17-10-2024

ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS & MATERIALS

By:- Manish Kumar

SUBSCRIBE Telegram group:- SIRJEE CLASSES

SYLLABUS SIRJEE CLASSES

✓ Conductors, Semi conductor& Insulators;

✓ Magnetic materials;
✓ Jointing & Cleaning materials for U/G copper cable & OFC;
✓ Cells and Batteries (chargeable and non chargeable);
✓ Relays,
✓ Switches,
✓ MCB & Connectors.
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Conductors
Conductors are such materials in which the SIRJEE CLASSES

forbidden energy gap disappears as the

valence band and conduction band become
very close that they overlap.
Examples: Copper, Aluminum.
There exists no forbidden gap in a conductor.
The free electrons available for conduction
are plenty.
Semiconductors
Semiconductors are such materials in which
the forbidden energy gap is small and the
conduction takes place if some external energy
is applied.
Examples: Silicon, Germanium.
The forbidden gap for Ge is 0.7eV whereas
for Si is 1.1eV. 3
As the temperature increases, the conductivity
of a semiconductor increases.

Energy Bands
These set of energy levels, which are closely
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packed are called as Energy bands.

Types of Energy Band
1. Valance Band
The valence band is the band having the
highest occupied energy.
These valance electrons, containing a series
of energy levels, form an energy band which
is called as Valence Band.
2. Conduction Band
The band which contains conduction electrons is called as Conduction Band.
The conduction band is the band having the lowest occupied energy.
Forbidden gap
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The gap between valence band and conduction band is called as forbidden
energy gap. As the name implies, this band is the forbidden one without energy.

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Forbidden gap
The forbidden energy gap if greater, means that the SIRJEE CLASSES

valence band electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus.

Now, in order to push the electrons out of the valence
band, some external energy is required, which would
be equal to the forbidden energy gap.
Depending upon the size of the forbidden gap, the
Insulators, the Semiconductors and the Conductors
are formed.
1. Insulators
Insulators are such materials in which the conduction
cannot take place, due to the large forbidden gap.
Examples:- Wood, Rubber.
The Forbidden energy gap is very large.
Valance band electrons are bound tightly to atoms.
The value of forbidden energy gap for an insulator
will be of 10eV. 5

The resistivity of an insulator will be in the order of 107 ohm-meter.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Materials which have wider band gaps than usual

one’s they are often referred as _________?
insulators have a wider band
a) semiconductors gap between the valence band
and conduction band.
b) metals Ans-d
c) conductors Wider the gap, the greater is
d) insulators the resistivity.

Forbidden energy gap in an atom is the gap between the:

a. 2nd and valence band

b. valence band and conduction band Ans-b
c. 1st and 2nd band
d. 1st and valence band 6

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Which of the following is correct regarding energy band?

a. Conduction band is always above the fermi level whereas

valance band is bellow fermi level
b. Conduction band is always bellow the fermi level whereas
valance band is above fermi level
c. Both of the level are at same level i.e. above the fermi level
d. Both of the level are at same level i.e. bellow the fermi level.
Ans-a

Which of the following bands in a solid allows electrons

to move freely and conduct electricity?

(a) Valence band

In order for the material to conduct
(b) Conduction band Ans-b electricity, electrons should be in the
(c) Forbidden band conduction band where they are
(d) Fermi level able to move freely through the 7
material.

COMPARISON BETWEEN CONDUCTOR, INSULATOR & SEMICONDUCTOR

COMPARISON CONDUCTOR INSULATOR SEMICONDUCTOR

Definition. The elements which allow The elements which do The elements whose
the flow of electric current not allow any flow of conductivity lies between
through it by the application electric charge. insulators and conductors.
of voltage.
Electric Good conductor Bad conductor At 0K works , it works as an
Conductivity insulator while by applying
thermal agitation or by
adding impurity becomes
good conductor
Examples Copper, Mercury, Silver, Al, Wood, Rubber, Glass, Germanium, Silicon, Cotton,
Water, Acids, Human Body, Ebonite, Mica, Sulphur, Wool, Marble, Sand, Paper,
Metallic Salt, Charcoal. Dry air. Ivory, Moist air.

Energy Band Conduction band and Conduction band and Conduction band and
valence band overlap each valence band are valence band separated by
other. separated by 6eV. 1eV.
Temperature Positive temperature Negative Temperature Negative Temperature
Coefficient. Coefficient of resistance. Coefficient of resistance. Coefficient of resistance.
Charge carriers. Electrons. They do not contain any Intrinsic charge carriers are
charge carriers. holes and electrons.
Current Flow. Current flow due to Current does not flow. Current flow due to holes
electrons. and electrons.

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COMPARISON BETWEEN CONDUCTOR, INSULATOR & SEMICONDUCTOR

COMPARISON CONDUCTOR INSULATOR SEMICONDUCTOR

Number of Charge Very High. Negligible. Low.

Carriers.
Valence band and Valence band and Valence Band is Valence band is partially
conduction Band. conduction band is completely filled and empty and conduction
completely filled. conduction band is band is partially filled.
completely empty.

Effect of temperature on Conductivity decreases. Conductivity Increases. Conductivity Increases.

conductivity.

On Increasing The number of current The number of current The number of current
Temperature. carriers decreases. carriers increases. carriers increases.

Effect of doping. Resistance Increases. Resistance remain Resistance Decreases.

unchanged.

Current Flow under the Takes place easily. Does not take place. Very Slow.
influence of electric field.

Behaviour at Absolute 0K Behaves like super Behaves like an Insulator. Behaves like an Insulator.
temperature. conductor.

Types of Semiconductors
Semiconductors can be classified
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as follows:
➢ Intrinsic Semiconductor
➢ Extrinsic Semiconductor
Intrinsic Semiconductor
A Semiconductor in its extremely
pure form is said to be an intrinsic
semiconductor.
The number of free electrons is equal to the number of holes.
The conduction capability is small at room temperature.
Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) are the most common
types of intrinsic semiconductor elements.
At absolute zero Kelvin temperature: At this temperature,
the covalent bonds are very strong, there are no free 10
electrons, and the semiconductor behaves as a perfect
insulator.

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Energy Band Diagram of Intrinsic Semiconductor

In intrinsic semiconductors, current flows due SIRJEE CLASSES

to the motion of free electrons, as well as holes.

The total current is the sum of the electron current
Ie due to thermally generated electrons and the
hole current Ih.
Total Current (I) = Ie + Ih
In order to increase the conduction capability (a) Intrinsic Semiconductor at T = 0 Kelvin,
of intrinsic semiconductor, it is better to add behaves like an insulator
some impurities. This process of adding (b) At t>0, four thermally generated electron
pairs
impurities is called as Doping.
Doping
The process of adding impurities to the pure semiconductor materials is termed as
doping. The impurities added, are generally pentavalent and trivalent impurities.
Pentavalent Impurities
The pentavalent impurities are the ones which has five valence electrons in the outer
most orbit. Example: Bismuth, Antimony, Arsenic, Phosphorus 11
The pentavalent atom is called as a donor atom because it donates one electron to the conduction
band of pure semiconductor atom.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What are the current carriers in semiconductors?

Electrons and holes are the two
a) Electrons and Protons current carriers in semiconductors.
b) Electrons and Nucleons
Electrons are negatively charged
c) Electrons and Photons Ans-d while holes are positively charged.
d) Electrons and Holes Their movement gives rise to a
current in the semiconductor.

An intrinsic semiconductor, at the absolute zero temperature,

behaves like which one of the following?
At the absolute zero temperature, an
a) Insulator intrinsic semiconductor behaves like
b) Superconductor Ans-a an insulator.
c) n-type semiconductor
d) p-type semiconductor An intrinsic semiconductor at 12
absolute zero temperature has
electrons only in the valence band.

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Which of the following is an intrinsic

semiconductor?
Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si)
a. Germanium are the most common types of
b. Bismuth Ans-a intrinsic semiconductor elements.
c. Boron
d. Antimony

In a semiconductor, what happens to the energy

band gap with increasing temperature?

(a) The band gap increases. The band-gap energy of

Ans-b semiconductors tends to
(b) The band gap decreases. decrease with increasing
(c) The band gap remains constant. temperature. 13
(d) The band gap fluctuates randomly.

Trivalent Impurities
The trivalent impurities are the ones which has three valence electrons SIRJEE CLASSES

in the outer most orbit.

Example: Gallium, Indium, Aluminum, Boron
The trivalent atom is called as an acceptor atom because it accepts one electron
from the semiconductor atom.
Extrinsic Semiconductor
An impure semiconductor, which is formed by doping a pure semiconductor is
called as an extrinsic semiconductor.
There are two types of extrinsic semiconductors depending upon the type of
impurity added. They are:-
a. N-type extrinsic semiconductor
b. P-Type extrinsic semiconductor
a. N-Type Extrinsic Semiconductor
A small amount of pentavalent impurity is added to a pure
semiconductor to result in N-type extrinsic semiconductor. The
added impurity has 5 valence electrons. 14
if Arsenic atom is added to the germanium atom, four of the valence electrons
get attached with the Ge atoms while one electron remains as a free electron.

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N-Type Extrinsic Semiconductor

In N-type extrinsic semiconductor, as the conduction takes place through SIRJEE CLASSES
electrons, the electrons are majority carriers and the holes are minority
carriers.
Since the number of free electrons increases with the addition of an impurity, the
negative charge carriers increase. Hence, it is called an n-type semiconductor.
* Mainly due to electrons, * I = Ie and ne >> nh
* Majority carriers – Electrons, * Minority carriers – Holes

P-Type Semiconductor
When a pure semiconductor is doped with a trivalent
impurity (B, Al, In, Ga), then the three valence electrons
of the impurity bond with three of the four valence
electrons of the semiconductor.
As there is no electron in boron remaining to form a
covalent bond, the space is treated as a hole.
In P-type extrinsic semiconductor, as the
conduction takes place through holes, the * Mainly due to holes 15
holes are majority carriers while the * I = Ih and nh >> ne
electrons are minority carriers. * Majority – Holes * Minority – Electrons

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

The majority charge carriers in a p-type

semiconductor is __________?

a. Holes
b. Electrons Ans-a
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

Which of the following can be used to create

a P-Type Semiconductor?
For a P-Type semiconductor, a
a) P material with 3 valence electrons
Ans-c is chosen. Out of the given
b) Sb choices, Ga can be used to create
c) Ga a P-Type Semiconductor.
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d) As Example: Gallium, Indium,
Aluminum, Boron

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

N-type of extrinsic semiconductor is formed

by adding a _______ impurity. N-type of extrinsic semiconductors is
formed by pentavalent impurity.

a) trivalent Pentavalent impurities have five

b) hexavalent Ans-d electrons in the last shell, which allows
them to form bonds with
c) bivalent semiconductors, such as, Phosphorous,
d) pentavalent Antimony, Arsenic, etc.

Impurities which generate holes and are trivalent

are generally known as _______?
The impurities which are trivalent, their
addition causes the semiconductor to create
a) acceptors the holes in it. Such impurities are Boron,
b) generators Aluminium and Gallium.
Ans-a
c) receptors
Receptors have majority carriers as electrons
d) moderators and hence they conduct easily. As it goes17by the
name Acceptors, they accept electrons from the
trivalent impurities used.

Difference between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors

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Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductor

Pure semiconductor Impure semiconductor

The density of electrons is equal The density of electrons is not equal to the
to the density of holes density of holes

Electrical conductivity is low Electrical conductivity is high

Dependence on temperature only Dependence on temperature, as well as on the
amount of impurity

No impurities Trivalent impurity and pentavalent impurity

Why Silicon is Preferred in Semiconductors

Among the semiconductor materials like germanium and silicon, the extensively
used material for manufacturing various electronic components is Silicon Si.
The energy band gap is 0.7ev for silicon Si, whereas it is 0.2ev for germanium.
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Si is easily found in nature than Ge.
Noise is less in components made up of Si than in Ge.

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FERMI LEVEL
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FERMI LEVEL FOR N-TYPE S/C

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FERMI LEVEL FOR P-TYPE

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

The Fermi Level is close to the Valence In P-type S/C due to addition of trivalent
band in ___________? impurity, the energy level of holes is
increased and so the fermi level is shifted
down near to the valence band.
a) Intrinsic Semiconductor
b) P-Type Semiconductor Ans-b The majority carriers in N-Type are the
c) N-Type Semiconductor holes and are more valent in nature. N-
Type Semiconductors have pentavalent
d) All Metals impurity and have the fermi level near to
the conduction band.

Fermi level in a p-type semiconductor lies close

to which one of the following?

a. The top of the valence band.

Ans-a
b. The bottom of the valence band.
c. The top of the conduction band.
d. The bottom of the conduction band 22

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EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON FERMI LEVEL

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

When the temperature of either n-type or p-type

increases, determine the movement of the position
of the Fermi energy level?
whenever the temperature
a) Towards up of energy gap increases, the Fermi energy
b) Towards down of energy gap Ans-c level tends to move at the
c) Towards centre of energy gap centre of the energy gap.
d) Towards out of page

Fermi energy level for n-type extrinsic

semiconductors lies?

a. close to the conduction band

Ans-a
b. None of these options
c. in the middle of the band gap 24
d. close to the valence band

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INSULATORS
SIRJEE CLASSES

CERAMICS MATERIALS
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INSULATOR MATERIALS
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PORCELAIN, STEATILE PORCELAIN

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TRANSFORMER OILS
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INSULATOR OVERVIEW

CATEGORY INSULATOR

Definition The elements which do not allow any flow of

electric charge.

Electric Conductivity Bad conductor

Examples Wood, Rubber, Glass, Ebonite, Mica,

Sulphur, Dry air.

Energy Band Conduction band and valence band are

separated by 6eV.

Temperature Coefficient. Negative Temperature Coefficient of

resistance.
Charge carriers. They do not contain any charge carriers.

Current Flow. Current does not flow.

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INSULATOR OVERVIEW

CATEGORY INSULATOR

Number of Charge Carriers. Negligible.

Valence band and conduction Band. Valence Band is completely filled and
conduction band is completely empty.

Effect of temperature on conductivity. Conductivity Increases.

On Increasing Temperature. The number of current carriers

increases.
Effect of doping. Resistance remain unchanged.

Current Flow under the influence of Does not take place.

electric field.
Behaviour at Absolute 0K temperature. Behaves like an Insulator.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What is the property of insulating materials?

a. Allows the unwanted flow of current

b. Increases the unwanted flow of current Ans-d
c. Decreases the unwanted flow of current
d. Prevents the unwanted flow of current

Which of the following material is not used for

overhead line insulators?

a. Porcelain
Ans-c
b. Glass
c. PVC 32
d. Steatite

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

In Transmission and Distribution sector, where

should the insulators be placed?

a. Between towers and poles

b. Between towers and ground Ans-c
c. Between towers and conductors
d. Between conductors and ground

What is property of porosity and temperature

change in insulating materials?

a. Less, highly affected

b. High, highly affected Ans-d
c. High, less affected
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d. Less, less affected

Magnetic Materials
The substance / materials which get attracted towards SIRJEE CLASSES

a magnet is known as magnetic materials.

Ex- Iron, Nickle, Cobalt
These substance also accquire magnetisation when
attracted towards the magnet.

Types of Magnetic Materials

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Types of Magnetic Materials

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Types of Magnetic Materials

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Types of Magnetic Materials

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

At high temperature a Ferro magnet

becomes __________? The properties of a Ferro-magnet are
depended on temperature. When they are
heated up to a high temperature, it loses
a) Diamagnetic its Ferro magnetic properties and become
b) Paramagnetic Ans-b a paramagnet. This transition occurs at a
c) Hard Ferro magnet specific temperature, called the transition
d) Soft Ferro Magnet point.

With increase in temperature, the magnetic susceptibility

of a ferromagnetic material will?

a. Increase Ans-b The magnetic susceptibility decreases

b. decrease with an increase in temperature.
c. increase initially and then decrease So, the ferromagnetism decreases
d. remain constant with rising temperature.
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Curie point is:

a. the temperature above which certain materials lose their permanent

magnetic properties
b. the temperature below which certain materials lose their permanent
magnetic properties
c. the pressure above which certain materials lose their permanent Ans-a
magnetic properties
d. the pressure below which certain materials lose their permanent
magnetic properties

The temperature above which a ferromagnetic

material behaves like a paramagnetic material
is defined as Curie temperature. 39

Types of Magnetic Materials

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Types of Magnetic Materials

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Types of Magnetic Materials

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Classification of Magnetic Materials

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

If a material is ferromagnetic, what shall

be the value of X?
When a material is ferromagnetic,
a) Negative the magnetic susceptibility, χ, is
b) Small and positive Ans-c large and positive.

c) Large and Positive

d) Insufficient information

In _______ the susceptibility will decrease with increase in

temperature and they have relatively small susceptibility
at all temperatures.

a. Anti ferromagnetic materials In Anti ferromagnetic materials,

Ans-a the susceptibility will decrease
b. Ferrimagnetic materials
with an increase in temperature
c. Superparamagnetic materials and they have relatively small 44
d. Ferromagnetic materials susceptibility at all temperatures.

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

For paramagnetic materials, the relative permeability is?

a. less than unity but magnetic susceptibility is relatively small and positive
b. greater than unity and magnetic susceptibility is relatively small but positive
c. equal to unity and magnetic susceptibility is large but positive
d. less than unity but magnetic susceptibility is relatively large and positive

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Categorization of Magnetic Materials

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Categorization of Magnetic Materials

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Which of the following magnetic materials have

small area of hysteresis loop?

a. Saturable magnetic material

b. Soft magnetic material
Ans-b
c. Hard magnetic material
d. Diamagnetic material

Materials in which magnetization persists even after

the field has been removed are called ___________?

a) Diamagnetic In Hard Ferro magnets, even

b) Paramagnetic Ans-d after the magnetic field has been
removed, the magnetization
c) Soft Ferro magnets persists.
d) Hard Ferro magnets 48
Alnico is one such material.

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Comparison between Soft & Hard Magnetic Materials

SIRJEE CLASSES
SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIALS HARD MAGNETIC MATERIALS

Soft magnetic materials are those materials Hard magnetic materials are those materials
that have a smaller area enclosed by their that have a Larger area enclosed by their
Hysteresis loop Hysteresis loop

They have low remnant magnetization They have high remnant magnetization

They have low coercivity They have high coercivity

They have high initial permeability They have low initial permeability

Hysteresis loss is less Hysteresis loss is higher

Eddy's current loss is less Eddy's current loss is more for metallic
types and low for ceramic types.
Used in transformer cores, motors, Used in making permanent magnets,
generators, electromagnets, etc. magnetic separators, magnetic detectors, 49
speakers, microphones, etc.

Jointing & Cleaning materials for U/G copper cable & OFC
SIRJEE CLASSES
copper cable

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SIRJEE CLASSES

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Jointing & Cleaning materials for U/G copper cable

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OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

An optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fibre made of SIRJEE CLASSES

high quality extruded glass (silica) or plastic.

It can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”, to

transmit light between the two ends of the fibre.

Optical fibres are used in fibre-optic communications,

which permits transmission over longer distances and
at higher bandwidths (data rates) than other forms of
communication.
Optical fibre cable is a medium for carrying information from one point
to another in the form of light. A basic fibre optic system consists of a
transmitting device that converts an electrical signal into a light signal,
an optical fibre cable that carries the light, and a receiver that accepts
the light signal and converts it back into an electrical signal.

Construction of OFC
SIRJEE CLASSES

OFC having 24 Fibres armoured cable is

normally used for underground laying.

It consists of 6 loose tubes as shown

below:

Colour code of loose tubes is as shown below:

1. (F1) - Blue 4. (F4) - Brown

2. (F2) - Orange 5. (F5) - Slate
3. (F3) – Green 6. (F6) - White

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Tools & Equipments Required for

Jointing and Termination SIRJEE CLASSES

Sr.No. Tool’s Name

1. Branch Joint Closure

2. Termination Box
3. Sheath Clamp
4. Arc fusion splicer machine
5. Power cord AC/DC
6. Precision cleaver
7. Cable sheath stripper
8. Fibre stripper/ Cable ties
9. Knife for HDPE cutting
10. Tweezers
11. OTDR

Tools required for sheath Removal SIRJEE CLASSES

S.No. Name of tool Function

1. Cable cutter To cut the cable in full
2. Jacket remover To remove outer jacket
3. Utility knife To cut narrow jacket circumferentially
4. Scissors To cut rip cord, Aramid yarn, & Binders
5. Diagonal cutting pliers To cut central members, fillers etc.
6. Sheath Ripper To cut the polythene binders
7. Vinyle insulation tape For proper marking of cable
8. Gel off paper To clean the jelly
9. Towel cloth To clean the cable
10. Number Book For cable and buffer tubes identifications
11. Measuring Tape For different length measurements
12. Buffer Stripper To strip the buffer tubes
13. Paint Marker To mark on cable

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Jointing (Splicing) of Optical Fibre Cable

SIRJEE CLASSES

Optical fibre cable jointing or Splicing is a permanent connection

of two pieces of fibres. Optical fibre cable splicing Techniques is
of two types:-
1. Mechanical Splicing
2. Fusion Splicing

1. Mechanical Splicing

Mechanical splicing is perform with a small

mechanical splicer which joints permanently the
two optical fibres.

Mechanical splicer is a small fibre connector that

aligns the axis of the two bare fibres to be joined
and physically hold them together.

Fusion Splicing
SIRJEE CLASSES

Fusion splicing involves the melting and jointing of optical fibres

using heat generated by an electric arc between electrodes.

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

A permanent joint formed between two different

optical fibers in the field is known as a ____________?

a) Fiber splice
b) Fiber connector
c) Fiber attenuator Ans-a
d) Fiber dispersion

How many types of fiber splices are

available?
Splices are divided into two types
depending upon the splicing
a) One Ans-b technique used. These are fusion
b) Two splicing (welding) and mechanical
c) Three splicing.
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d) Four

Cells and Batteries (chargeable and non chargeable)

SIRJEE CLASSES

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Cells and Batteries (chargeable and non chargeable)

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What is the name of the pair of metal strips

used in battery cell?

a. Cathode
b. Electrolyte Ans-c
c. Electrodes
d. Carbon rod

3) How batteries are classified?

a. Dry cells and alkaline cells

b. Button cells and lithium cells Ans-c
c. Primary cells and secondary cells
d. Cylindrical cells and rectangular cells
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Secondary Cells types

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Secondary Cells types

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Efficiency of battery
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Inter-connection of cells/batteries
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Inter-connection of cells/batteries
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What is the total voltage of six 1.5 V cells,

connected in series?

a. 3 VDC
b. 6 VDC Ans-c
c. 9 VDC
d. 12 VDC

Parallel grouping of cells is done to:

In parallel grouping, all anodes are
a. increase the current capacity connected at one point and all cathode
b. increase the internal resistance are connected together at other points.

c. decrease the output voltage Therefore when cells are connected in

d. increase the output voltage Ans-a parallel, the voltage remains the same,
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and internal resistance decreases, hence
the current increases.

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Charging of batteries
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Charging of batteries
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

During the charging of a lead-acid cell ________?

a. Its voltage increases

Ans-c
b. It gives out energy
c. Its cathode becomes dark chocolate brown
in colour
d. Specific gravity of H2S04 decreases

The capacity of a lead-acid cell is measured in?

a. amperes
b. ampere-hours Ans-b
c. watts
d. watt-hours 71

RELAYS
The relay is an automatic protective and switching device SIRJEE CLASSES

which is capable of sensing abnormal conditions in

electrical circuits. These are operated to open or close the
load contacts in response to one or more electrical
quantities like voltage and current.

Relays are used in a wide variety of applications like

electric power systems, home appliances, automobiles,
industrial equipments, digital computers, etc.
Relays allow one circuit to switch over to a second
circuit that can be completely separated from the
first.

There is no electrical connection inside the relay

between the two circuits – the link is magnetic and
mechanical only.
Basically a relay consists of an electromagnet coil, an armature,
a spring and a series of electrical contacts.

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APPLICATION OF RELAYS
Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in SIRJEE CLASSES

some types of modems or audio amplifiers.

Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the

starter solenoid of an automobile.

Time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or

delay closing set of contacts.

Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by

opening and closing the circuit breakers.

Typical applications of relays include computer interfaces,

telecommunication systems,traffic control, automotive electrical
systems, home appliances, lighting control systems,electric motor
controllers, tools and machines, air-conditioning and heating
systems, and so on.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What is the main component of a relay?

The main component of a relay is the
coil, which is an electromagnet that
a. contacts creates a magnetic field when an
b. coil Ans-b electric current is passed through it.
c. diode The magnetic field is used to activate
or deactivate the contacts.
d. capacitor

How does a relay work?

A relay works by using an
a. By using a mechanical switch electromagnet to activate or
b. By using a semiconductor technology deactivate a switch or circuit.
c. By using an electromagnet to activate
When an electric current is passed
or deactivate a switch or circuit through the coil of the relay, it
d. By using a resistor to change the creates a magnetic field that attracts
current a metal armature, which in turn 74
Ans-c switches the contacts of the relay.

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CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Classification or the types of relays depend on the function for which

they are used.
Some of the categories include:-
➢Protective relay reclosing relay
➢Regulating relay auxiliary relay
➢Monitoring relay

Protective relays:- it continuously monitor these parameters: voltage,

current, and power; and, if these parameters violate from the set limits,
the protective relays generate an alarm or isolate that particular
circuit.

These types of relays are used to protect equipments like motors,

generators, and transformers, and so on.

Some of these are induction type over current relays,

distance relays, differential relays.

CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Reclosing relays :- are used to connect various components and

devices within the system network, such as synchronizing process,
and to restore various devices soon after any electrical fault
vanishes, and also to connect transformers and feeders to a line
network.

Regulating relays :- are the switches that contact such that a voltage
boosts up as in the case of tap-changing transformers.

Auxiliary contacts relay:- are used, in circuit breakers and other

protective equipments for contact multiplication.

Monitoring relays:- monitor a system conditions such as direction

of power and accordingly generates an alarm. These relays are also
called as directional relays.

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CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
Depending on the operating principle and structural features, SIRJEE CLASSES

relays are of different types:-

1. Electromagnetic relays 2. Solid State or Electronic Relays

3. High Voltage Relays 4. Time Delay Relays
5. Thermal Relays
1. Electromagnetic Relays
These relays are constructed from electrical, mechanical
and magnetic components, and possess operating coil and
mechanical contacts. Therefore, when a coil gets activated
by a power supply source, these mechanical contacts get
opened or closed.
The type of supplycan be AC or DC.

1.1 Attraction Type Electromagnetic Relays

1.2 Induction Type Relays
1.3 Latching and Non-Latching Relays

CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
2. Solid State or Electronic Relays SIRJEE CLASSES

Solid State uses solid state components to perform the switching

operation with one or more semiconductor switching devices like a
power transistor, thyristor and TRIAC without moving any parts.

Since the control energy required is much lower, compared to

the output power to be controlled by this relay, which may result the
power gain higher compared to the electromagnetic relays.

These relays are of different types:-

1. Reed relay coupled SSR 2. Transformer-coupled SSR
3. Photo-coupled SSR 4. Direct Control AC SSR Relays

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CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
3. High Voltage Relays SIRJEE CLASSES

These are designed to operate at high voltages. Therefore, a

high insulation is provided between the contacts, between the
contacts and the earth, and between the activator and contacts.

This relay contacts are typically placed in a different medium

enclosed by ceramic or glass to prevent arcing at the time of
switching.
1. Vacuum Filled High Voltage Relays 2. Gas Filled High Voltage Relays

These relays also provide high

dielectric strength and avoids the
oxidation.

These relays have stable and low contact

resistance, so these are widely employed in
Radio Frequency (RF) applications.

CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
4. Time Delay Relays SIRJEE CLASSES

The time-delay relays are used for performing time delayed

switching operations such as starting, protecting and controlling
circuits applications.
These are of different types like:
➢Electromagnetic Time Relays
➢Capacitor Time Relays
➢Microprocessor-based Time Relays
➢Accelerated Time Relays
5. Thermal Relay
These relays are based on the effects of heat, which means –the rise in
the ambient temperature from the limit, directs the contacts to switch
from one position to another.

1. Bimetallic Thermal Relays

2. Solid State Thermal Relays

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What type of relay is used to isolate a circuit

from another circuit?

a) Latching relay An isolation relay is a

type of relay that is used
b) Reed relay Ans-c to isolate a circuit from
c) Isolation relay another circuit.
d) solid state relay

What type of relay is used to switch a circuit on and

off based on a specific temperature range?

a) Thermal relay
b) Time-delay relay Ans-a
A thermal relay is a type of relay that is
c) Latching relay used to switch a circuit on and off based 81
d) Control relay on a specific temperature range.

SWITCHES
SIRJEE CLASSES
A switch in an electronic device is used to
interrupt the flow of electricity or electric
current or diverting it from one conductor
to another.

Electrical switches are binary devices, they

can be either completely OFF or completely
ON.

In simple English, a switch is an electronic

device which is used to break or to make the
electronic circuit.

A switch will have one or more sets of contacts, which

may operate simultaneously.

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TYPES OF SWITCHES DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFICATION

1. ONE-WAY (SINGLE-POLE) ELECTRICAL SWITCH SIRJEE CLASSES

They are used to control lights, fans, or other devices from a single
location.

It has a simple ON and OFF marking. A single-pole or one-way

electrical switch generally comes with two brass-colored screw
terminals.

One of the brass terminals is for the incoming hot (current-

carrying) wire, and the other terminal is for the outgoing hot
(current-carrying) wire to the device.

Most of the one-way switches also include a ground terminal for

connecting the circuit’s ground wire.

A one-way switch basically operates as a make or break switch.

When it is turned ON, the two terminals are connected, and when
it is turned OFF, the contact between the two is broken.

TYPES OF SWITCHES DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFICATION

2. TWO-WAY (DOUBLE-POLE) ELECTRICAL SWITCH SIRJEE CLASSES

Like the single-pole switch, a two-way or a double-pole

electrical switch may also have the ON and OFF markings
on them.

These switches control a device or equipment from more

than one location.

A double-pole switch has four hot brass terminals (instead

of two terminals like a one-way). It also has a ground
terminal, allowing you to connect it to two pairs of hot
wires

A two-way or double-pole electrical switch is generally used in

industrial applications (i.e. heavy electrical load) but can also be
found in some home wiring systems.
Ex- like motors, and machinery.

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Which type of switch controls one or more lights

from a single location?

a) Single-pole switch A single-pole switch controls

b) Double-pole switch Ans-a a light or a set of lights from
c) Three-way switch one location.
d) Four-way switch

Which type of switch is used to control

heavy electrical loads?

a) Single-pole switch A double-pole switch can control

higher voltage and is often used
b) Double-pole switch Ans-b for heavy electrical loads.
c) Push-button switch 85
d) Toggle switch

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What is the difference between a single-pole

and a double-pole switch? A single-pole switch controls one
circuit from one location and has two
a) Number of circuits they control terminals, while a double-pole switch
controls two circuits, can be used
b) Number of locations they control
from multiple locations, and has four
c) Number of terminals terminals.
Ans-d
d) All of the above

In electrical terminology, what does DPDT

stand for?

a) Double Pole Double Throw

DPDT stands for Double Pole
b) Double Pole Direct Throw Ans-a Double Throw, a type of switch
c) Direct Pole Double Throw that controls two circuits and has
86
d) Direct Pole Direct Throw two on positions.

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TYPES OF SWITCHES DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFICATION

3. THREE-WAY ELECTRICAL SWITCH SIRJEE CLASSES

A 3-way switch is one that allows to control a

ceiling light (or other electrical fixture) from
two separate locations.

Common scenarios would be 3-way switches

located at both the top and bottom of a
stairway, or having 3-way switches next to
doors in a room with two entry points.
It lacks ON and OFF markings because the
on/off state depends on the position of both
switches.
3-way switch can go bad. Like any other electrical
component, it’s subject to wear and tear over time,
which can lead to internal contacts corroding,
wearing out, or the switch mechanism failing.

TYPES OF SWITCHES DEPENDING ON THE USAGE

1. DO NOT DISTURB SWITCH SIRJEE CLASSES

Entirely different from the regular switches available

in the market, this soft touch operating switch is
generally used in places like hospitals and hotels.

Do Not Disturb Switch is generally used to ensure

privacy and silence.
2. LIGHT DIMMER / STEPLESS REGULATOR

A light dimmer/stepless regulator is used to control or

change the speed of a fan or sometimes to change the
intensity of a light between bright and dim.

The regulators available earlier used to rotate in steps,

each step representing a definite level of fan speed, but
the Light Dimmer/Stepless Regulator allows you to
rotate it freely without any steps or levels.

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TYPES OF SWITCHES DEPENDING ON THE USAGE

SIRJEE CLASSES

3. BELL PUSH SWITCH

A Bell Push switch is connected to a doorbell. So, when

the switch is pushed, it rings the bell connected to it.

It can be used at homes, offices or at any other place

wherever required.

A Bell Push switch always maintains a broken circuit,

unless the button is pressed.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

Which type of switch is commonly used

for bell circuits in homes?

a) Single-pole switch Push-button switches are commonly

used for bell circuits in homes due to
b) Double-pole switch their momentary operation.
Ans-c
c) Push-button switch
d) Dimmer switch

Which type of switch has three terminals?

a) Single-pole switch
b) Double-pole switch A three-way switch has three
Ans-c terminals – two “traveler”
c) Three-way switch terminals and one “common”
d) Four-way switch terminal. 90

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MCB (Miniature circiut breaker)

A MCB is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to SIRJEE CLASSES

protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current

from an overload or short circuit.

Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is

detected.
The main function of an MCB is to switch the circuit, i.e., to
open the circuit (which has been connected to it) automatically
when the current passing through it (MCB) exceeds the value
for which it is set.

It can be manually switched ON and OFF as similar to normal

switch if necessary.

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What is the primary function of a circuit

breaker?
Circuit breakers are vital safety
A. To amplify electrical signals devices that interrupt the flow of
B. To convert AC to DC voltage current when it exceeds safe
Ans-c
C. To protect electrical circuits from limits, preventing overheating,
overload and short circuits damage, and fire hazards.
D. To store electrical energy

What feature of MCBs makes them more user-friendly

compared to traditional fuses?

A. Higher durability Visual indication

B. Smaller size Ans-d
of status
C. Lower cost
D. Visual indication of status 92

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Types of Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB’s)

SIRJEE CLASSES

MCBs are classified into three major types according to their

instantaneous tripping currents. They are:-

1. Type B MCB
2. Type C MCB
3. Type D MCB

1. Type B MCB

This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of

three to five times its rated current. These are
normally used for resistive or small inductive
loads where switching surges are very small.
Therefore, these are suitable for residential or
light commercial installations.

2. Type C MCB
This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of five to ten SIRJEE CLASSES

times its rated current.

These are normally used for high inductive loads where

switching surges are high such as small motors and
florescent lighting. In such cases, type C MCBs are preferred
to handle higher value of short circuit currents.

Therefore, these are suitable for highly inductive

commercial and industrial installations.

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What is a Type B MCB?

Ans-a
A. A breaker for general lighting and outlet circuits
B. A breaker for circuits with high inrush currents A breaker for general
lighting and outlet
C. A breaker for protecting sensitive electronic devices
circuits
D. A breaker for industrial motor protection

What is a Type C MCB?

A. A breaker with a lower operating voltage

B. A breaker with a higher trip threshold than Type B
A breaker with a higher
C. A breaker with built-in surge protection
trip threshold than
D. A breaker with a faster response time Ans-b Type B 95

Type D MCB
SIRJEE CLASSES

This type of MCB will trip instantly at a rate of ten to

twenty five times its rated current. These are
normally used for very high inductive loads where
high inrush current are very frequent.

These are suitable for specific industrial and

commercial applications.

The common examples of such applications include:-

➢X-ray machines,
➢UPS systems,
➢Industrial welding equipment,
➢large winding motors, etc.

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MCB
The minimum and maximum trip currents of these MCBs are SIRJEE CLASSES

given in a tablular form below, where Ir is the rated current

of the MCB.

Ir = rated current

Application and Uses of MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)

The very basic uses of MCB is that it is used to protect a circuit

(wiring, connected load and equipments etc) in case of:

➢Short Circuit
➢Over Current
➢Over Load

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
SIRJEE CLASSES

What is a Type D MCB?

A. A breaker for circuits with very high inrush currents

A breaker for circuits
B. A breaker for low voltage lighting with very high inrush
C. A breaker for general household wiring currents
Ans-a
D. A breaker for earth leakage protection

What is the typical trip rating for a Type B MCB?

A. 5-10 times rated current

B. 3-5 times rated current
C. 1-2 times rated current Ans-b
D. 10-20 times rated current
98

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CONNECTORS
An electrical connector is an electromechanical device SIRJEE CLASSES

used to join electrical terminations and create an

electrical circuit.

Most electrical connectors have a gender – i.e. the

male component, called a plug, connects to the female
component, or socket.

An adapter can be used to join dissimilar connectors.

TYPES OF CONNECTORS
Electrical connectors can be divided into four basic categories,
differentiated by their function:-
1. Inline or cable connectors
2. Chassis or panel Connectors.
3. PCB mount connectors.
4. Splice or butt connectors.

CONNECTORS TYPES
1. Inline or cable connectors:- It is permanently SIRJEE CLASSES

attached to a cable, allowing it to be plugged into

another terminal (either a stationary instrument or
another cable).

2. Chassis or panel connectors:- which are

permanently attached to a piece of equipment,
allowing users to connect a cable to a stationary
device

3. PCB mount connectors:- soldered to a printed

circuit board, providing a point for to
a cable or wire to be attached (e.g. pinheaders,
screw terminals, board-to-board connectors)

4. splice or butt connectors:- (primarily insulation

displacement connectors) which permanently join
two lengths of wire or cable.

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SIRJEE CLASSES

SIRJEE CLASSES

51