MICROCONTROLLER AND

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
LABORATORY MANUAL (ECE - 327)
III/IV ECE SEM - II

By Dr. V. Rajya Lakshmi

Dr.S.Srinivas Professor & HOD, ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANIL NEERUKONDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES (A)

(Affiliated to AU, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NBA) Sangivalasa-
531 162, Visakhapatnam District, Phone: 08933-225083/84/87
 Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
(Affiliated to AU, Approved by AICTE & Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam District
Phone: 08933-225083/84/87 Fax: 226395
Website: www.anits.edu.in email: [email protected]

Vision of the Institute

ANITS envisions to emerge as a world-class technical institution whose products represent a
good blend of technological excellence and the best of human values.

Mission of the Institute

To train young men and women into competent and confident engineers with excellent
communication skills, to face the challenges of future technology changes, by imparting
holistic technical education using the best of infrastructure, outstanding technical and
teaching expertise and an exemplary work culture, besides molding them into good citizens
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Vision of the Department

To become a centre of excellence in Education, research and produce high quality engineers
in the field of Electronics and Communication Engineering to face the challenges of future
technological changes.

Mission of the Department

To achieve vision department will
Transform students into valuable resources for industry and society by imparting
contemporary technical education.
Develop interpersonal skills and leadership qualities among students by creating an
ambience of academic integrity to participate in various professional activities
Create a suitable academic environment to promote research attitude among students.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):

PEO1 : Graduates excel in their career in the domains of Electronics, Communication and
Information Technology.
PEO2 : Graduates will practice professional ethics and excel in professional career through
interpersonal skills and leadership qualities.
PEO3 : Graduates demonstrate passion for competence in higher education, research and
participate in various professional activities.
Program Outcomes (POs):
Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one‟s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):
PSO1 : Implement Signal & Image Processing techniques using modern tools.
PSO2 : Design and analyze Communication systems using emerging techniques.
PSO3 : Solve real time problems with expertise in Embedded Systems.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam

MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LABORATORY

ECE 327 Credits:2
Instruction: 3 Practical /Week Sessional Marks:50
End Exam: 3 Hours End Exam Marks:50

COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course student will be able to
1. Program 8051 microcontroller to meet the requirements of the user
2. Interface peripherals like switches, LEDs, stepper motor, Traffic lights controller, etc..,
3. Apply concept & types of interrupts for the given context.
4. Design a microcontroller development board to meet the requirements of the user

Mapping of Course Outcomes with Program Outcomes:

PO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
1 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 2
CO
3 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 2
4 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 3

3: high correlation, 2: medium correlation, 1: low correlation

 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam
MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Sl.No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO

1. Study and familiarization of 8051 Microcontroller trainer kit 01
2. Assembly Language Program for addition of 8-bit numbers stored in an array 12
3. Assembly Language Program for Multiplication by successive addition of two 8-bit 14
numbers
4. Assembly Language Program for finding largest no. from a given array of 8-bit 17
numbers
5. Assembly Language program to arrange 8-bit numbers stored in an array in 19
ascending order.
6. Stepper motor control by 8051 Microcontroller 25
7. Interfacing of 8-bit ADC 0809 with 8051 Microcontroller 27
8. Interfacing of 8-bit DAC 0800 with 8051 Microcontroller and Waveform generation 29
using DAC.
9. Implementation of Serial Communication by using 8051 serial ports. 31
10. Assembly Language Program for use of Timer/C+6ounter for various applications 33
11. Traffic light controller/Real-time clock display 35
12. Simple test program using ARM 9 mini 2440 kit (Interfacing LED with ARM 9 mini 38
2440 kit)
13. MINIPROJECT: design an application on MC developer kit -
NOTE:
1. It is compulsory for each student to create their own Microcontroller Development Board
for personal use.
2. A student has to perform a minimum of 10 experiments.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam

Scheme of Evaluation
(MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS LABORATORY)
Total marks for each student to evaluate in
lab: 100
Out of 100 marks:
1. External Evaluation: 50 marks
2. Internal Evaluation: 50 marks
a. Internal Lab exam: 20 marks
b. Continuous Evaluation : 30 marks

Internal Evaluation: 50M

I. Observation – 5M
(Successful Wording/Algorithm/flowchart-1M, Successful
Program verification – 1M, Successful Program Execution – 1M,
Record Initial and Indexing – 2M)

II. Record – 10M

(Aim&Apparatus – 1M, Theory – 3M, Algorithm/flowchart –
2M(each experiment should have atleast one flowchart, Calculations,
Input/Output observations & Result – 1M, Daily Performance 3M )
III. Lab Project – 10M
(It is compulsory for each student to create their own
Microcontroller Development Board for personal use based on 8051)
IV. Attendance – 5M
V. Internal Lab Exam – 20M
(Aim, Apparatus – 2M, Program – 10M (Mnemonics/code – 5M,
Relevant Comments – 2M, Algorithm/flow chart – 3M), Calculations,
Input/Output observations & Result – 5M, Performance – 3M)

External Evaluation: 50M

I. Write up – 10M
(Aim– 2M, Apparatus – 1M, Theory – 2M, Algorithm/flowchart –
5M)

II. Program – 15M

(Mnemonics/Code – 10M, Comments – 3M, Optimization– 2M)

III. Performance – 5M
(Experimentation skill - Connections,.etc )
IV. Result – 10M
(Identifying & Showing the inputs and outputs – 2M and/or
theoretical calculations – 2M, Output Verification – 6M (Partial output
– 3M, No Output – 0M )
V. Viva – 10M
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam

RUBRICS
( MCES LABORATORY)
S.No Competency Performance Indicator
1 Demonstrate an ability Laboratory preparation (verification of Lab observation)
to conduct Stating clearly the aim of the experiment, its scope and
experiments importance for purpose of doing experiment.(Based on viva)
consistent with their Experimental procedures (Based on contents in Lab
level of knowledge observation)
and understanding. Ability to construct the circuit diagram on a bread board and
use meters/ instruments to record the measured data
according to the range selected.(Based on physical
observation)
2 Demonstrate an ability Finding the appropriate values of the components to meet the
to design experiments specifications.
to get the desired
output.
3 Demonstrate an ability Ability to gather materials and writing in lab record (Based
to analyze the data on lab record)
and reach valid
conclusions.

S.No Performance Excellent (A) Good(B) Need Fail (D)

Indicator 100% 80% improvement <40%
(C)
60%
1 Laboratory Read and understand Analyze data Observations No effort
preparation the lab manual before for trends and are exhibited
(verification of coming to lab. correlations, incomplete
Lab observation) Observations are stating
(5M) completed with possible
necessary theoretical errors and
calculations limitations in
including the use of choosing the
units and significant component
figures values.
2 Experimental Clearly describes the Tabulate data Some idea of No effort
procedures purpose of doing (tabular form doing exhibited
Conclusions of experiment and its or in graphical experiment
the lab scope. Follow the form) from but not very
experiment given experimental the results so clear. Lacks
performed. procedures, to obtain as to facilitate the
(Based on the desired output. analysis and appropriate
physical Able to correlate the explanations knowledge of
observation, theoretical concepts of the data, the lab
contents of lab with the concerned and draw procedures.
 record, lab results with conclusions. Has no idea
viva)(5M) appropriate reasons Follow the what to do
given Not able to
experimental correlate the
procedures, theoretical
but obtained concepts with
results with the concerned
some errors. lab results
Able to
correlate the
theoretical
concepts with
the concerned
lab results
with some
difficulties.
3 Ability to write a Able to perform tasks Able to Poor in No effort
code and verify accurately without perform tasks performing exhibited
its output.(Based assistance , obtain with some tasks without
on physical the stimuli after Difficulties, assistance,
observation)(5M) calculations obtain the obtain the
correct stimuli incorrect
for only few stimuli.
components
after
calculations
4 Presentation of Well-organized, Presentation Presentation No effort
record interesting, confident of record of record exhibited
(Based on Lab presentation of acceptable lacks clarity
record)(5M) record and organized
5 Oral Presentation Responds Responds in Responds in No effort
(Based on confidently, and giving giving exhibited
Viva)(5M) precisely in giving answers to answers to
answers to questions questions but questions but
correctly some answers all answers
are wrong. are wrong.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam

The objective of this lab is to impart skill (both Programming-Assembly level & Hardware)
in designing microcomputer systems. This Lab has 8085, 8086 microprocessor trainer kits
and 8051 micro controller trainer kits along with interfacing modules to demonstrate the
detailed applications of microprocessors& microcontrollers.
The facilities in the laboratory enable students to build a firm background in microcomputer
hardware as well as software. Students learn about assembly language programming, memory
and I/O design, interfacing of programmable chips and peripherals such as stepper motors,
analog – to – digital and digital – to – analog converters etc.
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam

LIST OF MAJOR EQUIPMENT IN MP & MC LABORATORY

S.NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT MAKE QUANTITY

1. Intel 8085 Microprocessor kits ESA 23
2. 8086 Microprocessor kits ESA 15
3. 8051 Microcontroller kits ESA 15
4. Universal Programmer ESA 01
(iup-uxp)
5. 20MHz Dual trace Oscilloscopes APLAB 04
6. PC Systems HCL 12
TOTAL EXPENDITURE OF THE LABORATORY: Rs. 10,75,309.97/-
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology & Sciences (Autonomous)
Sangivalasa-531 162, Bheemunipatnam Mandal, Visakhapatnam

Microprocessors and Microcontrollers Laboratory

Do’s
1. Proper dress code has to be maintained while entering in to the Lab.

2. Students should carry observation notes and record completed in all aspects.

3. Assembly level program and its theoretical result should be there in the observation
before coming to the next lab.

4. Student should be aware of next ALPs.

5. Students should be at their concerned desktop/bench, unnecessary moment is

restricted.

6. Student should follow the procedure to start executing the ALP they have to get
signed by the Lab instructor for theoretical result then with the permission of Lab
instructor they need to switch on the desktop and after completing the same they need
to switch off and keep the chairs properly.

7. After completing the ALP Students should verify the ALP by the Lab Instructor.

8. The Practical Result should be noted down into their observations and result must be
shown to the Lecturer In-Charge for verification.

9. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position, desktop is shut down
properly.
Don’ts
1. Don‟t come late to the Lab.

2. Don‟t leave the Lab without making proper shut down of desktop and keeping the
chairs properly.

3. Don‟t leave the Lab without verification by Lab instructor.

4. Don‟t leave the lab without the permission of the Lecturer In-Charge.
 1. STUDY OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER TRAINER KIT

Aim
To study the 8051 microcontroller trainer kit

Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller

Architecture of 8051 microcontroller has following features

 4 Kb of ROM is not much at all.

 128Kb of RAM (including SFRs) satisfies the user's basic needs.
 4 ports having in total of 32 input/output lines are in most cases sufficient to make all
necessary connections to peripheral environment.

The whole configuration is obviously thought of as to satisfy the needs of most

programmers working on development of automation devices. One of its advantages is that
nothing is missing and nothing is too much. In other words, it is created exactly in
accordance to the average user„s taste and needs. Other advantages are RAM organization,
the operation of Central Processor Unit (CPU) and ports which completely use all recourses
and enable further upgrade.

1
Pin out Description
Pins 1-8: Port 1each of these pins can be configured as an input or an output.

Pin 9: RSA logic one on this pin disables the microcontroller and clears the contents of most
registers. In other words, the positive voltage on this pin resets the microcontroller. By
applying logic zero to this pin, the program starts execution from the beginning.

Pins10-17: Port 3Similar to port 1, each of these pins can serve as general input or output.
Besides, all of them have alternative functions:

Pin 10: RXD Serial asynchronous communication input or Serial synchronous

communication output.

Pin 11: TXD Serial asynchronous communication output or Serial synchronous

communication clock output.

Pin 12: INT0Interrupt 0 inputs.

Pin 13: INT1Interrupt 1 input.

Pin 14: T0Counter 0 clock input.

Pin 15: T1Counter 1 clock input.

Pin 16: WR Write to external (additional) RAM.

Pin 17: RD Read from external RAM.

2
Pin 18, 19: X2, X1Internal oscillator input and output. A quartz crystal which specifies
operating frequency is usually connected to these pins. Instead of it, miniature ceramics
resonators can also be used for frequency stability. Later versions of microcontrollers operate
at a frequency of 0 Hz up to over 50 Hz.

Pin 20: GND Ground.

Pin 21-28: Port 2If there is no intention to use external memory then these port pins are
configured as general inputs/outputs. In case external memory is used, the higher address
byte, i.e. addresses A8-A15 will appear on this port. Even though memory with capacity of
64Kb is not used, which means that not all eight port bits are used for its addressing, the rest
of them are not available as inputs/outputs.

Pin 29: PSEN If external ROM is used for storing program then a logic zero (0) appears on it
every time the microcontroller reads a byte from memory.

Pin 30: ALE Prior to reading from external memory, the microcontroller puts the lower
address byte (A0-A7) on P0 and activates the ALE output. After receiving signal from the
ALE pin, the external register (usually 74HCT373 or 74HCT375 add-on chip) memorizes the
state of P0 and uses it as a memory chip address. Immediately after that, the ALU pin is
returned its previous logic state and P0 is now used as a Data Bus. As seen, port data
multiplexing is performed by means of only one additional (and cheap) integrated circuit. In
other words, this port is used for both data and address transmission.

Pin 31: EA By applying logic zero to this pin, P2 and P3 are used for data and address
transmission with no regard to whether there is internal memory or not. It means that even
there is a program written to the microcontroller, it will not be executed. Instead, the program
written to external ROM will be executed. By applying logic one to the EA pin, the
microcontroller will use both memories, first internal then external (if exists).

Pin 32-39: Port 0Similar to P2, if external memory is not used, these pins can be used as
general inputs/outputs. Otherwise, P0 is configured as address output (A0-A7) when the ALE
pin is driven high (1) or as data output (Data Bus) when the ALE pin is driven low (0).

Pin 40: VCC+5V power supply.

Input/Output Ports (I/O Ports)

All 8051 microcontrollers have 4 I/O ports each comprising 8 bits which can be configured as
inputs or outputs. Accordingly, in total of 32 input/output pins enabling the microcontroller to
be connected to peripheral devices are available for use.

Pin configuration, i.e. whether it is to be configured as an input (1) or an output (0), depends
on its logic state. In order to configure a microcontroller pin as an input, it is necessary to
apply a logic zero (0) to appropriate I/O port bit. In this case, voltage level on appropriate pin
will be 0.

Similarly, in order to configure a microcontroller pin as an input, it is necessary to apply a

logic one (1) to appropriate port. In this case, voltage level on appropriate pin will be 5V (as

3
is the case with any TTL input). This may seem confusing but don't loose your patience. It all
becomes clear after studying simple electronic circuits connected to an I/O pin.

Memory Organization

The 8051 has two types of memory and these are Program Memory and Data Memory.
Program Memory (ROM) is used to permanently save the program being executed, while
Data Memory (RAM) is used for temporarily storing data and intermediate results created
and used during the operation of the microcontroller. Depending on the model in use (we are
still talking about the 8051 microcontroller family in general) at most a few Kb of ROM and
128 or 256 bytes of RAM is used.

All 8051 microcontrollers have a 16-bit addressing bus and are capable of addressing 64 kb
memory. It is neither a mistake nor a big ambition of engineers who were working on basic
core development. It is a matter of smart memory organization which makes these
microcontrollers a real “programmers‟ goody“.

Special Function Registers (SFRs)

Special Function Registers (SFRs) are a sort of control table used for running and monitoring
the operation of the microcontroller. Each of these registers as well as each bit they include,
has its name, address in the scope of RAM and precisely defined purpose such as timer
control, interrupt control, serial communication control etc. Even though there are 128
memory locations intended to be occupied by them, the basic core, shared by all types of
8051 microcontrollers, has only 21 such registers. Rest of locations is intentionally left

4
unoccupied in order to enable the manufacturers to further develop microcontrollers keeping
them compatible with the previous versions. It also enables programs written a long time ago
for microcontrollers which are out of production now to be used today.

Program Status Word (PSW) Register

PSW register is one of the most important SFRs. It contains several status bits that reflect the
current state of the CPU. Besides, this register contains Carry bit, Auxiliary Carry, two
register bank select bits, Overflow flag, parity bit and user-definable status flag.

P - Parity bit. If a number stored in the accumulator is even then this bit will be
automatically set (1), otherwise it will be cleared (0). It is mainly used during data transmit
and receive via serial communication.

- Bit 1. This bit is intended to be used in the future versions of microcontrollers.

OV Overflow occurs when the result of an arithmetical operation is larger than 255
andcannot be stored in one register. Overflow condition causes the OV bit to be set (1).
Otherwise, it will be cleared (0).

RS0, RS1 - Register bank select bits. These two bits are used to select one of four register
banks of RAM. By setting and clearing these bits, registers R0-R7 are stored in one of four
banks of RAM.

5
 RS1 RS2 Space in RAM

0 0 Bank0 00h-07h

0 1 Bank1 08h-0Fh

1 0 Bank2 10h-17h

1 1 Bank3 18h-1Fh

F0 - Flag 0. This is a general-purpose bit available for use.

AC - Auxiliary Carry Flag is used for BCD operations only.

CY - Carry Flag is the (ninth) auxiliary bit used for all arithmetical operations and shift
instructions.

Data Pointer Register (DPTR)

DPTR register is not a true one because it doesn't physically exist. It consists of two separate
registers: DPH (Data Pointer High) and (Data Pointer Low). For this reason it may be treated
as a 16-bit register or as two independent 8-bit registers. Their 16 bits are primarly used for
external memory addressing. Besides, the DPTR Register is usually used for storing data and
intermediate results.

6
Stack Pointer (SP) Register

A value stored in the Stack Pointer points to the first free stack address and permits stack
availability. Stack pushes increment the value in the Stack Pointer by 1. Likewise, stack pops
decrement its value by 1. Upon any reset and power-on, the value 7 is stored in the Stack
Pointer, which means that the space of RAM reserved for the stack starts at this location. If
another value is written to this register, the entire Stack is moved to the new memory
location.

P0, P1, P2, P3 - Input/Output Registers

If neither external memory nor serial communication system are used then 4 ports within
total of 32 input/output pins are available for connection to peripheral environment. Each bit
within these ports affects the state and performance of appropriate pin of the microcontroller.
Thus, bit logic state is reflected on appropriate pin as a voltage (0 or 5 V) and vice versa,
voltage on a pin reflects the state of appropriate port bit.

As mentioned, port bit state affects performance of port pins, i.e. whether they will be
configured as inputs or outputs. If a bit is cleared (0), the appropriate pin will be configured
as an output, while if it is set (1), the appropriate pin will be configured as an input. Upon
reset and power-on, all port bits are set (1), which means that all appropriate pins will be
configured as inputs.

Counters and Timers

As you already know, the microcontroller oscillator uses quartz crystal for its operation. As
the frequency of this oscillator is precisely defined and very stable, pulses it generates are
always of the same width, which makes them ideal for time measurement. Such crystals are
also used in quartz watches. In order to measure time between two events it is sufficient to
count up pulses coming from this oscillator. That is exactly what the timer does. If the timer
is properly programmed, the value stored in its register will be incremented (or decremented)
with each coming pulse, i.e. once per each machine cycle. A single machine-cycle instruction
lasts for 12 quartz oscillator periods, which means that by embedding quartz with oscillator
frequency of 12MHz, a number stored in the timer register will be changed million times per
second, i.e. each microsecond.

The 8051 microcontroller has 2 timers/counters called T0 and T1. As their names suggest,
their main purpose is to measure time and count external events. Besides, they can be used
for generating clock pulses to be used in serial communication, so called Baud Rate.

7
Timer T0

As seen in figure below, the timer T0 consists of two registers – TH0 and TL0 representing a
low and a high byte of one 16-digit binary number.

Accordingly, if the content of the timer T0 is equal to 0 (T0=0) then both registers it consists
of will contain 0. If the timer contains for example number 1000 (decimal), then the TH0
register (high byte) will contain the number 3, while the TL0 register (low byte) will contain
decimal number 232.

Formula used to calculate values in these two registers is very simple:

TH0 × 256 + TL0 = T
Matching the previous example it would be as follows:
3 × 256 + 232 = 1000

Since the timer T0 is virtually 16-bit register, the largest value it can store is 65 535. In case
of exceeding this value, the timer will be automatically cleared and counting starts from 0.
This condition is called an overflow. Two registers TMOD and TCON are closely
connected to this timer and control its operation.

8
TMOD Register (Timer Mode)

The TMOD register selects the operational mode of the timers T0 and T1. As seen in
figure below, the low 4 bits (bit0 - bit3) refer to the timer 0, while the high 4 bits (bit4 -
bit7) refer to the timer 1. There are 4 operational modes and each of them is described
herein.

Bits of this register have the following function:

 GATE1 enables and disables Timer 1 by means of a signal brought to the INT1 pin
(P3.3):
o 1- Timer 1 operates only if the INT1 bit is set.
o 0- Timer 1 operates regardless of the logic state of the INT1 bit.
 C/T1 selects pulses to be counted up by the timer/counter 1:
o 1 - Timer counts pulses brought to the T1 pin (P3.5).o
0- Timer counts pulses from internal oscillator.
 T1M1,T1M0 These two bits select the operational mode of the Timer 1.

T1M1 T1M0 Mode Description

0 0 0 13-bit timer
0 1 1 16-bit timer
8-bit auto-
1 0 2
reload
1 1 3 Split mode

 GATE0 enables and disables Timer 1 using a signal brought to the INT0 pin
(P3.2):o 1- Timer 0 operates only if the INT0 bit is set.
o 0- Timer 0 operates regardless of the logic state of the INT0 bit.
 C/T0 selects pulses to be counted up by the timer/counter 0:
o 1 - Timer counts pulses brought to the T0 pin (P3.4).o
0- Timer counts pulses from internal oscillator.
 T0M1,T0M0 These two bits select the oprtaional mode of the Timer 0.

T0M1 T0M0 Mode Description

0 0 0 13-bit timer
0 1 1 16-bit timer
1 0 2 8-bit auto-reload
1 1 3 Split mode

9
Timer Control (TCON) Register

TCON register is also one of the registers whose bits are directly in control of
timer operation.
Only 4 bits of this register are used for this purpose, while rest of them is used for
interrupt control to be discussed later.

 TF1 bit is automatically set on the Timer 1 overflow.

 TR1 bit enables the Timer 1.
o 1 - Timer 1 is enabled.
o 0 - Timer 1 is disabled.
 TF0 bit is automatically set on the Timer 0 overflow.
 TR0 bit enables the timer 0.
o 1 - Timer 0 is enabled.
o 0 - Timer 0 is disabled.

Timer 1

Timer 1 is identical to timer 0, except for mode 3 which is a hold-count mode. It means that
they have the same function, their operation is controlled by the same registers TMOD and
TCON and both of them can operate in one out of 4 different modes.

Result:

Thus the 8051 Architecture has been studied.

10
Viva questions:
1) Compare and contrast the microprocessor and microcontroller.
2) How to change the register bank?
3) Name different Timer modes?
4) What is bit addressable ram and registers?
5) List the 16 bit registers.
6) What are the special registers in 8051 microcontroller?
7) Difference between timer and counter
8) How to switch between timer modes
9) How to change the baud rate?
10) What is the clock frequency?

11
 2. ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF 8-BIT NUMBERS USING 8051

Aim:
To do the addition/subtraction operations using 8051 microcontroller

Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
DAC interface kit
Keyboard

Algorithm:

Addition / Subtraction
Step 1 : Move 1H data to memory
Step 2 : Add or subtract 1H data with 2nd data
Step 3 : Initialize data pointer.
Step 4 : Move result to memory pointed by DPTR.

START

Out 1H data in memory

Add or subtract 1H and 1st data

Initialize DPTR

Move result to memory preset by DPTR

Stop

Program: 8-bit Addition:

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
4100 Start C3 CLR C Clear the carry flat
4101 74DA MOV A, #01 Moves data 1 to
register A
4103 24DA ADD A, #02 Add content of A and
data 2 and store in A
4105 464500 MOV DPTR,#4500 Moves data 4500 to
DPTR
4108 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Moves control of A to
location pointed DTPR
4109 80 FE SJMP 4109 Short jump to 4109

12
 Execution:
Addition:
ML Input ML Output
4103 4500
4109

Program: 8-bit Subtraction:

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
4100 Start C3 CLR C Clear the carry flat
4101 74DA MOV A,#05 Moves data 1 to
register A
4103 24DA SUBB A,#02 Subtract data 2 from
content of A and store
result in A
4105 464500 MOV DPTR,#4500 Moves 4500 to DPTR
4108 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Moves result by
location by DTPR
4109 80 FE SJMP 4109 Short jump to 4109

Execution:
Subtraction:
ML Input ML Output
4101 4500
4103

Result:
Thus 8-bit addition/subtraction is performed using 8051.

Viva questions:

1) What are the arithmetic instructions?

2) How to perform higher byte arithmetic operations?
3) What are the flags involved in addition?
4) Explain multiplication and division
5) How to check the parity?
6) How to check the zero state?
7) Compare add and increment instruction.
8) How to perform signed arithmetic?
9) What is the role of psw in arithmetic operations?
10) How to check different conditions?

13
 3. MULTIPLICATION/DIVISION OF 8-BIT NUMBERS USING 8051

Aim:
To do the multiplication/division operations using 8051 microcontroller

Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
DAC interface kit
Keyboard

Algorithm:
Multiplication / Division
Step 1 : Get 1H data and 2nd data to memory
Step 2 : Multiply or divide 1H data with 2nd data
Step 3 : Initialize data pointer.
Step 4 : Move result to memory pointed by DPTR (first port)
Step 5 : Increment DPTR
Step 6 : Move 2nd part of result to register A
Step 7 : Move result to 2nd memory location pointer byDPTR

START

Get data into the register

Complement the data

Move the data to pointer by DPTR

Increment data

Increment DPTR

Move data into paste location

Short jump to preset location

Stop

14
Program: 8-bit Multiplication:
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 Start 7403 MOV A,#03 Move immediate data
to accumulator
4101 75F003 MOV B,#02 Move 2nd data to B
register
4105 A4 MUL AB Get the product in A &
B
4106 904500 MOV DPTR, # 4500 Load data in 4500
location
4109 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A t ext RAM
410A INC DPTR
410B E5F0 MOV A,B Move 2nd data in A
410D F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Same the ext RAM
410E 80FE SJMP 410E Remain idle in infinite
Loop

Execution:
Multiplication:
ML Input Output Address Value
4101
4500
4103
Program: 8-bit Division:
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 Start 7408 MOV A,#04 Move immediate data
to accumulator
4102 75F002 MOV B,#02 Move immediate to B
reg.
4105 84 DIV AB Divide content of A &
B
4106 904500 MOV DPTR, # 4500 Load data pointer with
4500 location
4109 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A to ext RAM
410A A3 INC DPTR Increment data pointer
410B ESF0 MOV A,B Move remainder to A
410D F0 MOVX @DPTR,A Move A to ext RAM
410E 80FE SJMP 410E Remain idle in infinite
Loop
Execution:
Division:
ML Input Output Address Value
4101 4500
4103

15
 Result:
Thus 8-bit multiplication and division is performed using 8051.

Viva questions:

1) What are the arithmetic instructions?

2) How to perform higher byte arithmetic operations?
3) What are the flags involved in addition?
4) Explain multiplication and division
5) How to check the parity?
6) How to check the zero state?
7) Compare add and increment instruction.
8) How to perform signed arithmetic?
9) What is the role of PSW in arithmetic operations?
10) How to check different conditions?

16
 4. LARGEST ELEMENTS IN AN ARRAY

Aim:
Write an assembly language program to find the biggest number in an array of 8-bit
unsigned numbers of predetermined length.
Apparatus required:
8051 Microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
1. Initialize pointer and counter.
2. Load internal memory location 40H as zero.
3. Move the first element of an array to r5 register.
4. Compare the data stored in memory location 40H is equal to or less than the
value of first element of an array.
5. If it is lesser, then move the data of first element to 40H memory location
ELSE increment pointer and decrement counter.
6. Check the counter. If counter is not equal to zero, repeat from the 2nd
step else Move the R5 register to 40H memory location.
7. Stop the program.

Program:
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 90 42 00 MOV DPTR,#4200H

MOV 40H,#00H
4103
75 40 00
4106
7D 0A MOV R5,#0AH
4108
LOOP2: E0 MOVX A,@DPTR
4109
B5 40 08 CJNE A,40H,LOOP1
410C
LOOP 3 A3 INC DPTR
410D
DD F9 DJNZ R5,LOOP2
410F
E5 40 MOV A,40H
4111
F0 MOVX @DPTR,A
4112 HLT 80 FE SJMP HLT

17
4114 LOOP1 40 F6 JC LOOP3

4116 F5 40 MOV 40H,A

4118 80 F2 SJMP LOOP3

SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

INPUT:

Memory address Data

4200

OUTPUT:

Memory address Data

Result:
Thus the assembly language program was written to find the largest element in an
array and executed using 8051 microcontroller.

Viva questions:

1) How to access external memory?

2) How to access data memory?
3) How to store and access the array of numbers?
4) What is sorting?
5) Which flags get affected in sorting?
6) How to change the array order?

18
 5. SORTING OF DATA-ASCENDING ORDER AND DESCEDING ORDER

AIM:
To arrange an array of 8-bit unsigned numbers of known length in an ascending order and
descending order.

Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery
Algorithm:
1. Initialize the register and data pointer.
2. Get first two elements in registers A &B.
3. Compare the two elements of data. If value of B register is high then exchange
A & B data else increment pointer and decrement register R3.
4. Check R3 is zero, and then move the register R5 & R6.
5. Again increment pointer and decrement R4,
6. Check R4 is zero. If no repeat the process from step 2.
7. Otherwise stop the program.

Program:
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
MOV R3,#4
4100 7B 04
MOV R4,#4
4102 7C 04

4104 90 45 00 MOV DPTR,#4500

4107 REPT 1: AD 82 MOV R5,DPL

4109 AE 83 MOV R6, DPH

410B E0 MOVX A,@DPTR

410C F5 FO MOV B,A

410E REPT A3 INC DPTR

410F E0 MOVX A,@DPTR

4110 F8 MOV R0,A

4111 C3 CLR C

4112 95 F0 SUBB A,B

4114 50 13 JNC CHKNXT

4116 EXCH C0 82 PUSH DPL

19
4118 C0 83 PUSH DPH

411A 8D 83 MOV DPL,R5

411C 8E 83 MOV DPH,R6

411E E8 MOV A,R0

411F F0 MOVX @DPTR,A

4120 D0 83 POP DPH

4122 D0 82 POP DPL

4124 E5 F0 MOV A,B

4126 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A

4127 88 F0 MOV B,R0

4129 CHKNXT: DBE3 DJNZ R3,REPT

412B 1C DEC R4

412C EC MOV A,R4

MOV R3,A
412D FB

412E OC INC R 4

412F 8D 82 MOV DPL,R5

4131 8E 83 MOV DPH,R6

4133 A3 INC DPTR

4134 DC D1 DJNZ R4,REPT1

4136 80 FE SJMP HLT

Algorithm:
1. Initialize the register and data pointer.
2. Get first two elements in registers A &B.
3. Compare the two elements of data. If value of B register is low then exchange A
& B data else increment pointer and decrement register R3.
4. Check R3 is zero, and then move the register R5 & R6.
5. Again increment pointer and decrement R4,
6. Check R4 is zero. If no repeat the process from step 2.
7. Otherwise stop the program.

20
 Program for Descending:

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
MOV R3,#4
4100 7B 04
MOV R4,#4
4102 7C 04

4104 90 45 00 MOV DPTR,#4500

4107 REPT 1: AD 82 MOV R5,DPL

4109 AE 83 MOV R6, DPH

410B E0 MOVX A,@DPTR

410C F5 FO MOV B,A

410E REPT A3 INC DPTR

410F E0 MOVX A,@DPTR

4110 F8 MOV R0,A

4111 C3 CLR C

4112 95 F0 SUBB A,B

4114 50 13 JC CHKNXT

4116 EXCH C0 82 PUSH DPL

4118 C0 83 PUSH DPH

411A 8D 83 MOV DPL,R5

411C 8E 83 MOV DPH,R6

411E E8 MOV A,R0

411F F0 MOVX @DPTR,A

4120 D0 83 POP DPH

4122 D0 82 POP DPL

4124 E5 F0 MOV A,B

21
4126 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A

4127 88 F0 MOV B,R0

4129 CHKNXT: DBE3 DJNZ R3,REPT

412B 1C DEC R4

412C EC MOV A,R4

MOV R3,A
412D FB

412E OC INC R 4

412F 8D 82 MOV DPL,R5

4131 8E 83 MOV DPH,R6

4133 A3 INC DPTR

4134 DC D1 DJNZ R4,REPT1

4136 80 FE SJMP HLT

SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT ASCENDING

INPUT:

Memory address Data

22
OUTPUT:
Memory address Data

SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT

DESCENDING INPUT:

Memory address Data

23
 OUTPUT:
Memory address Data

Result:
Thus the assembly language program was written to sort the data in an
ascending/descending order and executed using 8051 microcontroller.

Viva questions:

1) How to access external memory?

2) How to access data memory?
3) How to store and access the array of numbers?
4) What is sorting?
5) Which flags get affected in sorting?
6) How to change the array order?

24
 6. SPEED CONTROL OF STEPPER MOTOR

Aim:
To write an assembly program to make the stepper motor run in forward and reverse
direction.

Apparatus required:
Stepper motor
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) power supply

Algorithm:
1. Fix the DPTR with the Latch Chip address FFC0
2. Move the values of register A one by one with some delay based on the
2-Phase switching Scheme and repeat the loop.
3. For Anti Clockwise direction repeat the step 3 by reversing the value
sequence.
4. End the Program

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
4100 90 FF C0 MOV DPTR, #FFC0

4103 74 09 MOV A, #09

4105 E0 MOVX @DPTR, A

4106 12 41 3B LCALL DELAY

4109 74 05 MOV A, #05

410B E0 MOVX @DPTR, A

410C 12 41 3B LCALL DELAY

410F 74 06 MOV A, #06

411B E0 MOVX @DPTR, A

411C 12 41 3B LCALL DELAY

411F 74 0A MOV A, #0A

412B E0 MOVX @DPTR, A

412C 12 41 3B LCALL DELAY

25
 412F SJMP 412F

413B DELAY

413B L2 MOV R0, #55

413D L1 MOV R1, #FF

413F DJNZ R1, L1

413B DJNZ R0, L2

413D RET

Result:
Thus an assembly language program to control of stepper motor was
executed successfully using 8051 Microcontroller kit.

Viva questions:

1. What is the principle on which electromagnetic relays operate?

2. What are DPDT relays?
3. Why do we need a ULN2803 in driving a relay?
4. Why are solid-state relays advantageous over electromechanical relays?
5. What are optoisolators?
6. How can we control the speed of a stepper motor?
7. The RPM rating given for the DC motor is for?
8. How can we change the speed of a DC motor using PWM?
9. How can the direction of the stepper motor be changed?

26
 7. Eight-Bit Analog to Digital Converter
Aim:
To write an assembly language program for analog to digital converter.
Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
1. Make ALE low/high by moving the respective data from A register to
DPTR.
2. Move the SOC( Start Of Conversion) data to DPTR from FFD0
3. Check for the End Of Conversion and read data from Buffer at address
FFC0
4. End the Program.
PROGRAM:
Port Address for 74LS174 Latch: FFC8
Port Address for SOC: FFD0
Port Address for EOC 1: FFD8
Port Address for 74LS 244 Buffer: FFC0
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 90 FF C8 MOV DPTR, #FFC8
4103 74 10 MOV A, #10 Select Channel 0
4105 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A Make ALE Low
4106 74 18 MOV A, #18 Make ALE High
4108 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4109 90 FF D0 MOV DPTR, #FFD0
410C 74 01 MOV A, #01 SOC Signal High
410E F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
410F 74 00 MOV A, #00 SOC Signal Low
4111 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4112 90 FF D8 MOV DPTR, #FFD8
4115 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4116 30 E0 FC JNB E0, WAIT Check For EOC
4119 90 FF C0 MOV DPTR, #FFC0 Read ADC Data
411C E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4110 90 41 50 MOV DPTR, #4150 Store the Data
4120 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4121 90 FE SJMP HERE

27
 Result:
Thus an assembly language program is executed for analog to digital conversion.

Viva questions:

1. Why MOVX instruction is being used to access the ports of the 8255?
2. How many pins of the 8255 can be used as the I/O ports?
3. Why two pins for ground are available in ADC0804?
4. What is the function of the WR pin?
5. While programming the ADC0808/0809 IC what steps are followed?
6. In ADC0808/0809 IC which pin is used to select Step Size?

28
 8. Eight-Bit Digital to Analog Converter
Aim:
To write an assembly language program for digital to analog converter.
Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
1. Move the Port Address of DAC 2 FFC8 to the DPTR.
2. Move the Value of Register A to DPTR and then Call the delay.
3. Move the Value of Register A (FFh) to DPTR and the call the dalay.
4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3.

PROGRAM TO GENERATE SQUARE WAVEFORM

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
4100 90 FF C8 MOV DPTR, #0FFC8H
4103 START: 74 00 MOV A, #00H
4105 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4106 12 41 12 LCALL DELAY
4109 74 FF MOV A, #0FFH
410B F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
410C 12 41 12 LCALL DELAY
410F 02 41 03 LJMP STTART
4112 79 05 MOV R1, #05H
4114 7A FF MOV R2, #0FFH
4116 DA FE DJNZ R2, HERE
4118 D9 FA DJNZ R1, LOOP
411A 22 RET
411B 80 E6 SJMP START

PROGRAM TO GENERATE SAW-TOOTH WAVEFORM

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 90 FF C0 MOV DPTR, #0FFC0H
4103 74 00 MOV A, #00H
4105 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4106 04 INC A
4107 80 FC SJMP LOOP

29
 PROGRAM TO GENERATE TRIANGULAR WAVEFORM
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 90 FF C8 MOV DPTR, #0FFC8H
4103 74 00 MOV A, #00H
4105 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4106 04 INC A
4107 70 FC JNZ LOOP1
4109 74 FF MOV A, #0FFH
411B F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
410C 14 DEC A
410D 70 FC JNZ LOOP2
410F 02 41 03 LJMP START

Result:
Thus an assembly language program for Digital to Analog has been executed.

Viva questions:

1. Why the switches used in weighted resistor DAC are of single pole double throw (SPDT)
type?
2. Determine the Full scale output in a 8-bit DAC for 0-15v range?
3. How to decide the digital levels?
4. Which pins of a microcontroller are directly connected with 8255?

30
 9. Transfer data serially between two kits
Aim:
To write an assembly language program Transmitting and Receiving the data between
two kits.
Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery
Algorithm:
1. Initialize TMOD with 20H
2. Set the values for TCON and SCON
3. Set the input address to DPTR
4. Based on the bit value on SCON store the data in SBUF
5. Increment DPTR and check for the loop end value

PROGRAM FOR RECEIVER.

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 75 89 20 MOV TMOD, #20H
4103 75 8D A0 MOV TH1, #0A0H
4106 75 8B 00 MOV TL1, #00H
4109 75 88 40 MOV TCON, #40H
410C 75 98 58 MOV SCON, #58H
410F 90 45 00 MOV DPTR, #4500H
4112 RELOAD 7D 05 MOV R5, #05H
4114 CHECK 30 98 FD JNB SCON.0, CHECK
4117 C2 98 CLR SCON.0
4119 E5 99 MOV A, SBUF
411B F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
411C A3 INC DPTR
411D B4 3F F2 CJNE A, #3FH,
RELOAD
4120 DD F2 DJNZ R5, CHECK
4122 E4 CLAR A
4123 12 00 20 LCALL 0020H
Algorithm for Transmitter:
1. Initialize TMOD with 20H
2. Set the values for TCON and SCON
3. Set the input address to DPTR
4. Based on the bit value on SCON store the data in SBUF and move the data
to register „A‟.
5. Increment DPTR and check for the loop end value

31
 PROGRAM FOR TRANSMITTER.
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 75 89 20 MOV TMOD, #20H
4103 75 8D A0 MOV TH1, #0A0H
4106 75 8B 00 MOV TL1, #00H
4109 75 88 40 MOV TCON, #40H
410C 75 98 58 MOV SCON, #58H
410F 90 45 00 MOV DPTR, #4500H
4112 RELOAD 7D 05 MOV R5, #05H
4114 REPEAT E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4115 F5 99 MOV SBUF, A
4117 CHECK 30 99 FD JNB SCON.1, CHECK
411A C2 99 CLR SCON.1
411C A3 INC DPTR
411D B4 3F F2 CJNE A, #3FH,
RELOAD
4120 DD F2 DJNZ R5, REPEAT
4122 E4 CLAR A
4123 12 00 20 LCALL 0020H

SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

Sl.No Transmitter Input (Hex Values) Receiver Output (Hex Values)

1 00 00
2 11 11
3 22 22
4 33 33

Result:
Thus an assembly language program for transmitting and Receiving the data between two kits

Viva questions:

1. Which devices are specifically being used for converting serial to parallel and from parallel
to serial respectively?
2. What is the difference between UART and USART communication?
3. What is the function of the SCON register?
4. What should be done if we want to double the baud rate?
5. Why baud rate is mentioned in serial communication?
6. What is a null modem connection?
7. Which logic level is understood by the micro-controller/micro-processor?
8. Which signal controls the flow of data?

32
 10.8051 MICROCONTROLLER TIMER/COUNTER PROGRAMMING

AIM:
Generate a Square wave form with an ON time of 3 ms and an OFF time of 10 ms an all pins of
port 0. Assume XTAL of 22 MHz (Use assembly language in Keil software).

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

Keil IDE

PROCEDURE:

 Click KeilµVision2 icon in the desktop

 From Project Menu open New project
 Select the target device as AT89C51
 From File Menu open New File
 Type the program in Text Editor
 Save the file with extension“.asm” for ALP and “.C” extension for embedded C
program.
 In project window click the tree showing TARGET
 A source group will open.
 Right Click the Source group and click“Add files to Source group”
 A new window will open. Select our file with extension“.asm”
 Click Add.
 Go to project window and right click Source group again
 Click Build Target(F7).
 Errors if any will be displayed.
 From Debug menu,select START/STOP Debug option.
 In project window the status of all the registers will be displayed.
 Click Go from Debug Menu.
 The results stored in registers will be displayed in Project window.
 Stop the Debug process before closing the application.

PROGRAM: ORG 0000H

MOV TMOD,#01H
BACK: MOV TL0,#75H
MOV TH0,#0B8H
MOV P0,#00
ACALL DELAY
MOV TL0,#08AH
MOV TH0,#0EAH
MOV P0,#0FFH
ACALL DELAY
SJMP BACK
ORG 300H
DELAY: SETB TR0

33
AGAIN: JNB TF0,AGAIN
CLR TR0
CLR TF0
RET
END

SIMULATION RESULT

Result:
A Square wave form with an ON time of 3 ms and an OFF time of 10 ms is generated and verified
using Keil software.

Viva questions:
1) What is timer/counter registers in 8051?
2) What is the size of timer/Counter?
3) When timer overflow occurs?

34
 11. TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROLLER
Aim:
To write an assembly language program to display Characters on a seven display interface.
Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
1. Fix the control the control and move the control word to control register.
2. Move the Traffic Light LED Position values to Port A, Port B and Port C
respectively based on the logic.
3. Fix the delay based on the requirement.
3. Execute the program.
PROGRAM:
4100 ORG 4100
CONTRL EQU 0FF0FH
PORT A EQU 0FF0CH
PORT B EQU 0FF0DH
PORT C EQU 0FF0EH

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
4100 74 80 MOV A, #80H
4102 90 FF 0F MOV DPTR, #CONTRL
4105 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4106 START 7C 04 MOV R4, #04H
4108 90 41 9B MOV DPTR, #LOOK1
410B AA 83 MOV R2, DPH
410D AB 82 MOV R3, DPL
410F 90 41 8F MOV DPTR, #LOOK
4112 A8 83 MOV R0, DPH
4114 A9 82 MOV R1, DPL
4116 GO E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4117 A8 83 MOV R0, DPH
4119 A9 82 MOV R1, DPL
411B 90 FF 0C MOV DPTR, #PORT A
411E F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
411F 09 INC R1
4120 88 83 MOV DPH, R0
4122 89 82 MOV DPL, R1
4124 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4125 A8 83 MOV R0, DPH
4127 A9 82 MOV R1, DPL

35
4129 90 FF 0D MOV DPTR, #PORT B
412C F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
412D 09 INC R1
412E 88 83 MOV DPH, R0
4130 89 82 MOV DPL, R1
4132 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4133 A8 83 MOV R0, DPH
4135 A9 82 MOV R1, DPL
4137 90 FF 0E MOV DPTR, #PORT C
413A F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
413B 09 INC R1
413C 12 41 75 LCALL DELAY
413F 8A 83 MOV DPH, R2
4141 8B 82 MOV DPL, R3
4143 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4144 AA 83 MOV R2, DPH
4146 AB 82 MOV R3, DPL
4148 90 FF 0C MOV DPTR, #PORT A
414B F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
414C 0B INC R3
414D 8A 83 MOV DPH, R2
414F 8B 82 MOV DPL, R3
4151 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4152 AA 83 MOV R2, DPH
4154 AB 82 MOV R3, DPL
4156 90 FF 0D MOV DPTR, #PORT B
4159 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
415A 0B INC R3
415B 8A 83 MOV DPH, R2
415D 8B 82 MOV DPL, R3
415F E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4160 AA 83 MOV R2, DPH
4162 AB 82 MOV R3, DPL
4164 90 FF 0E MOV DPTR, #PORT C
4167 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4168 0B INC R3
4169 12 41 82 LCALL DELAY1
416C 88 83 MOV DPH, R0
416E 89 82 MOV DPL, R1
4170 DC A4 DJNZ R4, GO
4172 12 41 06 LCALL START
4175 DELAY 7D 12 MOV R5, #12H
4177 L3 7E FF MOV R6, #0FFH
4179 L2 7F FF MOV R7, #0FFH
417B L1 DF FE DJNZ R7, L1
417D DE FA DJNZ R6, L2
417F DD F6 DJNZ R5, L3
4181 22 RET
4182 DELAY1 7D 12 MOV R5, #12H

36
 4184 L6 7E FF MOV R6, #0FFH
4186 L5 7F FF MOV R7, #0FFH
4188 L4 DF FE DJNZ R7, L4
418A DE FA DJNZ R6, L5
418C DD F6 DJNZ R5, L6
418E 22 RET
418F LOOK 44 27 12 DB 44H, 27H, 12H
4192 92 2B 10 DB 92H, 2BH, 10H
4195 84 9D 10 DB 84H, 9DH, 10H
4198 84 2E 48 DB 84H, 2EH, 48H
419B LOOK1 48 27 12 DB 48H, 27H, 12H
419E 92 4B 10 DB 92H, 4BH, 10H
41A1 84 9D 20 DB 84H, 9DH, 20H
41A4 04 2E 49 DB 04H, 2EH, 49H

Result:
Thus an assembly language program for the Traffic Light Control has been executed.

Viva questions:
1. Which pins of a microcontroller are directly connected with 8255?
2. Which pins are used to select the ports and the control register?
3. How many pins of the 8255 can be used as the I/O ports?
4. How to move the position?
5. How to delay the signaling?
6. How to incorporate realtime traffic monitoring?
7. How to do demand based signaling?
8. How to sense the traffic density?

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 12. TEST PROGRAM USING ARM 9 mini 2440 KIT
Aim:
To write a test program for interfacing LED with ARM9 mini 2440 kit
Apparatus required:
ARM 9 mini 2440 kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Procedure:
1. When developing C language programs, the main function is generally used as the entry point, and
the main function is just a function, so it must be called by others and the return value is returned to
the caller. So when we are developing, when the LED is on, no one will call our function, so we need
to do this work by ourselves.
2. Hardware initialization: turn off the watchdog
3. Software initialization: set the stack: point the stack pointer sp to a certain piece of memory
4. The initialization of hardware and software is called a startup file, and the startup file is an
assembly code

PROGRAM:
Startup file crt0.S

.text
.global _start
_start:
LDR r0,=0x53000000 @WATCHDOG register address
MOV r1, #0x00000000 @r1 is 0
STR r1,[r0] @Write 0, disable WATCHDOG, otherwise the CPU will restart continuously
LDR sp,=1024*4 @Set the stack, note: it cannot be larger than 4k, because the available memory is
only 4k
@ Memory SRAM, 4k
The code in @Nand Flash will be moved to the internal ram after reset, this ram is only 4k
bl main @call the main function in the c program, the bl instruction will jump to the main function,
and put the return value in lr
halt_loop:
b halt_loop

ledon_c.c file

#define GPBCON *((volatile unsigned long *)0x56000010)

#define GPBDAT *((volatile unsigned long *)0x56000014)
//volatile is to let the compiler not to optimize

int main()
{
GPBCON = 0x00000400;//Set GPB5 as the output port
GPBDAT = 0x00000000;

38
 return 0;

}
Makefile

CFLAGS := -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -O2 -fomit-frame-pointer -ffreestanding

ledon.bin:crt0.S ledon_c.c
arm-linux-gcc -g -c crt0.S -o crt0.o
arm-linux-gcc -g -c ledon_c.c -o ledon_c.o
arm-linux-ld -Ttext 0x00000000 crt0.o ledon_c.o -o ledon_elf
arm-linux-objcopy -O binary -S ledon_elf ledon.bin
arm-linux-objdump -D -m arm ledon_elf > ledon.dis
clean:
rm -rf *.bin *elf *.o *.dis

Result:
Thus an assembly language program for interfacing LED with ARM9 mini 2440 kit has been done.

Viva questions:
1. What is the oscillator frequency of mini 2440 kit?
2. How many jumpers are available in mini 2440 kit?
3. How ARM 9 is different from 8085 and 8086 processors?

39
 13. Hex TO ASCII CONVERSION
Aim:
Write an assembly language program to convert a binary number to its equivalent
ASCII code and display the result in the address field.

Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:

1. Get the decimal number in the range 00 to 99 as input

2. Separate the higher and lower nibble of the two digit number
3. Add 30h to the lower nibble and store the result
4. Bring the higher nibble to the ones position, add 30h to it and display the result.
Program:

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
4100 90 42 00 MOV DPTR,#4200H Input a Hex Value

4103 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR

4104 F8 MOV R0,A

4105 94 0A SUBB A, #0AH Compare Value 0-9

4107 50 05 JNC LOOP1 Values A-F go to Loop 1

4109 E8 MOV A,R0

410A 24 30 ADD A,#30H 0-9 Add 30H

410C 80 03 SJMP LOOP

410E LOOP 1 E8 MOV A, RO

410F 24 37 ADD A, #37H A-F Add 37H

4111 LOOP 90 45 00 MOV DPTR, #4500H

4114 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A ASCII Value Output

4115 80 FE SJMP 4115

40
 SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

INPUT:

Memory address Data

4200 Hex Data=

OUTPUT:

Memory address Data

4500 ASCII Data=

Result:

Thus the assembly language program was written to converter Hexadecimal number to
equivalent ASCII Code and executed using 8051 microcontroller.

Viva questions:

1) How hex is different from binary?

2) What is ASCII?
3) What is extended ASCII?
4) How many iterations needed in the convertion?
5) How many registers are involved?
6) What is the complexity involved?

41
 14. ASCII TO BINARY CONVERSION
Aim:
Write an ALP to convert a ASCII to its equivalent BINARY number and display
the result in the data field.

Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) power supply

Algorithm:

Step1: Get the Ascii code.

Step2: Clear carry bit
Step3: Subtract with borrow 30h from the input
Step4: Subtract Accumulator with 0AH
Step5: Display Hexadecimal Value at 4300H
Step6: Display Binary Value at 4500H

Program:

Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments

Location
4100 90 42 00 MOV DPTR#4200H Get an Input

4103 E0 MOVX A,@DPTR

4104 C3 CLR C

4105 94 30 SUBB A,#30H Convert ASCII

4107 C3 CLR C

4108 94 0A SUBB A, #0AH

410A 40 04 JC LOOP

410C 74 FF MOV A, #FFH

410E 80 02 SJMP L1

4110 LOOP 24 0A ADD A,#0AH

4112 L1 90 43 00 MOV DPTR, #4300H

4115 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A

4116 F5 F0 MOV B,A

42
4118 79 08 MOV R1,#08H

411A 90 45 00 MOV DPTR,#4500H BINARY OUTPUT

411D LOP 13 RRC A

411E F5 F0 MOV B,A

4120 40 05 JC LOOP1

4122 74 00 MOV A,#00H

4124 F0 MOVX @DPTR,A

4125 80 03 SJMP RESULT

4127 LOOP1 74 01 MOV A, #01H

4129 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A

412A RESULT 05 82 INC DPL

412C E5 F0 MOV A,B

412E D9 ED DJNZ R1, LOP

4130 80 FE SJMP 4130

Address Sample1 Sample2

Input (ASCII) 4200
Hexa Decimal Value 4300
Output (BINARY)in 4500
the data field 4501

Result:
Thus the assembly language program was written to converter ASCII
number to equivalent Binary Value and executed using 8051
microcontroller.
Viva questions:
1) How hex is different from binary?
2) What is ASCII?
3) What is extended ASCII?
4) How many iterations needed in the convertion?
5) How many registers are involved?
6) What is the complexity involved?

43
 15. FIND THE SQUARE ROOT OF A GIVEN DATA
Aim:
To write an assembly language program to find the square root of a given data
Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery

Algorithm:
1. Enter a program.
2. Enter the input hex value to location 4200h.
3. Execute the program.
4. The output square root value stored in a location 4500h.
PROGRAM:
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 Origin: 90 42 00 MOV DPTR,#4200h Get a input data
4103 e0 MOVX A,@DPTR
4104 f9 MOV R1,a
4105 7a 01 MOV R2, #01h Initialize counter
4107 LOOPI: e9 MOV A,R1
4108 8a f0 MOV B,R2
410a 84 DIV AB divide the given value
and counter
410b fb MOV R3,A
410c ac f0 MOV R4,B
410e 9a SUBB A ,R2 compare
410f 60 03 JZ RESULT Dividend and counter
4111 0a INC R2
4112 80 f3 SJMP L1

SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

ML Input ML Output
4200 40(hex 4500 8
value)=64(decimal)

44
 Result:
Thus an assembly language program is written to find the square root of a given data and
executed successfully.

Viva questions:
1) How to square the number?
2) How different is squaring from multiplication?
3) What is the complexity involved in finding the square root?
4) How many iterations needed?
5) How many registers are involved?
6) What is the complexity involved?

45
 16. Seven segment display
Aim:
To write an assembly language program to display characters on a seven display interface.
Apparatus required:
8051 microcontroller kit
(0-5V) DC battery
Algorithm:
1. Enter a program.
2. Initialize number of digits to Scan
3. Select the digit position through the port address C0
4. Display the characters through the output at address C8.
5. Check whether all the digits are display.
6. Repeat the Process.
PROGRAM:
Memory Label Opcode Mnemonics Comments
Location
4100 START 90 41 2B DPTR, #TABLE Display message
4103 AA 82 MOV R2, DPL
4105 AB 83 MOV R3, DPH
4107 78 07 MOV R0, #07H
4109 7F 08 MOV R7, #08H Initialize no.of digits to
Scan
410B L1 E8 MOV A, R0 Select digit position
410C 90 FF C0 MOV DPTR, #0FFC0H
410F F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4110 8A 82 MOV DPL, R2
4112 8B 83 MOV DPH, R3
4114 E0 MOVX A, @DPTR
4115 90 FF C8 MOV DPTR, #0FFC8H
4118 F0 MOVX @DPTR, A
4119 12 41 22 LCALL DELAY
411C 0A INC R2
411D 18 DEC R0 Check if 8 digits are
Displayed
411E DF EB DJNZ R7, L1 If not repeat
st
4120 21 00 AJMP START Repeat from the 1 digit
4122 DELAY 7C 02 MOV R4, #02H
4124 L3 7D FF MOV R5, #0FFH
4126 L2 DD FE DJNZ R5, R2
4128 DC FA DJNZ R4, L3
412A 22 RET
412B TABLE 3E 06 00 55 DB 3EH, 06H, 00H, 55H
412F 06 39 50 3F DB 06H, 39H, 50H, 3FH
4133 END

46
 SAMPLE INPUT AND OUTPUT:

Sl.No Input (hex Values) Output (Characters)

Result:
Thus an assembly language program displaying characters on seven segment display has been
executed.

Viva questions:

1. What are the different types of LED displays?

2. What is 7 segment display?
3. How to change the intensity of display light?
4. How many segments can be connected to 8051 controller?
5. What is the driving strength?

47