CDMA - Mathematical Eqaution ...
CDMA - Mathematical Eqaution ...
Introduction
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a digital multiple-access technique
that employs spread spectrum technology, allowing multiple users to share
the same frequency band. Each user is assigned a unique code, and signals are
transmitted using a spread spectrum modulation technique.
Mathematical Formulation
1. Signal Representation in CDMA
Each user i transmits a signal si (t), which is modulated by a unique pseudo-
random (PN) spreading code ci (t). The transmitted signal for user i is
given by:
xi (t) = si (t)ci (t).
The composite signal received at the base station, considering N users, is:
N
X
x(t) = si (t)ci (t) + n(t),
i=1
2. Orthogonality of Codes
CDMA uses orthogonal spreading codes, such as Walsh codes. These
codes satisfy: (
Z T
1, i = j
ci (t)cj (t)dt =
0 0, i ̸= j
which ensures that signals from different users do not interfere when properly
decoded.
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3. Demodulation Using Correlation
At the receiver, the received signal x(t) is correlated with the spreading code
ck (t) of the desired user:
Z T
rk = x(t)ck (t)dt.
0
Substituting x(t):
N
!
Z T X
rk = si (t)ci (t) + n(t) ck (t)dt.
0 i=1
Since the codes are orthogonal, only the desired user’s signal remains:
Z T
rk = sk (t) + n(t)ck (t)dt.
0
This means that the other users’ signals are suppressed, and only the desired
signal plus noise is retained.
where Q(x) is the Q-function, Eb is the energy per bit, and N0 is the noise
power spectral density.
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Conclusion
CDMA uses spread spectrum, orthogonal codes, and correlation decod-
ing to allow multiple users to communicate simultaneously over the same fre-
quency band. It is robust against interference, provides increased capacity, and
ensures secure communication.