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Lens material
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materials used in ophthalmic lenses. It discusses …

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Lens material
1. LENS MATERIALS PRESENTED BY : SHOAIB AKHTAR
2. OBJECTIVE • Introduction to ophthalmic lens and its material
• Glass material –history and its types • Plastic material – history
and its types • Properties of ophthalmic lenses- its classifications
and sub classification
3. WHAT IS OPHTHALMIC LENS ? • It is the portion of the
transparent medium bounded by two refracting surfaces at least
one of which is curved.
4. LENS MATERIAL • Ophthalmic lens materials means all
materials used during manufacturing, i.e. all materials entered
into the composition of the basic ophthalmic lens. • There are two
types of lens material. (1) Glass (2) Plastic
5. GLASS MATERIAL • Glass material o!en referred to as mineral
lenses. Advantages 1. Absorb heat and cold 2. Are scratch
resistant 3. Highest optical clarity 4. Low Aberration
6. HISTORY OF GLASS MATERIAL • Early optical glasses were
known as either crown or flint glass. • The adjective crown was
originally applied to window glass used seventeenth and
eighteenth century for houses in England. • Before the
development of optical glass the pieces of this glass is used for
ophthalmic lenses and the lenses were known as crown lenses.
7. Cont... • Today Crown glass refers to glass whose primary
ingredients are silica, soda or potash and lime. • 1676, George
Ravenscor!, an Englishman, used ground flints as a source of
silica and incorporated a relatively large quantity of lead as one of
the basic constituents of glass. • The glass became known as Flint
glass.
8. Cont... • It was so!er, heavier, clearer and more brilliant than
any other glass available and was used for drinking vessels, bowls
and quality crystal wear. • Beginning of in 1876 Ernst Abbe and
Otto Schott of Jena, Germany collaborated in experimenting with
large number of chemical oxides in the manufacture of glass and
developed a wide range of new glasses.
9. Cont... • In 1880, the invention of barium crown by Abbe
introduced a glass of high index without an appreciable increase
in dispersive power. • Today Pittsburgh Plate Glass industries and
Scott glass Technologies comprise the major glass manufacture.
10. CROWN FLINT GLASS GLASS BARIUM HIGH CROWN INDEX
GLASS GLASS 10 TYPES OF GLASS MATERIAL
11. CROWN GLASS • 70 % Silica , 14- 16 % sodium oxide , 11- 13 %
calcium oxide and small percentage of potassium , borax ,
antimony , arsenic. • Used for single vision lenses • Most common
used in ophthalmic industry
12. Cont... • Refractive index- 1.523 • Abbe value - 59 • Specific
gravity- 2.54 • Transparency- 91.6%
13. Cont... Advantages • Highly scratch resistant • Good optical
qualities • Available in single vision and multifocal lenses •
Available in photochromic sunglass option • Low cost • Reduce
chromatic aberration
14. Cont... Disadvantages • Low impact resistance • Heavier
material • Chips can easily form while edging
15. FLINT GLASS • Lead oxide 45% to 65% • Silica 25% to 45% •
Mixture of soda and potassium oxide • Used for bifocal segments
for fused bifocals and single vision lenses of high power because
the high index of refraction makes the lenses thinner.
16. Cont... • Refraction index- Light flint : 1.580 - Dense flint :
1.690 • Abbe value - 30 to 40 Advantages • Available in single
vision and bifocal lenses Disadvantages • Transparency less
than crown glass • Distortion of image
17. BARIUM CROWN GLASS • Barium oxide 25% to 45% • Barium
oxide which has the same e"ect as lead oxide in increasing
refractive index but without great increase in chromatic
dispersion. • Refractive index - 1.514 to 1.616 • Abbe values - 55 to
59
18. HIGH INDEX GLASS • There are higher index glass lens
materials available that will reduces thickness for higher powered
lenses. • Contents- High % of Titanium oxide • Refractive index-
Available in 1.6 , 1.7 , 1.8 , & 1.9 • Abbe value – 33 , 32 , 31 , 30
19. Cont...
20. Cont... Advantages • Available in range of lens types
including photochromic , multifocal etc. • Thinner than other lens
materials • Can be multicoated • Available in wide range of blank
size & finished as well as semi finished lens types
21. Cont... Disadvantages • Greater distortions • Not available
in larger blank sizes • Less impact resistant • More chromatic
dispersion • O" axis aberration are seen
22. PLASTIC LENS MATERIAL • It is a polymeric material of large
molecular wt. which can be shaped by flow. • Also called as
organic material. • Most plastics are synthetic materials formed
by combining various organic ingredients with inorganic
materials such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine & Sulphur.
23. HISTORY OF PLASTIC MATERIAL • Just as World war 1 served
as the impetus for the development of optical glass industry,
World war 2 served as the impetus for the development of the
plastic industry. • Plastic material developed during the 2 World
war were PMMA develop CR39 for use in military aircra!. • In 1947
Robert Graham formed Armorlite lens company in California later
described the first ophthalmic lens made from CR39.
24. Cont... • In 1957 General Electric developed a new plastic
material a Polycarbonate called Lexan. • In 1982 Corning glass
work the development of a lens called Corlon.
25. CR39 POLYCAR BONATE TRIVEX HIGH LENSES INDEX
PLASTIC 25 TYPES OF PLASTIC MATERIAL
26. Cont...
27. CR39 • It is also called as Columbia resin or allyl diglycol
carbonate. • CR – 39 or allyl diglycol carbonate is a plastic
polymer commonly used in manufacture of eye lenses. • It was
developed by (PPG) Pittsburgh Plate Glass industries. • It is the
thermosetting material.
28. Cont... • CR stands for Columbia Resin & it is 39th formula of
a thermosetting plastic developed by the Columbia resin project
of (PPG) industries back in 1940. • “CR” stands for Columbia
Resin, and the number 39th denotes the type of Columbia Resin
used. • For years CR- 39 was used without anti scratch coating.
29. Cont... • Now, however, most CR-39 lenses come with an anti
scratch coating, making the material much more scratch
resistant. • CR-39 plastic lenses do not fog up as easily as glass
lenses.
30. Cont... • Refractive index - 1.498 • Abbe value - 58 • Specific
gravity - 1.32 Advantages • Lighter weight than glass lenses •
Impact resistance • Resistance of fogging
31. Cont... Disadvantages • Can yellow with age • Scratches
more easily • Surface abrasion
32. POLYCARBONATE • Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic. • The
lens material is so! and requires an anti- scratch coating. • It was
developed in the 1970s for aerospace application, and is currently
used for the helmet visors of astronauts and for space shuttle
windshields.
33. Cont... • Eyeglass lenses made from polycarbonate were
introduced in the early 1980s in response to demand for
lightweight impact resistance lenses. • Refractive index- 1.586 •
Abbe value- 29 • Specific gravity- 1.20
34. Cont... Advantages • Lightest of all material • Most impact
resistant material • 30-40% thinner than CR39 • Absorb 100% UV
rays Disadvantages • High chromatic aberration • More scratches
and more epensive • Transparency less
35. HIGH INDEX PLASTIC • Plastic are made up of Thermosetting
plastics. • These lenses have higher than standard refractive
index. • Most cosmetically acceptable lenses. • It enable the lens
to bend light “faster” than other. • Hence they are lighter and
thinner than standard lenses.
36. Cont... • Refractive index – 1.66 • Abbe value – 32 • Density –
1.35 Advantages • Cosmetically good • Magnification is reduced •
Thinner and lighter than other lenses
37. Cont... • Available in range of lens type including
photochromatic , multifocal etc • Impact resistant
Disadvantages • Greater distortion • Not available in larger blank
size • More chromatic dispersion • O" axis aberration are seen •
Expensive
38. TRIVEX LENSES • Trivex lenses developed by PPG industries.
• The lens material was originally for military use. • The lens
material to provide excellent safety for window in combat
vehicles and good optics. • Similar to polycarbonate but have
higher quality optics & thus provide clearer vision.
39. Cont... • Refractive index – 1.523 • Abbe value – 35 to 43 •
Density – 1.11 Advantages • Impact resistance • Lighter in weight
Disadvantages • More scrach
40. PROPERTIES OF LENSES
41. OPTICAL PROPERTIES 41 ABBE VALUE REFLECTANCE
REFRACTIVE INDEX ABSORPTION
42. ABBE VALUE • DEFINITION : Reciprocal of the dispersive
power of the material and gives a measure of the material ability
to transmit the light. • Abbe number of 60 is considered to have
the least chromatic aberrations and Abbe number of 30 is for the
most chromatic aberrations. • Most high index materials have a
much lower Abbe value.
43. REFLECTANCE • Reflectance is the phenomenon of light
reflection occurs at each of the lens surfaces. • The result is the
loss of lens transparency and undesirable reflections on the lens
surfaces. • The reflectance of the lens surface is calculated from
the refractive index of the material.
44. REFRACTIVE INDEX DEFINITION : The ratio of speed of light
in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given medium. • The higher
the R.I. the thinner the lens can be made. • Materials with an
index between 1.523 and 1.57 are considered as mid-index, while
1.58 and greater is considered as high-index.
45. ABSORPTION • The amount of light which goes through a
lens can be reduced because of absorption by the lens material. •
This is negligible in case of a non–tinted lens, but constitutes an
function of a tinted or photo chromatic lens.
46. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 46 SPECIFIC GRAVITY IMPACT
RESISTANCE SCRATCH RESISTANCE
47. SPECIFIC GRAVITY DEFINITION : The ratio of the density of
a substance to the density of some substance (such as pure
water) taken as a standard when both densities are obtained by
weighing of air. • Which tell us about the relative weight of the
material with respect to same amount of water. • The higher the
specific gravity of a lens material, the higher will be the density
and heavier will be the lens.
48. IMPACT RESISTANCE DEFINITION : is the ability of a
material withstand a high force or shock applied to it over a short
period of time. • Relative impact resistance of various materials
will vary, depending on the size and shape of the missile used in
the test. • Polycarbonate is the most impact resistance material.
49. Cont...
50. SCRATCH RESISTANCE • Lenses that are treated front and
back surface with a clear, scratch resistance coating have a much
harder surface that is more resistance to scratching. • Front and
back surface features of glass lenses is scratch (abrasion)
resistance. • Plastic lenses need to be coated with an additional
resin to approach the scratch resistance of glasses.
51. Cont...
52. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES • Electrical properties characterize
e"ects of electromagnetic waves and electricity on the materials.
53. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • Chemical properties shows the
reaction of materials to the chemical substances usually found
during lens manufacture, andin every day life. • These substances
are usually hot or cold water, acids and organic solvents.
54. THERMAL PROPERTIES • Thermal properties changes of
state and the e"ect of temperature on materials.
55. REFERENCE • System for ophthalmic Dispensing Cli"ord W.
Brooks and Irvin M. Borish • Internet
56. THANK YOU

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