angle is equal to its inner opposite angle.
 The tangent and radius of the circle intersect perpendicular to each other.

Chapter 11: Heron’s Formula

Heron’s Formula and its some important applications:

 The semi-perimeter of a Triangle , s = (a+b+c)/2
 Area of the triangle = √{s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)} sq. unit.
 For an Equilateral Triangle with side a:
o Its Perimeter = 3a units
o Its Altitude = √3/2 a units
o Its Area = √3/4 a 2 units

Chapter 12: Surface Areas and Volumes

There are two sorts of surface areas:

1. Total Surface Area (TSA): The whole area covered by the object’s surface is
called the Total Surface area. Following is the list of the total surface areas of
some important geometrical figure-
1. TSA of a Cuboid = 2(l x b) +2(b x h) +2(h x l)
2. TSA of a Cube = 6a2
3. TSA of a Right circular Cylinder = 2πr(h+r)
4. TSA of a Right circular Cone = πr(l+r)
5. TSA of a Sphere = 4πr2
6. TSA of a hemisphere = 3πr2

2. Lateral/Curved Surface Area: The curved surface area is the area of only the
curved component, or in the case of cuboids or cubes, it is the area of only four
sides, excluding the base and top. It’s called the lateral surface area for forms like
cylinders and cones.
1. CSA of a Cuboid = 2h(l+b)
2. CSA of a Cube = 4a2
3. CSA of a Right circular Cylinder = 2πrh
4. CSA of a Right circular Cone = πrl

3. Volume: The volume of an object or material is the amount of space it takes up,
measured in cubic units. There is no volume in a two-dimensional object, only
area. A circle’s volume cannot be calculated since it is a 2D figure, while a sphere’s
volume can be calculated because it is a 3D figure.
1. Volume of a Cuboid = l x b x h
2. Volume of a Cube = a3
3. Volume of a Right circular Cylinder = πr2h
4. Volume of a Right circular Cone = 1/3πr 2h
5. Volume of a Sphere = 4/3πr3
6. Volume of a hemisphere = 2/3 πr 3

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Rahul Chauhan Maths