Chapter 22

1. THINK Our system consists of two point charges of opposite signs fixed to the x axis.
Since the net electric field at a point is the vector sum of the electric fields of individual
charges, there exists a location where the net field is zero.

EXPRESS At points between the charges, the individual electric fields are in the same
direction and do not cancel. Since charge q2 = -4.00 q1 located at x2 = 70 cm has a greater
magnitude than q1 = 2.1 ´10-8 C located at x1 = 20 cm, a point of zero field must be closer
to q1 than to q2. It must be to the left of q1.

Let x be the coordinate of P, the point where the field vanishes. Then, the total electric
field at P is given by
1 æ | q2 | | q1 | ö
E= ç - ÷.
4pe 0 çè ( x - x2 ) 2 ( x - x1 ) 2 ÷ø

ANALYZE (a) If the field is to vanish, then

| q2 | | q1 | | q2 | ( x - x2 ) 2
= Þ = .
( x - x2 ) ( x - x1 ) 2
2
| q1 | ( x - x1 ) 2

Taking the square root of both sides, noting that |q2|/|q1| = 4, we obtain

x - 70 cm
= ±2.0 .
x - 20 cm

Choosing –2.0 for consistency, the value of x is found to be x = -30 cm.

(b) If the particles are interchanged, the condition becomes, choosing +1/2 for
consistency,
x - 70 cm 1
=+
x - 20 cm 2
and the answer is x = +1.20 m.

191
192 CHAPTER 22

2. Referring to Eq. 22-6, we use the binomial expansion (see Appendix E) but keeping
higher order terms than are shown in Eq. 22-7:

q ææ d 3 d2 1 d3 ö æ d 3 d2 1 d3 öö
E = çç1 + z + 4 z2 + 2 z3 + … ÷ - ç1 - z + 4 z2 - 2 z3 + … ÷÷
4peo z2 èè ø è øø

qd q d3
= + +…
2peo z3 4peo z5

Therefore, in the terminology of the problem, Enext = q d3/ 4pe0z5.

 193

3. Our system is a uniformly charged disk of radius R. We compare the field strengths at
different points on its axis of symmetry. At a point on the axis of a uniformly charged
disk a distance z above the center of the disk, the magnitude of the electric field is given
by Eq. 22-26:

E=
s LM1-
z OP
2e 0N z 2 + R2 Q
where R is the radius of the disk and s is the surface charge density on the disk. The
magnitude of the field at the center of the disk (z = 0) is Ec = s/2e0. We want to solve for
the value of z such that E/Ec = 1/4. This means
z 1 z 3
1- = Þ = .
z 2 + R2 4 z 2 + R2 4

Squaring both sides, then multiplying them by z2 + R2, we obtain 16z2 = 9(z2 + R2). Thus,
z2 = 9R2/7, or z = 3R 7 . With R = 0.600 m, we have z = 0.680 m.
194 CHAPTER 22

4. (a) We use the usual notation for the linear charge density: l = q/L. The arc length is L
= rq with q is expressed in radians. Thus,

L = (0.0400 m)(0.698 rad) = 0.0279 m.

With q = -300(1.602 ´ 10-19 C), we obtain l = -1.72 ´ 10-15 C/m.

(b) We consider the same charge distributed over an area A = pr2 = p(0.0200 m)2 and
obtain s = q/A = -3.82 ´ 10-14 C/m².

(c) Now the area is Asphere = 4pr2 and thus obtain:

s = q/Asphere = -2.39 ´ 10-15 C/m².

(d) Finally, we consider that same charge spread throughout a volume of V = 4p r3/3 and
obtain the charge density r = q / V = -1.43 ´ 10-12 C/m3.
 195

5. We take the charge Q = 45.0 pC of the bee to be concentrated as a particle at the

center of the sphere. The magnitude of the induced charges on the sides of the grain is
| q | = 1.000 pC.

(a) The electrostatic force on the grain by the bee is

kQq kQ (- q) é 1 1 ù
F= + = - kQ | q | ê - 2 ú
(d + D / 2) ( D / 2)
2 2
ë ( D / 2) (d + D / 2) û
2

where D = 1.000 cm is the diameter of the sphere representing the honeybee, and
d = 40.0 m m is the diameter of the grain. Substituting the values, we obtain

é ù
F = - ( 8.99 ´ 109 N × m 2 C 2 ) (60.0 ´ 10-12 C)(1.000 ´ 10-12 C) ê
1 1
-3
- -3 2ú
ë (5.00 ´ 10 m) (5.04 ´ 10 m) û
2

-10
= -3.4 ´ 10 N .

The negative sign implies that the force between the bee and the grain is attractive. The
magnitude of the force is | F | = 3.4 ´ 10-10 N .

(b) Let | Q¢ | = 60.0 pC be the magnitude of the charge on the tip of the stigma. The force
on the grain due to the stigma is

k | Q¢ | q k | Q¢ | ( - q ) é 1 1 ù
F¢ = + = -k | Q¢ || q | ê - 2 ú
(d + D¢) 2
( D¢) 2
ë ( D¢) (d + D¢) û
2

where D¢ = 1.000 mm is the distance between the grain and the tip of the stigma.
Substituting the values given, we have

é ù
F ¢ = - ( 8.99 ´109 N × m 2 C2 ) (60.0 ´10-12 C)(1.000 ´10-12 C) ê
1 1
-3
- -3 2ú
ë (1.000 ´10 m) (1.040 ´10 m) û
2

-8
= -4.1´10 N .

The negative sign implies that the force between the grain and the stigma is attractive.
The magnitude of the force is | F ¢ | = 4.1´ 10-8 N .

(c) Since | F ¢ | > | F | , the grain will move to the stigma.

196 CHAPTER 22

6. (a) It is clear from symmetry (also from Eq. 22-16) that the field vanishes at the center.

(b) The result (E = 0) for points infinitely far away can be reasoned directly from Eq. 22-
16 (it goes as 1/z² as z ® ¥) or by recalling the starting point of its derivation (Eq. 22-11,
which makes it clearer that the field strength decreases as 1/r² at distant points).

(c) Differentiating Eq. 22-16 and setting equal to zero (to obtain the location where it is
maximum) leads to

æ ö
d ç qz ÷= q R2 - 2z 2 R
=0 Þ z=+ = 0.707 R .
dz ç 4pe ( z 2 + R 2 ) ÷ 4pe 0 ( z 2 + R 2 )
3/ 2 5/ 2
2
è 0 ø

(d) Plugging this value back into Eq. 22-16 with the values stated in the problem, we find
Emax = 4.33 ´ 107 N/C.
 197

7. We take the positive direction to be to the right in the figure. The acceleration of the
proton is ap = eE/mp and the acceleration of the electron is ae = –eE/me, where E is the
magnitude of the electric field, mp is the mass of the proton, and me is the mass of the
electron. We take the origin to be at the initial position of the proton. Then, the
coordinate of the proton at time t is x = 12 a p t 2 and the coordinate of the electron is
x = L + 21 ae t 2 . They pass each other when their coordinates are the same, or
1 2 1
a pt = L + aet 2 .
2 2
This means t2 = 2L/(ap – ae) and
ap eE m p æ me ö
x= L= L =ç ÷L
a p - ae ( eE m p ) + ( eE me ) çè me + m p ÷ø
æ 9.11´10-31 kg ö
=ç -31 -27 ÷ ( 0.080 m )
è 9.11´10 kg + 1.67 ´10 kg ø
= 4.35 ´10-5 m
or about 44 mm.
198 CHAPTER 22

8. The field of each charge has magnitude

-19
kq e 2 1.60 ´ 10 C
E= 2 =k = (8.99 ´ 10 N × m C )
9 2
= 2.3 ´ 10-6 N C.
r ( 0.025 m )
2 2
(0.025 m)

The directions are indicated in standard format below. We use the magnitude-angle
notation (convenient if one is using a vector-capable calculator in polar mode) and write
(starting
r with the proton on the left and moving around clockwise) the contributions to
E net as follows:

b EÐ - 20°g + b EÐ130°g + b EÐ - 100°g + b EÐ - 150°g + b EÐ0°g.

This yields ( 2.51´ 10-6 Ð - 76.4° ) , with the N/C unit understood. Alternatively, one can
use the Catesian coordinates, and add up the x and the y components:

r̂0 = ˆi
r̂1 = cos(q1 + p )iˆ + sin(q1 + p )ˆj = cos(210°)iˆ + sin(210°)ˆj = -0.866iˆ - 0.500ˆj
r̂2 = cos(q1 + q 2 + p )iˆ + sin(q1 + q 2 + p )ˆj = cos(260°)iˆ + sin(260°)ˆj = -0.174iˆ - 0.985ˆj
r̂3 = cos(p - q3 - q 4 )iˆ + sin(p - q3 - q 4 )ˆj = cos(130°)iˆ + sin(130°)ˆj = -0.643iˆ + 0.766ˆj
r̂4 = cos(-q 4 )iˆ + sin( -q 4 )ˆj = cos(-20°)iˆ + sin( -20°)ˆj = 0.940iˆ - 0.342ˆj
r
r = rˆ0 + rˆ1 + rˆ2 + rˆ3 + ˆr4 = 0.257iˆ - 1.06ˆj

(a) The result above shows that the magnitude of the net electric field is
r
| Enet | = 2.51´10-6 N/C.
r
(b) Similarly, the direction of E net is –76.4° from the x axis.
 199

9. We use Eq. 22-3, assuming both charges are positive. At P, we have

q1 R q2 (3R)
Eleft ring = Eright ring Þ =
4pe 0 ( R 2 + R )
2 3/ 2 4pe 0 [(3R) 2 + R 2 ]3/ 2
Simplifying, we obtain
3/ 2
q1 æ2ö
= 3ç ÷ » 0.268.
q2 è 10 ø
200 CHAPTER 22

10. We assume q > 0. Using the notation l = q/L we note that the (infinitesimal) charge
on an element dx of the rod contains charge dq = l dx. By symmetry, we conclude that all
horizontal field components (due to the dq’s) cancel and we need only “sum” (integrate)
the vertical components. Symmetry also allows us to integrate these contributions over
only half the rod (0 £ x £ L/2) and then simply double the result. In that regard we note
that sin q = R/r where r = x 2 + R 2 .

(a) Using Eq. 22-3 (with the 2 and sin q factors just discussed) the magnitude is

r L 2æ dq ö 2 L 2 æ l dx ö æ y ö
E = 2ò ç 2 ÷
sin q = ò ç x2 + R2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
è 4pe 0 r ø 4pe 0 è ø è x + R2 ø
0 0

(q L) R ×
L/2
lR L 2 dx x
= ò =
2pe 0 (x + R2 ) 2pe 0
32
0 2
R2 x2 + R2 0

q L2 q 1
= =
2pe 0 LR ( L 2)
2
+ R2 2pe 0 R L2 + 4 R 2

where the integral may be evaluated by elementary means or looked up in Appendix

E (item #19 in the list of integrals). With q = 9.25 ´10-12 C , L = 0.160 m, and R =
r
0.0600 m, we have | E | = 13.9 N/C .
r
(b) As noted above, the electric field E points in the +y direction, or
+90° counterclockwise from the +x axis.
 201

11. From symmetry, we see that the net field at P is twice the field caused by the upper
semicircular charge +q = l (p R) (and that it points downward). Adapting the steps leading
to Eq. 22-21, we find
r æ q öˆ
l
( )
90°
Enet = 2 -ˆj sin q = -ç 2 2 ÷
j.
4pe 0 R -90° è e 0p R ø

(a) With R = 4.25 ´ 10- 2 m and q = 1.50 ´ 10-11 C, we obtain

r q 1.50 ´10 -11 C

| Enet | = = = 95.1 N/C.
e 0p 2 R 2 (8.85 ´10 -12 C 2 /N × m 2 )p 2 (4.25 ´10 -2 m) 2
r
(b) The net electric field Enet points in the - ĵ direction, or -90° counterclockwise from
the +x axis.
202 CHAPTER 22

12. The magnitude of the electric field due to charge q at a distance r is given by:
E = kq / r 2 . Thus, we see that the E falls as 1/ r 2 and E1r12 = E2 r22 . At r = 0.400 m, the
magnitude of the field is

2
ær ö
2
æ 0.800 m ö
E2 = E1 ç 1 ÷ = (300 N/C) ç ÷ = 1200 N/C
è r2 ø è 0.400 m ø

Therefore, the difference in magnitude is DE = E2 - E1 = 1200 N/C - 300 N/C = 900 N/C
 203

13. THINK Our system is a non-conducting rod with uniform charge density. Since the
rod is an extended object and not a point charge, the calculation of electric field requires
an integration.

EXPRESS The linear charge density l is the charge per unit length of rod. Since the total
charge - q is uniformly distributed on the rod of length L, we have l = -q / L. To
calculate the electric at the point P shown in the figure, we position the x-axis along the
rod with the origin at the left end of the rod, as shown in the diagram below.

Let dx be an infinitesimal length of rod at x. The charge in this segment is dq = l dx . The

charge dq may be considered to be a point charge. The electric field it produces at point P
has only an x component and this component is given by

1 l dx
dE x =
b
4 pe 0 L + a - x 2g.

The total electric field produced at P by the whole rod is the integral

l L dx l 1 L
l æ1 1 ö
Ex =
4pe 0 ò ( L + a - x)
0 2
=
4pe 0 L + a - x 0
= ç - ÷
4pe 0 è a L + a ø
l L 1 q
= =- ,
4pe 0 a ( L + a ) 4pe 0 a ( L + a )

upon substituting -q = l L .

ANALYZE (a) With q = 4.23 ´ 10-15 C, and L = 0.0815 m, the linear charge density of
the rod is
-q -4.23´10-15 C
l= = = -5.19 ´10-14 C/m.
L 0.0815 m

(b) With a = 0.060 m, we obtain

1 q (8.99 ´109 N × m 2 C 2 )(4.23´10-15 C)

Ex = - =- = -4.48 ´10-3 N/C ,
4pe 0 a ( L + a ) (0.060 m)(0.0815 m + 0.060 m)

or | E x | = 4.48 ´10-3 N/C .

204 CHAPTER 22

(c) The negative sign in E x indicates that the field points in the –x direction, or -180°
counterclockwise from the +x axis.

(d) If a is much larger than L, the quantity L + a in the denominator can be approximated
by a, and the expression for the electric field becomes

q
Ex = - .
4 pe 0a 2

Since a = 50 m is much greater than L = 0.0815 m, the above approximation applies and
we have E x = -1.52 ´10-8 N/C , or | E x | = 1.52 ´10-8 N/C .

(e) For a particle of charge - q = -4.23´10-15 C, the electric field at a distance a = 50 m

away has a magnitude | E x | = 1.52 ´10-8 N/C .

LEARN At a distance much greater than the length of the rod ( a ? L ), the rod can be
effectively regarded as a point charge -q, and the electric field can be approximated as

-q
Ex » .
4pe 0 a 2
 205

14. Studying Sample Problem — “Electric field of a charged circular rod,” we see that
the field evaluated at the center of curvature due to a charged distribution on a circular
arc is given by
r l q
E= sin q
4pe 0 r -q

along the symmetry axis, with l = q/rq with q in radians. In this problem, each charged
quarter-circle produces a field of magnitude

r |q| 1 p /4
1 2 2 |q|
|E|= sin q = .
rp / 2 4pe 0 r -p / 4 4pe 0 p r 2

That produced by the positive quarter-circle points at –45°, and that of the negative
quarter-circle points at +45°.

(a) The magnitude of the net field is

æ 1 2 2 |q|ö 1 4|q |
Enet, x = 2 çç ÷÷ cos 45° =
è 4pe 0 p r ø 4pe 0 p r 2
2

(8.99 ´109 N × m 2 C 2 )4(4.50 ´10-12 C)

= = 57.2 N/C.
p (3.00 ´10-2 m)2

(b) By symmetry, the net field points vertically downward in the -ˆj direction, or -90°
counterclockwise from the +x axis.
206 CHAPTER 22

15. THINK The electric quadrupole is composed of two dipoles, each with a dipole
moment of magnitude p = qd. The dipole moments point in the opposite directions and
produce fields in the opposite directions at points on the quadrupole axis.

EXPRESS Consider the point P on the axis, a distance z to the right of the quadrupole
center and take a rightward pointing field to be positive. Then the field produced by the
right dipole of the pair is given by qd/2pe0(z – d/2)3 while the field produced by the left
dipole is –qd/2pe0(z + d/2)3.

ANALYZE Use the binomial expansions

(z – d/2)–3 » z–3 – 3z–4(–d/2)

(z + d/2)–3 » z–3 – 3z–4(d/2)

we obtain
qd qd qd é 1 3d 1 3d ù 6qd 2
E= - » + - + = .
2pe 0 ( z - d / 2)3 2pe 0 ( z + d / 2)3 2pe 0 êë z 3 2 z 4 z 3 2 z 4 úû 4pe 0 z 4

Since the quadrupole moment is Q = 2qd 2 , we have

LEARN For a quadrupole moment Q, the electric field varies with z as E : Q / z 4 . For a
point charge q, the dependence is E : q / z 2 , and for a dipole p, we have E : p / z 3 .
 207

16. With x1 = –5.00 cm and x2 = 10.00 cm, the point midway between the two charges is
located at x = 2.50 cm. The values of the charge are

q1 = –q2 = – 4.00 ´ 10–7 C,

and the magnitudes and directions of the individual fields are given by:

r -7
| q1 | ˆi = - (8.99 ´10 N × m C )| -4.00 ´10 C| ˆi = -(6.393 ´105 N C)iˆ
9 2 2
E1 = -
4pe 0 ( x - x1 )2 ( 0.025 m + 0.050 m )
2

r -7
q2 ˆi = - (8.99 ´10 N × m C ) (4.00 ´10 C) ˆi = -(6.393´105 N C)iˆ
9 2 2
E2 = -
4pe 0 ( x - x2 ) 2 ( 0.025 m - 0.100 m )
2

r r r
Thus, the net electric field is Enet = E1 + E2 = -(1.28 ´106 N C)iˆ .
208 CHAPTER 22

17. We use Eq. 22-26, noting that the disk in Figure 22-31(b) is effectively equivalent to
the disk in Figure 22-31(a) plus a concentric smaller disk (of radius R/2) with the
opposite value of s. That is,
s æ 2R ö
E(b ) = E( a ) - ç1 - ÷
2e 0 ç R 2
+ R 2 ÷
è (2 ) ( / 4) ø
where
s æ 2R ö
E(a) = ç1- 2÷ .
2eo è (2R) + R ø
2

We find the relative difference and simplify:

E(a) – E(b) 1 - 2 / 4 + 1/16 1 - 2 / 65 /16

= = = 0.073
E(a) 1- 2 / 4 +1 1- 2 / 5

or approximately 7.3%.
 209

18. Examining the lowest value on the graph, we have (using Eq. 22-38)

® ®
U = - p · E = - 100 ´ 10-28 J.

If E = 50 N/C, we find p = 2.0 ´ 10-28 C·m.

210 CHAPTER 22

19. Our system consists of four point charges that are placed at the corner of a square.
The total electric field at a point is the vector sum of the electric fields of individual
charges. Applying the superposition principle, the net electric field at the center of the
square is

r 4 r 4
1 qi
E = å Ei = å r̂ .
i =1 4pe 0 ri
2 i
i =1

With q1 = +30 nC, q2 = -15 nC, q3 = +15 nC, and q4 = -30 nC, the x component of the
electric field at the center of the square is given by, taking the signs of the charges into
consideration,

1 é | q1 | | q2 | | q3 | | q4 | ù
Ex = ê + - - 2 ú
cos 45°
4pe 0 ë ( a / 2) 2
( a / 2) 2
( a / 2) 2
( a / 2) û
1 1 1
= (| q1 | + | q2 | - | q3 | - | q4 | ) .
4pe 0 a / 2
2
2

Similarly, the y component of the electric field is

1 é | q1 | | q2 | | q3 | | q4 | ù
Ey = ê- + + - ú cos 45°
4pe 0 ë (a / 2) (a / 2) (a / 2) (a / 2)2 û
2 2 2

1 1 1
= ( - | q1 | + | q2 | + | q3 | - | q4 |) .
4pe 0 a / 2
2
2

The magnitude of the net electric field is E = Ex2 + E y2 .

Substituting the values given, we obtain

1 2 1 2
2 ( 1
Ex = | q | + | q2 | - | q3 | - | q4 | ) = ( 30 nC + 15 nC -15 nC - 30 nC ) = 0
4pe 0 a 4pe 0 a 2
and
1 2 1 2
Ey = ( - | q1 | + | q2 | + | q3 | - | q4 |) = ( -30 nC + 15 nC + 15 nC - 30 nC )
4pe 0 a 2
4pe 0 a 2
- ( 8.99 ´109 N × m 2 / C 2 ) (3.0 ´10-8 C) 2
=
(0.050 m)2
= -1.53 ´105 N/C.
r
Thus, the electric field at the center of the square is E = E y ˆj = (-1.53 ´105 N/C)j.
ˆ
 211

20. (a) The initial

r direction of motion is taken to be the +x rdirectionr (this is also the
r
direction of E ). We use v 2f - vi2 = 2aDx with vf = 0 and a = F m = - eE me to solve for
distance Dx:

-vi2 - me vi2 - ( 9.11´ 10 kg )( 2.60 ´10 m s )

-31 6 2

Dx = = = = 1.92 ´ 10-2 m.
2a -2eE -2 (1.60 ´ 10 C )(1.00 ´ 10 N C )
-19 3

(b) Equation 2-17 leads to

Dx 2Dx 2 (1.92 ´ 10 m )
-2

t= = = = 1.48 ´ 10-8 s = 14.8 ns.

vavg vi 2.60 ´ 10 m s
6

(c) Using Dv2 = 2aDx with the new value of Dx, we find

DK D ( 2 me v ) Dv 2 2aDx -2eE Dx
1 2

= 1 = 2 = 2 =
Ki 2 me vi
2
vi vi me vi2
-2 (1.60 ´10-19 C )(1.00 ´103 N C )( 8.00 ´10-3 m )
= = -0.416.
( 9.11´10-31 kg )( 2.60 ´106 m s )
2

Thus, the fraction of the initial kinetic energy lost in the region is 0.416 or 41.6%.
212 CHAPTER 22

21. We combine Eq. 22-9 and Eq. 22-28 (in absolute values).

æ p ö 2kep
F= q E= qç 3 ÷
= 3
è 2pe 0 z ø z

where we have used Eq. 21-5 for the constant k in the last step. Thus, we obtain

2 ( 8.99 ´ 109 N × m 2 C 2 )(1.60 ´ 10-19 C )( 3.6 ´ 10-29 C × m )

F= = 6.6 ´ 10-15 N .
( 25 ´10 m)
-9 3

The magnitude of acceleration is

F 6.6 ´10-15 N
a= = = 7.3 ´1015 m/s 2 .
m 9.11´10 -31 kg
 213

r r
22. (a) We note that the electric field points leftward at both points. Using F = q0 E , and
orienting our x axis rightward (so î points right in the figure), we find

r æ N ö
F = ( +1.6 ´10 -19 C ) ç -60 ˆi ÷ = (-9.6 ´ 10-18 N) ˆi
è C ø

which means the magnitude of the force on the proton is 9.6 ´ 10–18 N and its direction
(-ˆi) is leftward.

(b) As the discussion in Section 22-2 makes clear, the field strength is proportional to the
“crowdedness” of the field lines. It is seen that the lines are twice as crowded at A than at
B, so we conclude that EA = 2EB. Thus, EB = 30 N/C.
214 CHAPTER 22

23. (a) Using Eq. 22-28, we find

r
F = ( 8.00 ´10-5 C )( 3.00 ´103 N C ) ˆi + ( 8.00 ´10 -5 C ) ( -6000 N C ) ˆj
= ( 0.240 N ) iˆ - ( 0.480 N ) ˆj.

Therefore, the force has magnitude equal to

F = Fx2 + Fy2 = ( 0.240 N ) + ( -0.480 N ) = 0.537 N.

2 2

r
(b) The angle the force F makes with the +x axis is

æ Fy ö -1 æ -0.480 N ö
q = tan -1 ç ÷ = tan ç ÷ = -63.4°
è Fx ø è 0.240 N ø

measured counterclockwise from the +x axis.

(c) With m = 0.0100 kg, the (x, y) coordinates at t = 3.00 s can be found by combining
Newton’s second law with the kinematics equations of Chapters 2–4. The x coordinate is

1 2 Fxt 2 ( 0.240 N )( 3.00 s )

2

x = axt = = = 108 m.
2 2m 2 ( 0.0100 kg )

(d) Similarly, the y coordinate is

F t ( -0.480 N )( 3.00 s )
2 2
1
y = a yt 2 = y = = -216 m.
2 2m 2 ( 0.0100 kg )

(e) The x and y components of the speed are

Fxt ( 0.240 N )( 3.00 s )

vx = ax t = = = 72.0 m/s
m 0.0100 kg

vy = a yt =
Fy t
=
( -0.480 N )( 3.00 s ) = -144 m/s.
m 0.0100 kg

Thus, v = vx2 + v y2 = ( 72.0 m/s ) + ( -144 m/s ) = 161 m/s.

2 2
 215

24. The net field components along the x and y axes are

q1 q2 cos q q2 sin q
Enet, x = - , Enet, y = - .
4pe 0 R 2
4pe 0 R 2 4pe 0 R 2

The magnitude is the square root of the sum of the components squared. Setting the
magnitude equal to E = 2.00 ´ 105 N/C, squaring and simplifying, we obtain

q12 + q12 - 2q1q2 cos q

E2 = .
(4pe 0 R 2 ) 2

With R = 0.500 m, q1 = 2.00 ´ 10- 6 C, and q2 = 6.00 ´ 10- 6 C, we can solve this
expression for cos q and then take the inverse cosine to find the angle:

æ q12 + q12 - (4pe 0 R 2 ) 2 E 2 ö

q = cos -1 ç ÷.
è 2 q q
1 2 ø
There are two answers.

(a) The positive value of angle is q = 67.8°.

(b) The positive value of angle is q = - 67.8°.

216 CHAPTER 22

25. THINK Since the nucleus is treated as a sphere with uniform surface charge
distribution, the electric field at the surface is exactly the same as it would be if the
charge were all at the center.

EXPRESS The nucleus has a radius R = 6.98 fm and a total charge q = Ze, where
Z = 79 for Au. Thus, the magnitude of the electric field at the nucleus surface is

q Ze
E= = .
4pe 0 R 2
4pe 0 R 2

ANALYZE (a) Substituting the values given, we find the field to be

E=
Ze
=
(8.99 ´ 109 N × m 2 C 2 ) (79) (1.60 ´ 10-19 C)
= 2.33 ´ 1021 N C.
4pe 0 R 2 (6.98 ´10 m) -15 2

(b) The field is normal to the surface. In addition, since the charge is positive, it points
outward from the surface.

LEARN The direction of electric field lines is

radially outward for a positive charge, and radially
inward for a negative charge. The field lines of our
nucleus are shown on the right.
 217

26. We use Eq. 22-16, with “q” denoting the charge on the larger ring:

3/ 2
Qz qz æ 20 ö
+ = 0 Þ q = -Q ç ÷ = -8.00Q .
4pe 0 ( D + R )
2 2 3/ 2
4pe 0 [ D + (4 R ) ]
2 2 3/ 2
è 5 ø

Note: We set D = 2R in the above calculation.

218 CHAPTER 22

27. THINK The acceleration of the proton is given by Newton’s second law:
F = ma, where F is the electrostatic force.

EXPRESS The magnitude of the force acting on the proton is F = eE, where E is the
magnitude of the electric field. According to Newton’s second law, the acceleration of
the proton is a = F/m = eE/m, where m is the mass of the proton. Thus,
F eE
a= = .
m m

We assume that the proton starts from rest ( v0 = 0 ) and apply the kinematic equation
1
v 2 = v02 + 2ax (or else x = at 2 and v = at). Thus, the speed of the proton after having
2
traveling a distance x is v = 2ax .

ANALYZE (a) With e = 1.6 ´ 10 -19 C, E = 2.00 ´ 104 N/C, and m = 1.67 ´ 10-27 kg, we
find the acceleration to be
eE (1.60 ´ 10 C )( 2.00 ´ 10 N C )
-19 4

a= = = 1.92 ´ 1012 m s .
2
-27
m 1.67 ´ 10 kg

(b) With x = 1.00 cm = 1.0 ´ 10-2 m, the speed of the proton is

v = 2ax = 2 192d ib
. ´ 1012 m s2 0.0100 m = 196 g
. ´ 105 m s.

(c) Using x = at 2 / 2, we find the time required to be

2x 2 ( 0.0100 m )
t= = = 1.02 ´ 10-7 s.
a 1.92 ´ 10 m s
12 2
 219

28. From dA = 2pr dr (which can be thought of as the differential of A = pr²) and dq = s
dA (from the definition of the surface charge density s), we have

æQö
dq = ç 2÷ 2pr dr
èpR ø

where we have used the fact that the disk is uniformly charged to set the surface charge
density equal to the total charge (Q) divided by the total area (pR2). We next set r =
0.0050 m and make the approximation dr » 40 ´ 10- 6 m. Thus we get dq » 3.2 ´ 10-16 C.
220 CHAPTER 22

29. THINK In this problem we compare the strengths between the electrostatic force and
the gravitational force.

EXPRESS The magnitude of the electrostatic force on a point charge of magnitude q is

given by F = qE, where E is the magnitude of the electric field at the location of the
particle. On the other hand, the force of gravity on a particle of mass m is Fg = mg .

ANALYZE (a) With q = -2.0 ´ 10-9 C and F = 6.0 ´10 -6 N, the magnitude of the electric
field strength is
F 6.0 ´ 10-6 N
E= = = 3.0 ´ 103 N C.
q 2.0 ´ 10-9 C
r r
In vector notation, F = qE . Since the force points downward and the charge is negative,
r r
the field E must points upward (in the opposite direction of F ).

(b) The magnitude of the electrostatic force on a proton is

Fel = eE = (1.60 ´10-19 C ) ( 3.0 ´103 N C ) = 4.8 ´10-16 N.

(c) A proton is positively charged, so the force is in the same direction as the field,
upward.

(d) The magnitude of the gravitational force on the proton is

(
Fg = mg = (1.67 ´10 -27 kg ) 9.8 m s
2
) = 1.6 ´10 -26
N.
The force is downward.

Fel 4.8 ´10-16 N

(e) The ratio of the forces is = = 2.9 ´1010.
Fg 1.64 ´10-26 N

(f) The magnitude of acceleration is

Fel 4.8 ´10-16 N

a= = -27
= 2.9 ´1011 m/s 2 .
m 1.67 ´10 kg

LEARN The force of gravity on the proton is much smaller than the electrostatic force
on the proton due to the field of strength E = 3.0 ´ 103 N C. For the two forces to have
equal strength, the electric field would have to be very small:

mg (1.67 ´ 10-27 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )

E= = -19
= 1.02 ´ 10-7 N/C.
q 1.6 ´ 10 C
 221

30. We find the maximum by differentiating Eq. 22-16 and setting the result equal to zero.

which leads to z = R / 2 . With R = 4.60 cm, we have z = 3.25 cm.

222 CHAPTER 22

31. By symmetry we see that the contributions from the two charges q1 = q2 = +5e cancel
each other, and we simply use Eq. 22-3 to compute magnitude of the field due to q3 = +2e.

(a) The magnitude of the net electric field is

r 1 2e 1 2e 1 4e
| Enet |= = =
4pe 0 r 2
4pe 0 (a / 2) 4pe 0 a 2
2

4(1.60 ´10-19 C)
= (8.99 ´109 N × m 2 C 2 ) = 639 N/C.
(3.00 ´10-6 m)2

(b) This field points at 45.0°, counterclockwise from the x axis.

 223

32. We place the origin of our coordinate system at point P and orient our y axis in the
direction of the q4 = –12q charge (passing through the q3 = +3q charge). The x axis is
perpendicular to the y axis, and r thusr passes
r r the identical q1 = q2 = +5q charges.
through
The individual magnitudes | E1|, | E 2 |, | E3 |, and | E 4 | are figured from Eq. 22-3, where the
absolute value signs for q1, q2, and q3 are unnecessary since those charges are positive
(assuming
r r q > 0). We note that the contribution from q1 cancels that of q2 (that is,
| E1 | = | E 2 | ), and the net field (if there is any) should be along the y axis, with magnitude
equal to

which is seen to be zero. A rough sketch of the field lines is shown below:
224 CHAPTER 22

33. (a) When the drop is in equilibrium, the force of gravity is balanced by the force of
the electric field: mg = -qE, where m is the mass of the drop, q is the charge on the drop,
and E is the magnitude of the electric field. The mass of the drop is given by m =
(4p/3)r3r, where r is its radius and r is its mass density. Thus,

(
4p (1.64 ´10 -6 m ) 851kg m 9.8 m s )( ) = -4.8 ´10
3 3 2
mg 4pr 3 r g -19
q=- =- =- C
E 3E 3 ( 3.20 ´105 N C )

and q/e = (-4.8 ´ 10–19 C)/(1.60 ´ 10–19 C) = -3, or q = -3e .

(b) It would move upward since the electric force is now greater than the gravitational
force.
 225

34. For it to be possible for the net field to vanish at some x > 0, the two individual fields
(caused by q1 and q2) must point in opposite directions for x > 0. Given their locations in
the figure, we conclude they are therefore oppositely charged. Further, since the net field
points more strongly leftward for the small positive x (where it is very close to q2) then
we conclude that q2 is the negative-valued charge. Thus, q1 is a positive-valued charge.
We write each charge as a multiple of some positive number x (not determined at this
point). Since the problem states the absolute value of their ratio, and we have already
inferred their signs, we have q1 = 4 x and q2 = -x. Using Eq. 22-3 for the individual fields,
we find
4x x
Enet = E1 + E2 = 2 –
4peo (L + x) 4peo x2

for points along the positive x axis. Setting Enet = 0 at x = 10 cm (see graph) immediately
leads to L = 10 cm.

(a) If we differentiate Enet with respect to x and set equal to zero (in order to find where it
is maximum), we obtain (after some simplification) that location:
æ2 3 13 1ö
x=ç 2 + 4 + ÷L = 1.70(10 cm) = 17 cm.
è3 3 3ø

We note that the result for part (a) does not depend on the particular value of x.

(b) Now we are asked to set x = 3e, where e = 1.60 ´ 10-19 C, and evaluate Enet at the
value of x (converted to meters) found in part (a). The result is 8.7 ´ 10-8 N/C .
226 CHAPTER 22

35. THINK The potential energy of the electric dipole placed in an electric field depends
on its orientation relative to the electric field.

EXPRESS The magnitude of the electric dipole moment is p = qd , where q is the

magnitude of the charge, and d is the separation between the two charges. When placed
in an electric field, the potential energy of the dipole is given by Eq. 22-38:
r r
U (q ) = - p × E = - pE cos q .

r r
Therefore, if the initial angle between p and E is q 0 and the final angle is q , then the
change in potential energy would be
DU = U (q ) - U 0 (q ) = - pE ( cos q - cos q 0 ) .

ANALYZE (a) With q = 1.50 ´ 10-9 C and d = 6.20 ´ 10-6 m, we find the magnitude of
the dipole moment to be

c hc h
. ´ 10-9 C 6.20 ´ 10-6 m = 9.30 ´ 10-15 C × m.
p = qd = 150

(b) The initial and the final angles are q 0 = 0 (parallel) and q = 90° (perpendicular), so
we find DU to be
DU = U ( 90° ) - U ( 0 ) = - pE = - ( 9.30 ´10 -15 C × m ) ( 300 N/C ) = -2.79 ´10-12 J.

Thus, | DU | = 2.79 ´ 10-12 J.

LEARN The potential energy is a maximum ( U max = + pE ) when the dipole is oriented
r r
antiparallel to E , and is a minimum ( U min = - pE ) when it is parallel to E.
 227

36. According to the problem statement, Eact is Eq. 22-5 (with z = 6d)

q q q
Eact = - = 0.00939
4pe 0 (5.5d ) 4pe 0 (6.5d )
2 2
4pe 0 d 2

and Eapprox is
2qd q
Eapprox = = 0.00926 .
4pe 0 (6d ) 3
4pe 0 d 2

The ratio is
Eapprox
= 0.9861 » 0.99.
Eact
228 CHAPTER 22

37. THINK The acceleration of the electron is given by Newton’s second law: F = ma,
where F is the electrostatic force.

EXPRESS The magnitude of the force acting on the electron is F = eE, where E is the
magnitude of the electric field at its location. Using Newton’s second law, the
acceleration of the electron is
F eE
a= = .
m m

ANALYZE (a) With e = 1.6 ´ 10 -19 C, E = 2.00 ´ 104 N/C, and m = 9.11´ 10-31 kg, we
find the acceleration to be
eE (1.60 ´ 10 C )( 2.00 ´ 10 N C )
-19 4

a= = = 3.51´ 1015 m s .
2
-31
m 9.11´ 10 kg

(b) Using v = at , the time it takes to reach the speed is

v 3.0 ´106 m/s

t= = = 8.54 ´10-10 s
a 3.51´1015 m s 2
or 0.854 ns.
r r r r r
LEARN In vector notation, a = F / m = -eE / m, so a is in the opposite direction of E.
The magnitude of electron’s acceleration is proportional to the field strength E: the
greater the value of E, the greater the acceleration.
 229

38. (a) Due to the fact that the electron is negatively charged, then (as a consequence of
®
Eq. 22-28 and Newton’s second law) the field E pointing in the same direction as the
velocity leads to deceleration. Thus, with t = 1.5 ´ 10- 9 s, we find

eE (1.6 ´ 10-19 C)(50 N/C)

v = v0 - | a | t = v0 - t = 3.0 ´ 104 m/s - -31
(1.5 ´ 10 -9 s)
m 9.11´ 10 kg
= 1.7 ´ 104 m/s .

(b) The displacement is equal to the distance since the electron does not change its
direction of motion. The field is uniform, which implies the acceleration is constant.
Thus,
v + v0
d= t = 3.5 ´10-5 m.
2
230 CHAPTER 22

39. (a) We use Dx = vavgt = vt/2:

2Dx 2 ( 3.0 ´ 10 m )
-2

v= = -8
= 4.0 ´106 m s.
t 1.5 ´10 s

This gives p = mv = (9.11´ 10-31 kg)(4.0 ´ 106 m s) = 3.6 ´ 10-24 kg × m/s.

(b) The kinetic energy of the electron is

1 2 1
K= mv = (9.11´ 10-31 kg)(4.0 ´ 106 m s)2 = 7.3 ´ 10-18 J.
2 2

(c) We use Dx = 21 at 2 and E = F/e = ma/e:

ma 2mDx 2 ( 9.11´ 10 kg )( 3.0 ´ 10 m )

-31 -2

E= = = = 1.5 ´ 103 N C.
e et (1.60 ´10 C )(1.5 ´10 s )
2 -19 - 8 2
 231

40. (a) Equation 22-33 leads to t = pE sin 0° = 0.

(b) With q = 90° , the equation gives

( )
t = pE = 2 (1.6 ´10-19 C )( 0.85 ´10-9 m ) ( 3.4 ´106 N C ) = 9.2 ´10-22 N × m.

(c) Now the equation gives t = pE sin180° = 0.

232 CHAPTER 22

41. Following the solution to part (c) of Sample Problem 22.05 — “Torque and energy of
an electric dipole in an electric field,” we find

W = U (q 0 + p ) - U (q 0 ) = - pE ( cos (q 0 + p ) - cos (q 0 ) ) = 2 pEcosq 0

= 2(3.02 ´10-25 C × m)(46.0 N/C)cos(23.0°)
= 2.56 ´10-23 J.
 233

r r
(a) The individual magnitudes E1 and E2 are figured from Eq. 22-3, where the
absolute value signs for q2 are unnecessary since this charge isrpositive. Whether we
add the magnitudes or subtract them depends on whether E 1 is in the same, or
r
opposite, direction as E 2 . At points left of q1 (on the –x axis) the fields point in
opposite directions, but there is no possibility of cancellation (zero net field) since
r r
E1 is everywhere bigger than E2 in this region. In the region between the charges
(0 < x < L) both fields point leftward and r there is no possibility
r of cancellation. At
points to the right of q2 (where x > L), E1 points leftward and E 2 points rightward so
the net field in this range is
r r r
( )
Enet = | E2 | - | E1 | ˆi .

r
Although |q1| > q2 there is the possibility of E net = 0 since these points are closer to q2
than to q1. Thus, we look for the zero net field point in the x > L region:
r r 1 | q1 | 1 q2
| E1 | = | E2 | Þ =
4pe 0 x 2
4pe 0 ( x - L ) 2
which leads to
x-L q2 1
= = .
x | q1 | 2
L
Thus, we obtain x = » 3.41L .
1- 1 2

(b) A sketch of the field lines is shown in the figure below:

234 CHAPTER 22

43. Equation 22-35 captures the sense as well as the magnitude of the
effect. That is, this is a restoring torque, trying to bring the tilted dipole back to its
aligned equilibrium position. If the amplitude of the motion is small, we may replace sin
q with q in radians. Thus, t » - pEq . Since this exhibits a simple negative
proportionality to the angle of rotation, the dipole oscillates in simple harmonic motion,
like a torsional pendulum with torsion constant k = pE. The angular frequency w is
given by
k pE
w2 = =
I I

where I is the rotational inertia of the dipole. The frequency of oscillation is

w 1 pE
f = = .
2p 2p I
 235

44. We assume there are no forces or force-components along the x direction. We

combine Eq. 22-28 with Newton’s second law, then use Eq. 4-21 to determine time t
followed by Eq. 4-23 to determine the final velocity (with –g replaced by the ay of this
problem); for these purposes, the velocity components given in the problem statement are
re-labeled as v0x and v0y, respectively.
r r r
(a) We have a = qE / m = -( e / m) E , which leads to

r æ 1.60 ´10-19 C ö æ N öˆ 2 ˆ
a = -ç -31 ÷ ç 120 ÷ j = -(2.1´10 m s ) j.
13

è 9.11´10 kg ø è Cø

(b) Since vx = v0x in this problem (that is, ax = 0), we obtain

Dx 0.020 m
t= = = 8.0 ´ 10-8 s
v0 x 2.5 ´ 105 m s
v y = v0 y + a y t = 5.0 ´ 103 m s + (-2.1´ 1013 m s )(8.0 ´ 10-7 s) = -1.7 ´ 106 m s
2

Therefore, the final velocity is

r
v = ( 2.5 ´105 m s ) ˆi - (1.7 ´106 m s ) ˆj
236 CHAPTER 22

45. THINK The magnitude of the electric field produced by a point charge q is given by
E =| q | / 4pe 0 r 2 , where r is the distance from the charge to the point where the field has
magnitude E.

EXPRESS From E = | q | / 4pe 0 r 2 , we see that E µ 1/ r 2 .

ANALYZE With E = 2.0 N/C at r = 50 cm = 0.50 m, we obtain

2 2
ærö æ 50 cm ö
E¢ = ç ÷ E = ç ÷ ( 2.0 N C ) = 0.89 N C.
è r¢ ø è 50 cm + 25 cm ø

LEARN To determine the sign of the charge, we would need to know the direction of the
field. The field lines extend away from a positive charge and toward a negative charge.
 237

46. Using Eq. 22-35, considering q as a variable, we note that it reaches its maximum
value when q = -90°: tmax = pE. Thus, with E = 40 N/C and tmax = 80 ´10-28 N·m
(determined from the graph), we obtain the dipole moment: p = 2.0 ´ 10-28 C·m.
238 CHAPTER 22

47. (a) Consider an infinitesimal section of the rod of length dx, a distance x from the left
end. It contains charge dq =ldx and is a distance r from P. The magnitude of the field it
produces at P is given by
1 l dx
dE = .
4pe 0 r 2
The x and the y components are
1 l dx
dEx = - sin q
4pe 0 r 2
and
1 l dx
dE y = - cos q ,
4pe 0 r 2

respectively. We use q as the variable of integration and substitute r = R / cos q ,

x = R tan q and dx = (R/cos2 q) dq. The limits of integration are 0 and p/2 rad. Thus,

l p2 l p2
l
Ex = - ò
4pe 0 R 0
sin qdq =
4pe 0 R
cos q
0
=-
4pe 0 R
and
l p2 l p /2
l
Ey = - ò
4pe 0 R 0
cosq dq = -
4pe 0 R
sin q
0
=-
4pe 0 R
.

r
We notice that Ex = Ey no matter what the value of R. Thus, E makes an angle of 45°
with the rod for all values of R.

(b) Substituting the values given, we have

l (8.99 ´ 109 N × m 2 C 2 )(4.52 ´ 10-9 C/m)

Ex = - =- = -1.069 ´ 103 N/C
4pe 0 R 0.0380 m
l
Ey = - = -1.069 ´ 103 N/C
4pe 0 R

( -1.069 ´10 N/C ) + ( -1.069 ´ 103 N/C ) = 1.51´ 103 N/C.

2 2
Thus, E = Ex2 + E y2 = 3
 239

48. From Eq. 22-26, we obtain

é ù
s æ z ö 5.3 ´10 -6 C m
7.0 2
ê1 - 12cm ú = 6.3
E= ç1- 2 ÷ = ´10 3
x 10N3 N/C
C.
( )
8.3
2e 0 è ´ -12 2
× ê 2 ú
z + R2 (12cm ) + ( 2.5cm ) û
2
ø
2
2 8.85 10 C /N m
ë
240 CHAPTER 22

49. (a) The vertical components of the individual fields (due to the two charges) cancel,
by symmetry. Using d = 3.00 m and y = 4.00 m, the horizontal components (both
pointing to the –x direction) add to give a magnitude of

2|q|d 2(8.99 ´ 109 N × m 2 C2 )(3.20 ´ 10-19 C)(3.00 m)

E x,net = =
4pe 0 (d 2 + y 2 )3/ 2 [(3.00 m) 2 + (4.00 m) 2 ]3/ 2 .
= 1.38 ´ 10-10 N/C .

(b) The net electric field points in the –x direction, or 180° counterclockwise from the +x
axis.

(c) If y = 8.00 m, then

2|q|d 2(8.99 ´ 109 N × m 2 C2 )(3.20 ´ 10-19 C)(3.00 m)

E x,net = =
4pe 0 (d 2 + y 2 )3/ 2 [(3.00 m) 2 + (8.00 m) 2 ]3/ 2
= 2.77 ´ 10-11 N/C .
 241

50. Due to the fact that the electron is negatively charged, then (as a consequence of Eq.
®
22-28 and Newton’s second law) the field E pointing in the +y direction (which we will
call “upward”) leads to a downward acceleration. This is exactly like a projectile motion
problem as treated in Chapter 4 (but with g replaced with a = eE/m = 8.78 ´ 1011 m/s2).
Thus, Eq. 4-21 gives
x 3.00 m
t= = = 9.80 ´10-7 s .
v0 cos q0 (4.00 ´106 m/s)cos40.0°

This leads (using Eq. 4-23) to

v y = v0 sin q 0 - at = (4.00 ´106 m/s)sin40.0° - (8.78 ´ 1011 m/s 2 )(9.80 ´ 10-7 s)

= 1.71´ 106 m/s .

Since the x component of velocity does not change, then the final velocity is
® ^ ^
v = (3.06 ´ 106 m/s) i + (1.71 ´ 106 m/s) j .
242 CHAPTER 22

51. We note that the symbol q2 is used in the problem statement to mean the absolute
value of the negative charge that resides on the larger shell.

(a) The following sketch is for q1 = q2 . The external field lines are non-existent.

(b) and (c) The following two sketches are for the cases q1 > q2 (left figure) and q1 < q2
(right figure).
 243

52. Equation 22-28 gives

using Newton’s second law.

(a) With east being the $i direction, we have

r æ 9.11´ 10-31 kg ö
E = -ç
è 1.60 ´ 10 -19
C
(ø
)
2 ˆ ˆ
÷ 3.40 ´ 10 m s i = (-0.0194 N C) i
9

which means the field has a magnitude of 0.0194 N/C .

r
(b) The result shows that the field E is directed in the –x direction, or westward.
244 CHAPTER 22

53. We make the assumption that bead 2 is in the lower half of the circle, partly because
it would be awkward for bead 1 to “slide through” bead 2 if it were in the path of bead 1
(which is the upper half of the circle) and partly to eliminate a second solution to the
problem (which would have opposite angle and charge for bead 2). We note that the net
y component of the electric field evaluated at the origin is negative (points down) for all
positions of bead 1, which implies (with our assumption in the previous sentence) that
bead 2 is a negative charge.

(a) When bead 1 is on the +y axis, there is no x component of the net electric field, which
implies bead 2 is on the –y axis, so its angle is –90°.

(b) Since the downward component of the net field, when bead 1 is on the +y axis, is of
largest magnitude, then bead 1 must be a positive charge (so that its field is in the same
direction as that of bead 2, in that situation). Comparing the values of Ey at 0° and at 90°
we see that the absolute values of the charges on beads 1 and 2 must be in the ratio of 5 to
4. This checks with the 180° value from the Ex graph, which further confirms our belief
that bead 1 is positively charged. In fact, the 180° value from the Ex graph allows us to
solve for its charge (using Eq. 22-3):

C2
q1 = 4peor²E = 4p( 8.854 ´ 10-12 N m2 )(0.40 m)2 (5.0 ´104 = 8.9 ´10- 7 C = 0.89 mC .
N
C
)

(c) Similarly, the 0° value from the Ey graph allows us to solve for the charge of bead 2:

C2
q2 =4peor²E =4p( 8.854´10-12 N m2 )(0.40 m)2 (– 4.0´104 C ) = –7.1 ´ 10- 7 C = –0.71 mC .
N
 245

54. We write Eq. 22-26 as

E z
= 1- 2
Emax ( z + R 2 )1/ 2

1
and note that this ratio is 2 (according to the graph shown in the figure) when z = 8.0 cm.
Solving this for R we obtain R = z 3 = 13.9 cm.
246 CHAPTER 22

55. (a) Consider the figure below. The magnitude of the net electric field at point P is

r é 1 q ù d /2 1 qd
Enet = 2 E1 sin q = 2 ê ú =
êë 4pe 0 ( d / 2 ) + r úû ( d / 2) 4pe 0 é( d / 2 ) 2 + r 2 ù 3/ 2
2 2
+r
2 2
ë û

For r >> d , we write [(d/2)2 + r2]3/2 » r3 so the expression above reduces to

r 1 qd
| Enet | » .
4pe 0 r 3

(b) From the figure, it is clear that the net electric field
at point P points in the - $j direction, or -90° from
the +x axis.
 247

56. (a) Fe = Ee = (3.0 ´ 106 N/C)(1.6 ´ 10–19 C) = 4.8 ´ 10 – 13 N.

(b) Fi = Eqion = Ee = (3.0 ´ 106 N/C)(1.6 ´ 10–19 C) = 4.8 ´ 10 – 13 N.

(c) The magnitude of the acceleration is

Fe 4.8 ´ 10-13 N
a= = = 5.3 ´ 1017 m/s 2 .
me 9.11´ 10-31 kg
248 CHAPTER 22

57. (a) The electron ec is a distance r = z = 0.020 m away. Thus,

e (8.99 ´ 109 N × m 2 C2 )(1.60 ´10 -19 C)

EC = = = 3.60 ´ 10-6 N/C .
4pe 0 r 2
(0.020 m) 2

(b) The horizontal components of the individual fields (due to the two es charges) cancel,
and the vertical components add to give

2ez 2(8.99 ´ 109 N × m 2 C 2 )(1.6 ´ 10-19 C)(0.020 m)

Es,net = =
4pe 0 ( R 2 + z 2 )3/ 2 [(0.020 m) 2 + (0.020 m) 2 ]3/ 2
= 2.54 ´ 10 -6 N/C .

(c) Calculation similar to that shown in part (a) now leads to a stronger field

e (8.99 ´109 N × m 2 C 2 )(1.60 ´ 10-19 C)

EC¢ = = = 1.44 ´10 -3 N/C
4pe 0 z ¢2 (0.020 m/20) 2

from the central charge.

(d) The field due to the side charges may be obtained from calculation similar to that
shown in part (b). The result is

2ez 2(8.99 ´ 109 N × m 2 C2 )(1.6 ´10 -19 C)(0.020 m/20)

¢ =
Es,net =
4pe 0 ( R 2 + z ¢2 )3/ 2 [(0.020 m) 2 + (0.020 m/20) 2 ]3/ 2
= 3.58 ´ 10-7 N/C .

(e) Since Ec is inversely proportional to z2, this is a simple result of the fact that z is now
much smaller than in part (a). For the net effect due to the side charges, it is the
“trigonometric factor” for the y component (here expressed as z/ r ) that shrinks almost
linearly (as z decreases) for very small z, plus the fact that the x components cancel,
which leads to the decreasing value of Es, net .
 249

58. We are given s = 5.00 ´ 10-6 C/m2 and various values of z (in the notation of Eq. 22-
26, which specifies the field E of the charged disk). Using this with F = eE (the
magnitude of Eq. 22-28 applied to the electron) and F = ma, we obtain a = F / m = eE / m .

(a) The magnitude of the acceleration at a distance R is

e s (2 - 2 )
a= = 1.45 ´ 1016 m/s2 .
4 m eo

e s (10001 - 10001 )
(b) At a distance R/100, a = = 4.93 ´ 1016 m/s2 .
20002 m eo

e s (1000001 - 1000001 )
(c) At a distance R/1000, a = = 4.96 ´ 1016 m/s2 .
2000002 m eo

(d) The field due to the disk becomes more uniform as the electron nears the center point.
One way to view this is to consider the forces exerted on the electron by the charges near
the edge of the disk; the net force on the electron caused by those charges will decrease
due to the fact that their contributions come closer to canceling out as the electron
approaches the middle of the disk.
250 CHAPTER 22

59. (a) The smallest arc is of length L1 = pr1 /2 = pR/2; the middle-sized arc has length
L2 = p r2 / 2 = p (2 R ) / 2 = p R ; and, the largest arc has L3 = p(3R)/2. The charge per unit
length for each arc is l = q/L where each charge q is specified in the figure. Thus, we
find the net electric field to be
l (2sin 45°) l2 (2sin 45°) l3 (2sin 45°) 4Q
Enet = 1 + + =
4pe 0 r1 4pe 0 r2 4pe 0 r3 2p (4pe 0 ) R 2
4(8.99 ´109 N × m 2 C2 ) (4.00 ´10-6 C)
= = 1.30 ´107 N/C
2p (0.050 m) 2

(b) The direction is – 45º, measured counterclockwise from the +x axis.

 251

60. (a) Vertical equilibrium of forces leads to the equality

mg
qE - mg = ma = 0 Þ E= .
2e
r
where E = E . Substituting the values given in the problem, we obtain

mg (6.64 ´10-27 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )

E= = -19
= 2.03 ´10-7 N C .
2e 2(1.6 ´10 C)
r
(b) Since the force of gravity is downward, then qE must point upward. Since q > 0 in
r
this situation, this implies E must itself point upward.

(c) If the field is doubled: E ¢ = 2 E , then

(2e)(2 E )
(2e) E ¢ - mg = ma Þ a= - g = 2 g - g = g = 9.8 m/s2 .
m
The particle moves upward.
252 CHAPTER 22

61. First, we need a formula for the field due to the arc. We use the notation l for the
charge density, l = Q/L. Sample Problem 22.03 — “Electric field of a charged circular
rod” illustrates the simplest approach to circular arc field problems. Following the steps
leading to Eq. 22-21, we see that the general result (for arcs that subtend angle q) is

l 2l sin(q / 2)
Earc = [sin(q / 2) - sin(-q / 2) ] = .
4pe 0 r 4pe 0 r

Now, the arc length is L = rq if q is expressed in radians. Thus, using R instead of r, we

obtain
2(Q / L) sin(q / 2) 2(Q / Rq )sin(q / 2) 2Q sin(q / 2)
Earc = = = .
4pe 0 r 4pe 0 r 4pe 0 R 2q

The problem asks for the ratio Eparticle / Earc, where Eparticle is given by Eq. 22-3:

Eparticle Q / 4pe 0 R 2 q
= = .
Earc 2Q sin(q / 2) / 4pe 0 R q 2 sin(q / 2)
2

With q = p, we have
Eparticle p
= » 1.57.
Earc 2