CHAPTER

2 Differentiation of
Algebraic Functions
INTRODUCTION
After the concept of the limiting value of a function we make use of the same in finding the
instantaneous rate of change of one quantity with respect to the other. This is done through the
process of Differentiation which is the object of the present chapter.
2.1. INCREMENT
The quantity by which the value of a variable changes is called an increment e.g. if a
variable, say, x changes from 2 to 2-1 then, 0:1 is the incremnent in x and if x changes from 2 to
19 then the increment is - 0-1. An increment of x is usually denoted by àx. Similarly, an
increment of a variable y is denoted by ðy etc. The increment may be + ve or -ve.
2.2. DERIVATIVE OR DIFFERENTIAL CO-EFFICIENT OF A FUNCTION
Def. Ify isafunction of x, and Õy is the small increment in y corresponding to a small increment
âr in x, then Lt (if it exists) is called the derivative or differential co-efficient of y with

respect to x and is denoted by dy

dx
i.e.,

dy = Lt &y
dx

2.3. DIFFERENTIATION
Let y =fu) ...()
When x changes to x + ôx, y changes to y + y
y+ åy =fx + ôr) ...(iü)
Subtracting (i) from (ii),
y+ ðy - y =fu+ ör) -fx) or ôy = fx + &r)-f)
Dividing both sides by &x,
Ôyf(x+ âr)- f(x)
Proceeding to the limit when &r ’0
Lt = Lt f (x+ &x) -f(x)
&x ’0
DCI27
 DC/28|
f(x+ ôr)-J(2 (if it exists) is called the
function of x, then Sr ’ 0
Lt
Thus, if fr) is a
denoted by f'u)i.e.
respect tox and is
derivative off(«) with f(x+ &r)- f(x)
= Lt
f'a) &r ’0

DIFFERENTIAL CO-EFFICIENT
2.4. NOTATION FOR d[f(x)]
differential co-efficient of a function f (x) is dx where d è ())
The notation for the
co-efficient and dx stands for w.r.t. x.
stands for differential
Other notations are

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
2.5. DIFFERENTIATION AND
with respect to a variable y
The process of finding ou the differential co-efficient of a function
d
and denoted by d: is called Differentiation. The subject which deals with
the differentiation of a
function is called Differential calculus.
2.6. DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLE
To find the differential co-efficient of a function of xfrom first principle; The following
steps may be followed to find the differential co-efficient of a function of x.
1. Put the given function = y.
2. Give increments i.e., change x to x + år and y to y + &y.
3. Subtract (1) from (2) to find ôy and simplify.
4. Divide both sides by &r to find incremental ratio
5. Proceed to find the limit as &r - 0.
The above process of finding the derivative or differential co-efficient of a function is Caled
Differentiation from first principle or
ab-initio or differentiation by &-methoddifferentiation
(Delta).
from definition or differenttaou
2.7. GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE DERIVATIVE
Let usconsider the graph of a curve y
f), which is a continuous graph.
Q + ôx, y + Óy)

M X
 Differentiation of Algebraic Functions | DCI29
Let P (, y) be any point on a curve and Q( + &r, y + 8y) be a point close to P.
Draw the secant PQ making an angle a with the positive direction of x-axis. From P and Q
draw PL, QM perpendiculars to x-axis, and PR I QM.
Then, PR =x + åx -X=ôx
QR = y+ Óy -y= ðy
tan a =
QR ðy_f(x+ år)- f(x)
PR
As Q P, ôx ’0and secant PQ becomes the tangent TPT at P.
Also angle a ’ angle .
Slope of tangent at P = tan 0.
Lt tan a = Lt f(x+ år) -f)_ (by Def.)
Sx’0 &x dx

The value of at P.
d
Thus, the derivative of any function at any given point represents the slope of the tangent to
the curve (graph) at that point.
2.8. DERIVATIVE
Its Physical meaning as Rate Measure :
"y is a function of x" means that y depends upon x, so that, as x changes, y also changes.
For example, the distance (y metres) through which a stone falls depends upon the time
(x seconds) for which it had been falling. Suppose the relation here is y = 16x. From this
function (relationship) we can calculate a second (derived) function, which shows how speed
distance
time depends upon time.

Here rate of increment of displacement

dy
Rate of increment of distance y in time &r = Limit d

dy A smalldistance
dx A small time

shows the average speed during a small time of ôr.

the
We wish to find the speed at x seconds. If we make àr smaller, Oy becomes smaller and
&y is the speed at x
value V gets nearer to a certain limiting value. This limiting value of

Seconds and is written as By differential calculus we can show that

dx

if y= 16r2 dy
then, d. = 16x 2x = 32x
DC/30
3.... seconds 3)........ metre per second,
Thus speed
after 1, 2,
(32 X 1); (32 x 2);(32 x
= function.
example is the derived
(= 32:) in this then differential co-efficient
The new function variable,
d.
of x and x is
anindependent
function
Therefore, if y is a x.
change of y with respect to
rate of
dy
is called the
dx used as a rate measure. principle).
Thus,derivative is (from first
Differentiate r w.r.t. x by ab-initio ...()
Example 1,
Let y =
Sol. Step 1. increments Öy to y and ôx tox
+ 3r-&r2 + (&r)3 ...(ii)
Step 2. Giving = + 3x&r
y+ åy = ( + ôr)
from (), we get, =3r-&x + 3r &r2 + &y3
Step 3. Subtracting () 3r &r + &r-
Sy = + 3-&r +
incremental ratio.
Dividing both sides by &x to find
Step 4.
Öy 3x· Sx+ 3x-âr² + &r3

when &r ’0.

Step 5. Proceeding to the limit
3r2 &r + 3x-âx? + &r3
Lt = Lt = &rLt’0 3x +3x&x + &r
&r ’0 &x

= 3r +0 +0= 3r2
dx

Hence d(²) = 3r2

dx

Example 2. Differentiate from the first principle or ab-initio, the following :

(i) Jx (iü)
Sol. (i) Let ...)
...(ü)
y+ ôy =x+ åx
Subtracting () from (i), we get,

Multiplying and dividing by x+ &r +x,

dy
x(*+&r + Vr) =Vx+ &r + x+ &r
Differentiation of Algebraic Functions | DC/31
Dividing both sides by âr,
1

(W*+år +)år +âr +x

Proceeding to7 limit
3)
when & ’0
1
Lt oy = Lt
&x ’0 Jx+ &r + x

dx
(Ans.)
2Vx
1
(ii) Let ...(i)
1
y+ oy ...(ii)
Jx+ &x
Subtracting () and (i), we have,
1 Jx-târ Vr+x+åx

(Rationalising)
x-(x+ &r)

Dividing both sides by &r,

8y
Proceeding to the limit when r ’0
1 1
Lt = Lt 2x Vr
x2/x

1 1
dx 2x x 2x312 (Ans.)

2.9. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON DIFFERENTIATION

To avoid
Differentiation by definition or first principle or ab-initio involves a lengthy process.
theorems which will be helpful in
the complications and to save time, we state and prove some
finding the derivatives of certain functions conveniently.
of x, wheren is
THEOREM I:Power Theorem : To find the differentiation co-efficient
fractional, + ve or -ve.
any rational nunmber, integral or
Or

Differentiation of x by definition.
 x.
functions w.r.t. )-3
DCI38 following (3x + 8)* ( +
the (i)
Example 10. Diferentiate + b)"
() (r + a)" (r
a)"(r + by"
+ d -(r+ay"m (Using product rule,
Sol. () Let y = ( +b)" dx
(x+by + (r
dy dr méx t aym - 1
- + (r + by"
a)"nr+ b) + m(x + b)]
= (t + nr + a)
lr b - + bm)]
= ( + a"- by"-[(m + n)r + an
'a +
=(t + a)" -
= (3r + 8)7(r + 7)3 (3r +8)773
(ii) Let y (*+7)3
d
=(3r+ 8)7/3 -(r+
7) + dx
d
dr (Using product rule)
7
7)+ +(*+7)(3x +8)4/33
=(3x +8)73(- 3)(x+ 3

+8) +7(x+ 7)]

=(3x+ 8)/ (x+7)-3(3r
=(3x + 8)/S (x+7)(-2x+ 25)
Example 11. Differentiate + 1)(r+ 1) w.r.t. x.
Sol. Let y= + 1)(+ 1)
dy +1)(r* +1) ()+(r +1)r(+1) +(x? +1)x3 dx (x +1)
dr

3x(r'+ 1)(r + 1) +r + 1)2x + (r' + 1)r'4r

= 3r8 + 3r6 + 314 + 3r + 2r8 + 2x + 4r8 t 4x6
=9r + 7o + 5x + 32.

THEOREM VIII. Differential co-efficient of the quotient of two functions :

du dv

) dx where u andvare the functions of x.

Let ...0)
where u and v are functions of x.
Let &x be the increment in xwhile ôu, öv and Sy be the corresponding increments n
nd yrespectively.
.(ii
Differerntiation of Algebraic Functions DC/39

Subtracting () from (ii) we get,

ðy =
u+ Ju u v(u+ `u)-u(v +ôv)
v(v+ ôv)
uv + vÓu - uv - uÓv
V(v+ &v) v(v+ ôv)
Dividing both sides by &r,

ðy Sx
årv(v + öv) v(v + 8v)
Proceeding to limit as &r ’0, so alsoSu ’0, Sv ’0and ôy ’0
Su
Lt = Lt
&r ’o &r &r’0 v(v+`v)

du dy du dv

Or
dy dx
d v(v+0)
du dv

Hence dx dx

Rule. Differential co-efficient of the quotient of two functions.

Den.[d. C. of Num.]- Num. [d. c. of Den.]
(Den. )²
*+1 W.r.t. .
Example 12. Differentiate I+1

+1
Sol. Let
X+1
d d
(x+1)(r+1)-(r+1) (x+1)
dx de
(x+1)²
(*+1)·2x-(r*+1)·1 2x+2x--1 +2x-1
(x+1) (x+1) (x+1°
exponent.
THEOREM IX. Differentiation of a function with an
Or

d (") =ny" -1. dv where v is a function of r.

dr
 DC/40|
Proof :
It is obvious that
d dr
d
d d
dx
in (),
3.........Iu, = v (say)
Put i W) dy
+
times dx
d
("vv....n times) vV..... (n - 1)
dy
v'V.....(n - 1)times dx
+....n times
ntimes
dr dr
dr
( )=ny-Idv
Hence dx
dr
derivative of a function with a constant exponent is equal to the product of
Rule. The the function
the eponent diminished by unity and the derivative of
eponent, the function with
Example 13. Differentiate y2, where y = (2r-7r + 1).
Sol. y = y32 dy 3 3-1 d-(v)= 2d(v)
dx 2 d: dx

2 dx
3
-(2*-7+1"
2 (6r² -14x) = 3(2r-7+1)R(3r-7).
Example 14. Differentiate (4x - 5)1116 w.r.t. x.
Sol. Let y = (4x- 5)116
Diff. both sides w.r.t. x,

dy 16
(4x i--5)16l-1 dxd (4x-5)
-(4x-5)-S/16
16 x4= (4x-5)-S/16 4 (Ans.)
Example 15. Differentiate y-3x + 4 W.r.t. x.
Sol. Let y = vr -3x + 4 = (*-3x + 4)2
Diff, both sides w.r.t. x,

d --3*+4,-3x +4) d
Differentiation of Algebraic Functions DC/41

--3x +4)'(2r-3)
(2x - 3)
2Vx - 3x + 4
Example 16. Diff. w.r.t. x, (1+*) /x

Sol. Let y =
(1+x)r

y (l+x) l/2
=(1+x) *l2x-1/3
1 1
y = (1+ x)x2 3 = (1 + or y =ló + y7/6
Diff. both sides w.r.t. x,

dy 1 -1 7
6
+ -S/6 4l/6
6
(Ans.)
6

ax + b
Example 17. Diff. VCx + d
W.r.t. x.

ax +b)2
Sol. Let y = CX+d
Diff. both sides W.r.t. x, we get,
1
ax+b ] 2d ax+b ax+b) 2|(Cx+d)a-(ax+b)c
dx\ cr+d) (cr+d?
1 Jcx+d| ad-bc (ad - bc)
2 Jar+b|(cr+dy ar +b (ca+ d)³/2

Ja+x
Example 18. Diff. w.r.t. x,
1
Ja+x or
Sol. Let
1
2da+x ) x(0+1)-(a+x)·1]
dx d x

1
-1va 1
=

2Va /a+x 2Ja +x 2

 DC/42
EXERCISE 2.1

1. Differentiate the following : (iii) &r-7 (iv) (21 + 1)3 (v) 3x-x +5
() (ii) 7r4 1 1
(vii)x 2+9 (c)
(vi) x-
1
(vii)
V1-3s
1
(ix)9
1
(xii)
2. Differentiate ab-initio the following
1
(iv) (3t - 1)5/3
1
()
() V6ar -b
-3x}
(vi) CX+d
(vii) X+1
ds
1 find it.
3. If s = u t ar and velocity at any time t is given by
4. Differentiate ar + bx + c w.r.t. x.
5. Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x.
1
(i) r? (i) (iüi) (5 + 9r)-719 (iv) /7x -9 () (Nbr +a
1
(vi) 2x +3
6. Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x.
3x3
() ¢- 1)(x- 2) (i) +3x9 (ii)
4
+
7
+2x-5
1 1
(iy) 3r-7r +5 2x2
5
1
7. If y=x+ show that 2x +y =2/x.
8. Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x.
() (3r- 7)X1 - 2x) (ii) (2r + 3)°(3 - x) (i) (2r +
9. Differentiate the following functions 1)(r + 1)
w.r.t. x
3x
(x+2)(x-6)
()
2x'-1 (i)
3x+1 (iii) Va+ (iv)
x(r'+3)
Va -x I-2
10. If y = prove that x dy = y(1 - y).
X+4 dx

11. If y-J1+x,show that y -X = 0.

dx

12. Ify =, l- -, show

show that (1-x) +y = 0.
dx
 pifferentiation of Algebraic Functions DC/43

ANSWERS
1. () 2r
(ii) 28r (iii) - 56r-8 (iv) 6(2r + 1²
(v) 6x - 1 1 2
(v0) 1+ (vi) (1-3s)4/3 (viii) 3x2 +

(ix) (r)
1 1
(xi)
2(x+ 1)/2
3a
2. (i) (ii)
/6ar -b 31273 (iii) (iv) 5(31 - 1,2/3

(v) ad- bc 1
(1-3r)5/3 (vi) (vii)
(Cx + d) (1+x)'
3. ut at. 4. 2ax + b.
7 3
5. (i) -. (ii) -x (ii)
7
(iv)
7
(5+9x)
16/9 2(7x-9,372

mb (a+ bx) 2 m-1

()
2 (vi) -- 2
(2x +3)2
1 27 9
6. (i) 2r -3 (i) (iüi) x+-+2
2/x 7
1 1
(iv) 12r- 21x +
8. (1) (1 -2x)- 54r + 15x + 56) (i) 18(1 - x)(2x + 3(3 - x)³
8x +5
(iüi)
3(2r +1)2/3
9. (i)
3(2x2 +1) 3r2 +2x+32 Ja 2x-6x? -6
(ii) (iii) (iv)
(2r? -1 (3x + 1)² (r-2)

2.10. FUNCTION OF A FUNCTION

If yis a function of u and uis a function ofx, then y is called function of afunction of x.
Let y= u and u = 2x- + 1. Here yis a function of uwhereas uin turn, is afunction
x. If we substitute this value of uin y= , we get, y = (2r-7x + 1)?. Thus, y is a function
X. Such a function is called function of a function.
2.11. DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION OF A FUNCTION
9,au
Ty =f(u) and u = o) then prove that de du dx
Let âr be asmall increment in the value of x, the independent variable. There will be a sma
increment Su in the value of u being and function of x. Consequently, due to the increment Su
the value of u, there will be a small increment Öy in the value of y.
 Eagle's Mathematics
-|
DC/44
by ôu)
Sy åy Su (Multiplyingand dividing
By algebra, Su Sr
consequently ôu ’ 0, &y ’ 0.
Taking limit as år ’0 and Su
&y Su
Lt Su Sr
Lt y. Lt
Then, Lt &ro

d, du Hence the result.

dy
ry=u) and u dx=o),
du the
dx derivative of y w.r.t. x equals the product of derivative of y

W.r.t. uwith the derivative of u w.r.t. x.

function of r th dy
function of u. u is a function of v and further y is a
Cor. If y is a
du X dv (Chain rule)
du dy d

Notes :
odd function.
() The derivative of an even function is always an
If f) =f()
Then f') =-f')
Proof. f) =f-x) (Given fx) is an even function)
Taking derivative on both sides
f') = -f')
Hence, the derivative of even function is an odd function.
(ü) Derivative of an odd function is an even function.
f) =f-x) (By def. of an even function)
Taking derivative on both sides ;
f') =-f'(-x)(- 1)
f') =f (-*); Hence proved.

Example 19. Ify = " and u= (3r-7 +r+ 1),find d

Sol. Given, y = ...)
and u = 3r-7x +x+1
y =(3r-7x + x + 1y" ...()
Putting the value of u in () and differentiating both sides of (ii) w.r.t. x.
We get,
dy 4(3r-7x +x+1 (Function of function)
dx d
=
n(3r-7 +x + 1y =(9r- 14x + 1)
dy =
Hence
d
n(3 - 7x +x + 1)" -(9x-14x + 1).
 Differentiation of
Algebraic Functions DCI45
2.12. INVERSE FUNCTION
If y= J ) and X= () i.e., y
is a function of r and xis a
ore called the inverse functions. function of y, thenj () and 9Y)
To distinguish between the two, the
Rnd second function i.e., x = ) first function i.e.. y= f() is called the
is called the inverse direct functtoM
For example y = x, y= S',y = tan x are the function.
and
direct functions.
X =tJy,x = logs y, x= tan-! y are
the inverse functions.
2,13. DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS
Or

If y=f () and x = 0(), prove that dy 1

dx deldy
By algebra, &x Sy =1 or ôy 1
&x/&y
Taking the limit as âx ’0, Òy ’ 0 we get,
1
Lt
&x
Lt
&y ’o ðy
dy 1
drHence the result.
dx
dy

2.14. IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

Ify can be expressed explicitly in terms of xsuch as y (3* + 5) then y is said to be an
explicit function of x but if y cannot be expressed explicitly in terms of x such as ar' + 2hxy +
by = c, then y is said to be an implicit function of x. The differentiation of such functions is
called implicit differentiation..
Example 20. If ar+ by + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy +c= 0. Find dr
Sol. ar + by² + 2hry + 2gr + 2f) + c=0
Diff. both sides w.r.t. x, we get,

2ar +2b +2h +y1+ 2g +2/)dx +0=0

Cancelling 2 throughout,
(hx +by +f) (ax + hy + &)

dy (ar +hy +8)

d: hx + by +f
 Eagle's Mathematics

DC/46

dy if 2r2+ Sry + 5y=

1.
Example 21. Find
Sol. 2r+ 5ry + Sy² = 1
Diff. both sides W.r.t. x, we get, dy +5y+ 10y dy = 0
4r+5r dx
dx
4r+s|x+y1l+10y - 0
or
(4r+5y)
- 5x + 10y dy
Hence, dx
(5r +10y) = -(4x + 5y). dy dx
d = 1, where ar2 +
Example 22. Use implicit
differentiation to prove that dx dy 2hxy +
by =c.
Sol. Given ar + 2hxy + by' =c
that v is a function of x and differentiating botn Sides of () W.r.t. x, We o
Keeping in mind

=0.

dy ax + hy
(ar + hy) + (hx + by) dy = 0, hx + byd
dx
(i) w.r.t v
Now, keeping in mind that x is afunction of y and differentiating both sides of
get,
d
a2x
dy
+2h| x1 +: +
y+b2y=0
dx hx + by
(ax + hy) + (hx + by) = 0,
dy dy ax + hy
ar+hy hx +by =1.
dx dy hx+by ax+hy )
2.15. PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
If twovariables x and y (say) are put in terms of some third variable t (say), they are
represented in the form of parametric equations. The variable t is called the parameter. said to oe
Mathematically,
dx dy
If x=f(), y = F(0). We find, and dy dy
dt d dx
dt
dx
dt
Example 23. If x = at', y = 2at ; find dy
de
Sol. Given dx
dt = 2at
and y = 2at, dy
= 2a
dt
 pifferentiation of Algebraic Functions
JDC/47
dy dy
Then, =ddy dt 2a 1
dx dx dt dx 2at
dt

Example 24. If x= St - ,y = P+ 4t ,
find
dy
at t = 1.
Sol. Given X = St -
dx
and y = + 4t
Diff. both sides w.r.t. t, we get,
Diff. both sides w.r.t. 1, we get,
dr
= 5- 3 dy
dt
dt
= 2t + 4
dy
dy dt 21 +4 2x1+4 6 6
dx dx 5-312 do (at t=1) 5-3x1 5-3
-=3.
dt

EXERCISE 2.2
1, (i) Differentiate x w.r.t. x3.
(ii) Differentiate x + 1w.r.t. x - 1.
(iii) Jx +y = S, find the value of dy at (4, 9).
dx
2. Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x by
chain rule.
3x -1 1-2
() (i)
2x+1 V1+x?
3. Find dy
dx
when y= "and u =J6x- 2x +1.

4. () Differentiate (2x + 1y+ w.r.t. x+x+ 7. (i) Differentiate W.r.t. r.

1+x3

Find
dy
by implicit differentiation.
5. () xy = (ii) +y =2ary.
6. () *'y +y = (i) -2y +3n-y° =5.
dy dx
7. Use implicit differentiation to verify that = lwhen,
dx dy

() y =4ax (i) = 1.

8. Ifr l - ? and
21
show that dy-1
1+2 y 1+ dx
=

21
 Eagle's Mathematics

DC/48 |
/1-.y= |-2r.
9. Find
d
when x 21
3at
3ar'
10. Find ifx = l+2 ' =
ANSWERS

(iii) 2
2 (i) 2r
1. ()
31
2x
15(3r -1) ()
2. () (2r+1)4 Vl-r(1+r'y2

3. 3(6x - 1) \6r - 2r+1

(i) (1+ 2
4. () 8(2r + 1)?
2ay- 3x2
5. () - (ii) 3y-2ar
y(3r² +y²) 5r-6x'y² +3y
6. () x (3y +x²) (ii) 5y -12x*y² +4r'y
2t
-2r 1 10.
9.
1-2r² 1-2

Objective Questions
º FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. The quantity by which the value of a variable changes is called
2. The subject which deals with the differentiation of a function is called
3. Derivative of w.r.t. x is
4. An constant disappears in differentiation.
5 If yis a function of u and u is a function of x, then y is called function of
6. The derivative of an even function is
always an ...
7. The derivative of an odd function is an

º STATE TRUE OR FALSE

1. Differentiation of (ax
+ b by definition is nalax + by"-1.
2. The differential co-efficient of aconstant is
one.
3. The derivative of a function with a constant exponent is equal to the product of the exponent,
the function with the exponent diminished by unity
and the derivative of function.
 DC/56
get,
Dividing both sides by âr, we &r
&r

-2cos + sin 2
Sy
sinr&r
Sr sin(x+ &r)
&r
sin
COS + 2

sin (x + &r)sin
x
&r (Note this sten
Taking limits as &r ’0.
&r sin
*2 2
X Lt
y = LI
t &r ’0 sin (r + ôr) sin x 2

1 COS X
COS X
-x1=- sin x sin x
dx sin x sin x
=- COSec X*COt x

Hence (cosec x) =- cosec x cot x

Important observations :
1. The derivatives of all the trigonometric functions which begin with CO are negative as,
d
() (cos x) = - sin x (it) (cot x) =- cosec2
d
d
(ii) de (COsec x) = - cOsec x cot x.
2. If the angle x (say) is given in
radians before proceeding for degrees, minutes and seconds, it must be expressed n
differentiation.
Example 1. Differentiate w.r.t. x, sin
Sol. Let
a+.
y =sin a + =sin(a'+xy/2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
dy =
dx cos (a +x"x(adx +y2
= COS

d:
CoS Ja'+x?
2/+2
2a +*? X(0+2r) =I Cos a 2
+x2 (Ans.)
Example 2. Dififerentiate sin x° w.r.t. x.
TU
Sol. Let y =sin x° = sin x 180
180

dy = COS
d
COS
coSX (Ans.)
d 180 dx 180 180 180 180

Example 3. Differentiate tan² r w.r.t. x.

Sol. Let, y= tan² = [tan x?
Diff. both sides w.r.t. x,
dy = 2 tan x. (tan y³) =2 tan xsec² xx dx
dx dx
= 2tan xsec x 3x = 6r tan sec?

Example 4. Ify =/sin x + sin x+ sin x +....

Prove that, (2y-1) = CoS I

Sol. Given, y =Sin x+ sin x+sin xt....o

function
y =sinx+y {Because from infinite no. of terms,
Or
term.}
does not change, by decreasing one
Squaring both sides,
= sin x+y; Diff, w.r.t., x on both sides,

= COS + dy
2y d

(2y-1)9 = coS . Hence the result.

or
dx
prove that
Example 5. If sin y = xsin (a + y),
dy sin (a+ y)
d sin a
sin y
sin y = x sin (a + y) or
X=
Sol. Given, sin (a + y)
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. y,
d
sin (a + y) sin y - sin y dy sin (a + y)
dx dy
[sin (a +y)F
dy sin a
sin (a + y- y)
sin (a+ y)cos y - sin y cos(a+y) sin (a +y)
sin (a +y) sin (a +y)
DC/58 (a+y),Hence proved.
dy sin'
sin a
1 dr
Now
dy 1 - c0sr
w.r.t. x, V1+ cos
Example 6. DiMerentiate
2sin?
2 tan
2
Sol. Lety= 2cos?
2

Diff. w.r.t. J, we get,

2
dr
dy
andy= a(1 cos 0). Find d:
Example 7. Ifx = a(e + sin 9)
Sol. Given, X = a(0 + sin 0)
y = a(1 - cos ¬)
get,
Differentiating the parametric equations () and (it) w.r.t. 0, we
d
=a(0
de
+sin 6)] =a(1+cos 0)

Also -a(l-
de
cos )] = a[0 -(- sin 0)] = asin 0

2 sin cos
Now dy dylde asin 0 sin 0 2 2
= tan
dxlde a(1+ cos ) 1+cos 0 2
2 cos?
2
Example 8. Differentiate tan x, w.r.t. cos x.
Sol. Puty = tan x and s = cosx
Differentiate w.r.t. xand find 4
du
Now =2 tan x x4 (tan x) =2 tan
dx dx x sec²
du d
Also =2 cos xX
dx dx (cosx) =2 cos x (- sin x)
=-2 sin x cos X
dy dyldx 2 tan x sec
du
duldx -2sin xcos X sin x 1 1
COS X cos²
1 sin x cos X
cos* x =-sec* x.
 Differentiation of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric FunGions DC/59

EXERCISE 3.1
1. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x.
(i) sin (ii) cOs x (iüi) tan 3x (iv) cosec ax +b
() tan x2 1
(vi) xsin x (vii) tan

2. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x.

() cos (ii) tan x (ii) cot Vx
3. If y = acos 0 -b sin 0: prove that,

=a+ b2

4. lf y=COS X+/CoS X+ COs X+.... 0o

Prove that (2y -1)+ sinx = 0.

dx
5. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x.
() sin " (ii) sin x (ii) sin" ".
6. Differentiate w.r.t. x, sin 5x cos 3x.
7. Differentiate w.r.t. x.
sin x
() /tan x (i) 1- cos X
(iii) asin²x + bcosx.
8. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x.
1- cos X x sin x COS X- sin x
() (ii) (üi) (iv) sin (sin (sin x).
1+ cos X 1- cosx Vcos x + sin x

9. (a) f x = atan : y = bsec0, find dy

dx
dy
(b) Ifx =a(0 + sin 0); y= a(1 + cos 0), find dx

(C) If = cos 0 + cos 20: y = sin + sin 20, find dx

10. (i) Differentiate cosec /1+x w.r.t.

( ) Differentiate sin r w.r.t sin x.
(iii) Differentiate sec x w.r.t. cosec X.
 Eagle's Miathematics

DC/66
tan- r1- W.rl
Xample 10. Differentiate 2
Sol. Let y =2tan-r-?
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we gel,
i-rx 1
2r)+ 1+r2
dr
dy -2| tan'-r)ic

2 |1-x?
--Xtanl
= -2 tan x 1+r2

Example l1. Differentiate (cos- w.r.t. x.

Sol. Let y = (cos y9
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get,
dy =q(cos xy9-lx d (cosxP)
d: d

=g(cos x -(r')
x-yP 1
dr

=-q(cosPy9-lx XprP-1 - pqxP'(cosxPy9-!

Example 12. Differentiate tan1 1+ cosX

w.r.t. x.
sin x

Sol. Let y= tan| 1+ cos X |2cos?

tan-l
sin x
2sin 2
cos
=tan cot = tan tan
2
Diff. both sides W.r.t. x, we have,

dx 2

Example 13. Differentiate tan-1 COS sin x

coS x + sin x

Sol. Let COS X - sin x COS X Sin x sin x

y =tan
COS X t Sin x tanl COS X COS X
COS X t Sin x =tan-1
sin x
COS X 1+
COS X
 Differentiation of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions DC/67

=tan 1- tan x
-X
1+ tanx 4
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have,
dy
dx = 0- 1 =-1 (Ans.)

Example 14. Differentiate cot 1+ sin x + /1- sin x

W1+ sinx -/1- sin x W.r.t. x.

Sol. Let V =co J1+ sinx +1- sin x

WI+ sinx -J1- sin x
Cog2
Now, V1+ sinx +sin
2
+2 cos -sin
22 =cos ; +sin
Similarly, 1-sin x = cos 2
-Sin
2

Cos + sin
y =cot! 2 +cos-sin
CoS
2 +sin]-( cos-sin
2 cos x/2
= Cot
2 sin x/2

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have,

dy
dx

3.15. SUBSTITUTION METHOD

Sometimes a substitution facilitates differentiation. Before passing on to examples on differentiation
by substitution, the student is strongly advised to commit the following formulae to memory.
2 tan A
1. sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A. Also, sin 2A =
1+ tanA
1-tan A
2. cos 2A = cos A- sin A= 2 cos A - 1=1- 2 sin A, Also, cos 2A =
1+tan A
2 tan A
2tan A Caution: sin 2A =
3. tan 2A= 1+ tan A
1- tan? A
3tan A - tan A
tan 3A=
4. sin 3A = 3 sin A - 4 sin A 1-3 tan A
cos 3A =4 cos A-3 cos A
5. 1+ cos 2A = 2cos A i.e., 2 cos [half the angle]
I- cos 2A = 2 sin A i.e., 2 sin [half the angle]
Differentiation of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions | DC/69

Example 18. Determine the differential co-efficient of sin w.r.t. Vr.

Sol. Let y = sin

1 d (1-X 1x(1+x) ((1+ x)(-1)-1(1 x)]

Then,
dy
dx
t 2 x - l +2x-r (1+x

1x (1 + ) - 2 -

Vx(1 + x)
dt 1
Let t = Vr, then
dx 2/x
dy dyld. -1 2Vr -2
Now
dtldx (1 + x)
dt
Ja-1+x) 1

1 2x 2x
+
Then, V1-x
i-(*
EXERCISE 3.2
1. Differentiate the following w.r.t. X.
(ii) sinl* (iiil) cos- (sin x)
Cos-!
(i) a
(vi) tan (sin-x)
(iv) sin-l () -xsin x-x
x+1

(vii)) sinx.
(ii) tan-!| 3xx (iii) sec- (tan 2r)
2. (i) sin- (3x - 4x) 1-3r2
(v) tan' (sin x t cos x)
(iv) tan- (sin- x (viii)secl +1
tan-!|COSX-sin x
(vi) tan-l
(vii) cOS x + sin x
x?-1
1+Vx a
a-btanx
1+cos 2x
x sin a (iii) tan1
cot-1 (üi) tan-'| 1-xcos
b+atanx
3. () 1-cos2x
(i) Cos-ll - ?
(ii)) tan
1+2
4. (i) cos- (2x- 1)
 Eagle's Mathematics

DC/70| (vi) tan

-1
( ) tan-! a-x

(iv) cos-1
1
1+cos x 1+ar Ji+-1
2

(vii) sisin 2tan-! 1-x

V l+*
2r
2x sin-
5. (i) Differentiate tan W.r.t.
1-
W.r.t. sec
(ii) Diferentiate tan
-1
2x-1

(i) Difterentiate sec W.r.t.

2x'-1

tanx+ tan-'x+.....:Prove that (1+x)(2y-1) dx = 1.

y= tan"+y
ANSWERS
1 1
1. () (ü) (i) - 1
Va-x ya'-?
Xsin-x sec' (sinx)
(iv) J2x+1 (x+1) () (vi)
1
(vii) 2/x 1-x
3 3
2. () 4
(i) (iüi)
1+2
sin 4x/tan 2x-1
2x coSx-sinx
(iv) (v)
2+sin 2x

1
(vi) (vii) - 1 2
2 Nx (1 + x) (viii)
1+2
1
3. () 1 (ii)
(iii) - 1.
2 2
4. () (ii)
1+2 (i)
(i) 2 ()
1+2 (v) (vi)
5. () 1 (i) -

(içi) 22