CHAPTER 6 TO 8

The closer the Poisson’s ratio gets to 0.5, the less compressible the material.

Increasing the temperature, increasing the amount of fluid, lowering the strain rate and, in plastically deforming rocks,
reducing the grain size all tend to cause strain weakening.

Strain hardening can result in a transition from plastic to brittle deformation if the level of stress is increased.

A decrease in temperature lowers the yield stress or weakens the rock

Competency is resistance of layers or objects to flow. The term is qualitative and relative to that of its neighboring layers
or matrix.

Viscous deformation implies dependence of stress on strain rate: higher stress means faster flow or more rapid strain
accumulation.

A rock with a low E-value (GPa) is mechanically weak, as its resistance to deformation is small.

Plastic strain is recoverable because it involves stretching rather than breaking of atomic bonds.

Rheology and rock mechanics deal with the flow of rocks, while continuum mechanics primarily deals with the way rocks
respond to stress by brittle faulting and fracturing.

The effect of temperature is the main reason why flow mostly occurs in the middle and lower crust rather than in the cool
upper crust.

Cataclastic flow involves grain rotation and frictional sliding between grains, while particulate flow also involves grain
fracturing.

Microscopic cracks, pores and other flaws weaken rocks.

Stress is concentrated at the tips of open microfractures in a rock, ad the concentration increases with decreasing
thickness/length ratio of the microfracture.

Cataclastic deformation bands show the most significant permeability reductions.

Fault formation and growth is a complicated process involving a frontal process zone where microfracture form and
eventually connect.

Identification.

Three fundamentally different ways a material reacts to stress under continuum mechanics context:

2 linearly elastic minerals:

This means that the stress necessary to deform the rock must be increased for strain to accumulate, because the rock
becomes stronger and harder to deform.

This is the case when less stress is required to keep the deformation going.

Is a tabular volume of rock (or a structure) consisting of a central slip surface or core, formed by intense shearing, and a
surrounding volume of rock that has been affected by more brittle deformation spatially and genetically related to the
structure.
Is where the physical conditions promote brittle deformation mechanisms such as: frictional sliding along the grain
contacts, grain rotation and grain fracture.

In highly porous rocks and sediments, brittle deformation is expressed by related, athough different, deformation
structures referred to as

This process occurs predominantly by means of plastic deformation mechanisms, commonly with subordinate brittle
microfracturing

In crystalline rocks, the fault core can consist of practically non-cohesive material consisting of clay minerals that formed
at the expense of feldspar and other primary minerals. This material is called

Are very narrow zones, often thought of as a surfaces, associated with discontinuities in displacement and mechanical
properties (strength or stiffness).

Minor, typically tensile fractures occur in the tip zone that are asymmetrically arranged with respect to the main fracture
are referred to as

Secondary fractures in the tip zone represent a fan shaped splaying of the main fracture and are synthetic with respect to
the main fault.

Is a process where there is no strain hardening and the material keeps deforming without any increase in the applied force
or stress.

What type of material resists a change in shape, but strains as more stress is applied?

Expresses the ratio between the normal stress and the related elastic extension or shortening in the same direction, and
describes how hard it is to deform a certain elastic material or rock.

Is the study of the mechanical properties of solid materials as well as fluids and gases.

Are fractures that show extension perpendicular to the walls.

Is a fracture along which the relative movement is parallel to the fracture.

Strain analysis gives us an opportunity to explore the state of stress in a rock and to map out stress variations in a sample
, an outcrop or a region.

A normal stress is a force applied to tangential to a plane.

General stress in a rock is a combination of normal and shear stresses.

In general, great deviatoric stress promotes rock fracturing.

Elasticity is about how a rock responds to stress below the limit where strain becomes permanent.

Stress measurements can also be used to estimate the amount of offset across a shear zone.

Tensile fractures or joints are more likely to develop in rock layers with the highest Young’s modulus and the lowest point
Poisson’s ratio, which in simple terms means that stiff and competent layers (e.g. sandstones and limestones) build up
more differential stress than surrounding layers.

Pore fluid pressure reduces the effective stress, which is the stress at grain contacts in porous rocks.

Young’s modulus characterizes how much an object that is shortening extends perpendicular to the direction of shortening
(or how much it shortens perpendicular to the direction of extension if we extend the object).

Boudinages are more likely to initiate in sandstones than in shale during uplift of clastic sedimentary rocks.

Identification.

What do you call objects revealing the state of strain in a deformed rock?

Write 1 example of #1?

For most rocks, angle of internal friction is at . Therefore, ɵ at failure is also at that angle.

A practical graphical way of presenting and dealing with stress or describes the normal and shear stress acting o planes of
all possible orientations through a point in the rock.

Give 2 types of forces that affects the rock volume.

Give examples of body force, and surface force.

Are zones of failure of the wall of a well that give the borehole an irregular and typically elongated shape.

Is a strain relaxation method where, in principle, a sample (core or block) is extracted from a rock unit, measured, and then
released so that it can freely expand.

In a rock column where the rock is porous, the lithostatic stress is distributed over the grain contact area, and this stress is
called the

When brittle deformation occurs and rocks fracture, they can simply crack producing a fracture with no offset, called

When brittle deformation occurs and rocks fracture, they can also crack producing a fracture with offset, called

Means increasing the fluid pressure until the rock fractures.

DRAW SLAB PULL-RIDGE IN A PLATE TECTONIC SETTING.

DRAW THE RESPECTIVE STEREONETS BELOW EACH TYPE OF FAULT.