Chapter 38

1. (a) We assume all the power results in photon production at the wavelength
l = 589 nm . Let R be the rate of photon production and E be the energy of a single
photon. Then,
P = RE = Rhc/l,

where E = hf and f = c/l are used. Here h is the Planck constant, f is the frequency of the
emitted light, and l is its wavelength. Thus,

R=
lP
=
( 589 ´10 -9
m ) (100 W )
= 2.96 ´10 20 photon/s.
hc ( 6.63´10-34 J × s )( 3.00 ´108 m/s )
(b) Let I be the photon flux a distance r from the source. Since photons are emitted
uniformly in all directions, R = 4pr2I and

R 2.96 ´1020 photon/s

r= = = 4.86 ´107 m.
4p I 4p (1.00 ´10 photon/m × s )
4 2

(c) The photon flux is

R 2.96 ´1020 photon/s photon

I= = = 5.89 ´1018 .
4p r 4p ( 2.00 m ) m2 × s
2 2

333
334 CHAPTER 38

2. (a) Equation 38-11 yields

h
Dl = (1 - cos f ) = (2.43 pm)(1 - cos180° ) = +4.86 pm.
me c

(b) Using the value hc = 1240 eV·nm, the change in photon energy is

hc hc æ 1 1 ö
DE = - = (1240 eV.nm) ç - = -53.1 keV.
l¢ l è 0.0085 nm + 4.86 pm 0.0085 nm ÷ø

(c) From conservation of energy, DK = – DE = 53.1 keV.

(d) The electron will move straight ahead after the collision, since it has acquired some of
the forward linear momentum from the photon. Thus, the angle between +x and the
direction of the electron’s motion is zero.
 335

3. THINK The de Broglie wavelength of the electron is given by l = h/p, where p is the
momentum of the electron.

EXPRESS The momentum of the electron can be written as

p = me v = 2me K = 2me eV ,

where V is the accelerating potential and e is the fundamental charge. Thus,

h h
l= = .
p 2me eV

ANALYZE With V = 25.0 kV, we obtain

h 6.626 ´10-34 J × s
l= =
2me eV 2(9.109 ´ 10-31 kg)(1.602 ´ 10-19 C)(25.0 ´ 103 V)
= 7.75 ´ 10-12 m = 7.75 pm.

LEARN The wavelength is of the same order as the Compton wavelength of the electron.
Increasing the potential difference V would make the wavelength even smaller.
336 CHAPTER 38

4. Referring to Sample Problem — “Compton scattering of light by electrons,” we

see that the fractional change in photon energy is

E - En Dl (h / mc)(1 - cos f )
= = .
E l + Dl (hc / E ) + (h / mc )(1 - cos f )

Energy conservation demands that E – E' = K, the kinetic energy of the electron. In the
maximal case, f = 180°, and we find

K (h / mc)(1 - cos180°) 2h / mc
= = .
E (hc / E ) + (h / mc )(1 - cos180°) (hc / E ) + (2h / mc)

Multiplying both sides by E and simplifying the fraction on the right-hand side leads to

FG 2 / mc IJ = E . 2
K=E
H c / E + 2 / mc K mc / 2 + E
2
 337

5. (a) Setting l = h / p = h / b E / cg - m c , we solve for K = E – m c :

2 2 2
e e
2

2
æ 1240eV × nm ö
2
æ hc ö
K = ç ÷ + me2 c 4 - me c 2 = ç ÷ + ( 0.511MeV ) - 0.511MeV
2
-3
è l ø è 10 ´10 nm ø
= 0.015 MeV = 15 keV.

(b) Using the value hc = 1240eV × nm

hc 1240 eV × nm
E= = = 1.2 ´ 105 eV = 120 keV.
l -3
10 ´ 10 nm

(c) The electron microscope is more suitable, as the required energy of the electrons is
much less than that of the photons.
338 CHAPTER 38

6. We use Eq. 38-5 to find the maximum kinetic energy of the ejected electrons:

( )( )
K max = hf - F = 4.14 ´ 10-15 eV × s 2.5 ´ 1015 Hz - 2.3eV= 8.1 eV.
 339

7. The energy of the electron in region 1 is

1 2 1
E=K = mv = (9.11´ 10-31 kg)(900m/s)2 = 3.69 ´ 10-25 J = 2.306 m eV.
2 2

The angular wave number in region 1 is

2p 2p 2p p 2p mv 2p (9.11´ 10-31 kg)(900m/s)

k= = = = = = 7.77 ´ 106 m-1
l ( h / p) h h -34
6.626 ´10 J × s

In region 2 where V = -1.25 mV, the kinetic energy of the electron is

K b = E - U b = 2.306 m eV - 1.25 m eV = 1.056 m eV.

and the corresponding angular wave number is

2p 2p 2p
kb = 2 m( E - U b ) = 2mK b = 2(9.11´10 -31 kg)(1.056 m eV)(1.6 ´10-25 J/m eV)
h h 6.626 ´10-34 J × s
= 5.258 ´106 m -1

The ratio of the two wave numbers is kb / k = (5.258 ´ 106 m -1 ) /(7.77 ´ 106 m -1 ) = 0.6767.
The reflection coefficient is

2
| B |2 æ 1 - kb / k ö æ 1 - 0.6767 ö
2

R= =ç ÷ = = 0.0372 ,
| A |2 è 1 + kb / k ø çè 1 + 0.6767 ÷ø

which leads to the following transmission coefficient:

T = 1 - R = 1 - 0.0372 = 0.9628 .
Thus, we find the current on the other side of the step boundary to be

I t = TI 0 = ( 0.9628 ) (5.00 mA) = 4.81 mA .

340 CHAPTER 38

8. (a) Using Table 37-3 and the value hc = 1240 eV·nm, we obtain

h h hc 1240eV × nm
l= = = = = 0.0388nm.
p 2me K 2me c 2 K 2(511000eV)(1000eV)

(b) A photon’s de Broglie wavelength is equal to its familiar wave-relationship value.

Using the value hc = 1240 eV·nm,

hc 1240 eV × nm
l= = = 1.24 nm .
E 1.00 keV

(c) The neutron mass may be found in Appendix B. Using the conversion from electron-
volts to Joules, we obtain

h 6.63´10-34 J × s
l= = = 9.06 ´10 -13 m.
-27 -16
2mn K 2(1.675 ´10 kg)(1.6 ´10 J)
 341

9. (a) The transmission coefficient T for a particle of mass m and energy E that is incident
on a barrier of height Ub and width L is given by T = e -2 bL , where

8p 2 m (U b - E )
b= .
h2
For the proton, we have

8p2 (1.6726 ´10-27 kg ) (10MeV - 3.0MeV ) (1.6022 ´10-13 J MeV )

b=
( 6.6261´10 J ×s )
-34 2

= 5.8082 ´1014 m -1 .

This gives bL = ( 5.8082 ´1014 m -1 )(10 ´ 10-15 m ) = 5.8082, and

T = e -2(5.8082) = 9.02 ´10-6 .

The value of b was computed to a greater number of significant digits than usual because
an exponential is quite sensitive to the value of the exponent.

(b) Mechanical energy is conserved. Before the proton reaches the barrier, it has a kinetic
energy of 3.0 MeV and a potential energy of zero. After passing through the barrier, the
proton again has a potential energy of zero, thus a kinetic energy of 3.0 MeV.

(c) Energy is also conserved for the reflection process. After reflection, the proton has a
potential energy of zero, and thus a kinetic energy of 3.0 MeV.

(d) The mass of a deuteron is 2.0141 u = 3.3454 ´ 10–27 kg, so

8p2 ( 3.3454 ´10-27 kg ) (10MeV - 3.0MeV ) (1.6022 ´10-13 J MeV )

b=
( 6.6261´10 J ×s )
-34 2

= 8.2143´1014 m -1 .

This gives bL = ( 8.2143´1014 m -1 )(10 ´10 -15 m ) = 8.2143, and

T = e -2(8.2143) = 7.33´10-8 .

(e) As in the case of a proton, mechanical energy is conserved. Before the deuteron
reaches the barrier, it has a kinetic energy of 3.0 MeV and a potential energy of zero.
342 CHAPTER 38

After passing through the barrier, the deuteron again has a potential energy of zero, thus a
kinetic energy of 3.0 MeV.

(f) Energy is also conserved for the reflection process. After reflection, the deuteron has a
potential energy of zero, and thus a kinetic energy of 3.0 MeV.
 343

b g
10. (a) Since K = 7.5 MeV << ma c 2 = 4 932 MeV , we may use the nonrelativistic
formula p = 2ma K . Using Eq. 38-43 (and noting that 1240 eV·nm = 1240 MeV·fm),
we obtain

h hc 1240 MeV × fm
l= = = = 5.2 fm.
p 2ma c 2 K 2 ( 4u )( 931.5 MeV/u )( 7.5 MeV )

(b) Since l = 5.2 fm << 30 fm, to a fairly good approximation, the wave nature of the a
particle does not need to be taken into consideration.
344 CHAPTER 38

11. We use the uncertainty relationship DxDp ³ h . Letting Dx = l, the de Broglie

wavelength, we solve for the minimum uncertainty in p:

h h p
Dp = = =
Dx 2pl 2p

where the de Broglie relationship p = h/l is used. We use 1/2p = 0.080 to obtain Dp =
0.080p. We would expect the measured value of the momentum to lie between 0.92p and
1.08p. Measured values of zero, 0.5p, and 2p would all be surprising.
 345

12. We plug Eq. 38-17 into Eq. 38-16, and note that

dy
=
dx dx
d
c h
Ae ikx + Be - ikx = ikAeikx - ikBe - ikx .

Also,
d 2y
dx 2
=
d
dx
c h
ikAeikx - ikBe - ikx = - k 2 Aeikx - k 2 Beikx .
Thus,
d 2y
dx 2
c h
+ k 2y = - k 2 Aeikx - k 2 Be ikx + k 2 Ae ikx + Be -ikx = 0.
346 CHAPTER 38

13. If the momentum is measured at the same time as the position, then

h 6.63 ´ 10-34 J × s
Dp » = = 2.1 ´ 10-24 kg × m s .
Dx b
2 p 50 pm g
 347

14. Using the value hc = 1240 eV·nm, the number of photons emitted from the laser per
unit time is

P 3.00 ´ 10-3 W
R= = -19
= 9.07 ´ 1015 / s,
Eph (1240 eV × nm/600 nm)(1.60 ´ 10 J/eV)

of which (1.0 ´ 10–16)(9.07 ´ 1015/s) = 0.907/s actually cause photoelectric emissions.

Thus the current is

i = (0.907/s)(1.60 ´ 10–19 C) = 1.45 ´ 10–19 A.

348 CHAPTER 38

15. (a) The angular wave number in region 1 is

2p 2p
k= 2mE = 2(9.11´10-31 kg)(800 eV)(1.6 ´10-19 J/eV)
h 6.626 ´10-34 J × s
= 1.45 ´1011 m -1

(b) The angular wave number in region 2 is

2p 2p
kb = 2m( E - U b ) = 2(9.11´10-31 kg)(800 eV - 200 eV)(1.6 ´10 -19 J/eV)
h 6.626 ´10-34 J × s
k
= = 7.24 ´1010 m -1
2

(c) The wave functions in the two regions can be written as

y 1 ( x) = Aeikx + Be -ikx , y 2 ( x) = Ceik x

b

Matching the boundary conditions leads to

A+ B =C
Ak - Bk = Ckb
Since kb = k / 2, the above equations can be solved to give ( B / A) = 1/ 3 and
(C / A) = 4 / 3. The reflection coefficient is

| B |2 1
R= = = 0.111 .
| A |2 9

(d) With N 0 = 5.00 ´ 105 electrons in the incident beam, the number reflected is

æ1ö
N R = RN 0 = ç ÷ (5.00 ´ 105 ) = 5.56 ´ 104 .
è9ø
 349

16. (a) The momentum of the electron is

h6.63 ´10-34 J × s
p= = = 3.3 ´10-24 kg × m/s.
l 0.20 ´10 m-9

(b) The momentum of the photon is the same as that of the electron:
p = 3.3 ´10-24 kg × m/s.

(c) The kinetic energy of the electron is

p 2 ( 3.3´10 kg × m/s )
-24 2

Ke = = = 6.0 ´10-18 J = 38 eV.

2me 2 ( 9.11´10 -31 kg )

(d) The kinetic energy of the photon is

K ph = pc = ( 3.3 ´10-24 kg × m/s )( 2.998 ´108 m/s ) = 9.9 ´10-16 J = 6.2 keV.
350 CHAPTER 38

17. THINK In this problem we solve a special case of the Schrödinger’s equation
where the potential energy is U ( x ) = U 0 = constant.

EXPRESS For U = U0, Schrödinger’s equation becomes

d 2y 8p2 m
+ 2 [ E - U 0 ]y = 0.
dx 2 h
We substitute y = y 0eikx .

d 2y
ANALYZE The second derivative is = -k 2y 0 eikx = -k 2y . The result is
dx 2

8p 2 m
-k 2y + [ E - U 0 ]y = 0.
h2
Solving for k, we obtain

8p 2 m 2p
k= [E - U0 ] = 2m[ E - U 0 ].
h 2
h

LEARN Another way to realize this is to note that with a constant potential energy
U ( x) = U 0 , we can simply redefine the total energy as E ¢ = E - U 0 , and the
Schrödinger’s equation looks just like the free-particle case:

d 2y 8p 2 mE ¢
+ y = 0.
dx 2 h2

The solution is y = y 0 exp(ik ¢x ), where

8p 2 mE ¢ 2p 2p
k ¢2 = Þ k= 2mE ¢ = 2m( E - U 0 ) .
h 2
h h
 351

18. THINK The angular wave number k is related to the wavelength l by k = 2p/l.

EXPRESS The wavelength is related to the particle momentum p by l = h/p, so k =

2pp/h. Now, the kinetic energy K and the momentum are related by K = p2/2m, where m
is the mass of the particle.

ANALYZE Thus, we have p = 2mK and

2p 2p p 2p 2mK
k= = = .
l h h

LEARN The expression obtained above applies to the case of a free particle only. In the
presence of interaction, the potential energy is nonzero, and the functional form of k will
change. For example, as shown in Problem 38-57, when U ( x) = U 0 , the angular wave
number becomes
2p
k= 2m( E - U 0 ) .
h
352 CHAPTER 38

19. THINK Even though E < U b , barrier tunneling can still take place quantum
mechanically with finite probability.

EXPRESS If m is the mass of the particle and E is its energy, then the transmission
coefficient for a barrier of height Ub and width L is given by T = e -2bL , where

8p 2 m (U b - E )
b= .
h2

If the change DUb in Ub is small (as it is), the change in the transmission coefficient is
given by
dT db
DT = DU b = -2 LT DU b .
dU b dU b
Now,
db 1 8p 2 m 1 8p2 m (U b - E ) b
= = = .
dU b 2 U b - E h 2
2 (U b - E ) h 2
2 (U b - E )
Thus,
DU b
DT = - LTb .
Ub - E
ANALYZE (a) With

8p2 ( 9.11´10-31 kg ) ( 6.8 eV - 5.1 eV ) (1.6022 ´10 -19 J eV )

b= = 6.67 ´109 m -1 ,
( 6.6261´10 J ×s)
-34 2

we have bL = (6.67 ´109 m -1 )(750 ´10-12 m -1 ) = 5.0, and

DT DU b ( 0.010 )( 6.8 eV )
= -bL = - ( 5.0 ) = -0.20 .
T Ub - E 6.8 eV - 5.1eV

There is a 20% decrease in the transmission coefficient.

(b) The change in the transmission coefficient is given by

dT
DT = DL = -2be -2bL DL = -2bT DL
dL
and
DT
= -2bDL = -2 ( 6.67 ´ 109 m -1 ) ( 0.010 ) ( 750 ´ 10-12 m ) = -0.10 .
T
 353

There is a 10% decrease in the transmission coefficient.

(c) The change in the transmission coefficient is given by

dT db db
DT = DE = -2 Le -2bL DE = -2 LT DE .
dE dE dE

Now, db dE = - db dU b = -b 2 (U b - E ) , so

DT DE ( 0.010 )( 5.1eV )
= bL = ( 5.0 ) = 0.15 .
T Ub - E 6.8 eV - 5.1eV

There is a 15% increase in the transmission coefficient.

LEARN Increasing the barrier height or the barrier thickness reduces the probability of
transmission, while increasing the kinetic energy of the electron increases the probability.
354 CHAPTER 38

20. The average power output of the source is

DE 7.2 nJ
Pemit = = = 3.6 nJ/s = 3.6 ´ 10-9 J/s = 2.25 ´ 1010 eV/s .
Dt 2s

Since the energy of each photon emitted is

hc 1240 eV × nm
Eph = = = 2.07 eV ,
l 600 nm

the rate at which photons are emitted by the source is

Pemit 2.25 ´ 1010 eV/s

Remit = = = 1.09 ´1010 photons/s.
Eph 2.07 eV

Given that the source is isotropic, and the detector (located 12.0 m away) has an
absorbing area of Aabs = 2.00 ´ 10 -6 m 2 and absorbs 50% of the incident light, the rate of
photon absorption is

Aabs 2.00 ´ 10-6 m 2

Rabs = (0.50)
4p r 2
Remit = (0.50)
4p (12.0 m)2
(1.09 ´1010 photons/s ) = 6.0 photons/s.
 355

21. THINK The rate of photon emission is the number of photons emitted per unit time.

EXPRESS Let R be the photon emission rate and E be the energy of a single photon. The
power output of a lamp is given by P = RE, where we assume that all the power goes into
photon production. Now, E = hf = hc/l, where h is the Planck constant, f is the frequency
of the light emitted, and l is the wavelength. Thus

Rhc lP
P= Þ R= .
l hc

ANALYZE (a) The fact that R : l means that the lamp that emits light with the longer
wavelength (the 700 nm infrared lamp) emits more photons per unit time. The energy of
each photon is less, so it must emit photons at a greater rate.

(b) Let R be the rate of photon production for the 700 nm lamp. Then,

R=
lP
=
( 700 nm )( 400 J/s ) = 1.41´1021 photon/s.
hc (1.60 ´10 J/eV ) (1240 eV × nm )
-19

LEARN With P = Rhc / l , we readily see that when the rate of photon emission is held
constant, the shorter the wavelength, the greater the power, or rate of energy emission.
356 CHAPTER 38

22. (a) Using Wien’s law, lmaxT = 2898 m m × K, we obtain

2898 m m × K 2898 m m × K
lmax = = = 0.50 m m = 500 nm .
T 5800 K

(b) The electromagnetic wave is in the visible spectrum.

2898 m m × K 2898 m m × K
(c) If lmax = 1.06 mm = 1060 m m, then T = = = 2.73 K .
lmax 1060 m m
 357

23. (a) From Eq. 38-11,

h
Dl = (1 - cosq ) .
me c

In this case f = 180° (so cos f = –1), and the change in wavelength for the photon is
given by Dl = 2h/mec. The energy E' of the scattered photon (with initial energy E = hc/l)
is then
hc E E E
E¢ = = = =
l + Dl 1 + Dl / l 1 + (2h / me c )( E / hc) 1 + 2 E / me c 2
50.0 keV
= = 41.8 keV .
1 + 2(50.0 keV)/0.511MeV

(b) From conservation of energy the kinetic energy K of the electron is given by

K = E – E' = 50.0 keV – 41.8 keV = 8.2 keV.

358 CHAPTER 38

24. The same resolution requires the same wavelength, and since the wavelength and
particle momentum are related by p = h/l, we see that the same particle momentum is
required. The momentum of a 100 keV photon is

p = E/c = (100 ´ 103 eV)(1.60 ´ 10–19 J/eV)/(3.00 ´ 108 m/s) = 5.33 ´ 10–23 kg·m/s.

This is also the magnitude of the momentum of the electron. The kinetic energy of the
electron is

K=
p2
=
c
5.33 ´ 10 -23 kg × m / s h 2

. ´ 10-15 J.
= 156
2m c
2 9.11 ´ 10-31 kg h
The accelerating potential is

. ´ 10-15 J
K 156
V= = = 9.76 ´ 103 V.
. ´ 10 -19 C
e 160
 359

25. THINK The de Broglie wavelength of a particle is given by l = h/p, where p is the
momentum of the particle.

EXPRESS Let K be the kinetic energy of the electron, in units of electron volts (eV).
Since K = p 2 / 2m, the electron momentum is p = 2mK . Thus, the de Broglie
wavelength is

h h 6.626´10-34 J × s 1.226 ´10 -9 m × eV1/2

l= = = =
p 2mK 2(9.109 ´10-31 kg)(1.602 ´10-19 J/eV)K K
1.226 nm × eV1/2
= .
K

ANALYZE With l = 590 nm, the above equation can be inverted to give

2 2
æ 1.226 nm × eV1/2 ö æ 1.226 nm × eV1/2 ö -6
K =ç ÷ =ç ÷ = 4.3 ´ 10 eV.
è l ø è 590 nm ø

LEARN The analytical expression shows that the kinetic energy is proportional to 1/l2.
This is so because K : p 2 , while p : 1/ l.
360 CHAPTER 38

26. With
æ 8p 2 m (U b - E ) ö
T »e -2 bL
ç
= exp -2 L ÷,
ç h2 ÷
è ø
we have
é (1240eV × nm )( ln 0.001) ù
2 2
1 æ h ln T ö 1
E =Ub - ç ÷ = 6.0eV - ê ú
2m è 4p L ø 2 ( 0.511MeV ) ë 4p ( 0.70nm ) û
= 5.1eV.
 361

27. The wavelength associated with the unknown particle is

h h
lp = = ,
pp mpvp

where pp is its momentum, mp is its mass, and vp is its speed. The classical relationship pp
= mpvp was used. Similarly, the wavelength associated with the electron is le = h/(meve),
where me is its mass and ve is its speed. The ratio of the wavelengths is

lp/le = (meve)/(mpvp),
so
ve le 9.109 ´10-31 kg
mp = me = = 1.675 ´10-27 kg.
vplp 3 (1.813´10 )
-4

According to Appendix B, this is the mass of a neutron.

362 CHAPTER 38

28. a) The rate at which incident protons arrive at the barrier is

n = 1.0 kA 1.60 ´ 10-19 C = 6.25 ´ 10 21 s .

Letting nTt = 1, we find the waiting time t:

1 æ 8p 2 m p (U b - E ) ö
t = ( nT )
-1
ç
= exp 2 L ÷
n ç h2 ÷
è ø
æ 1 ö æ 2p ( 0.70nm ) ö
=ç ÷ exp ç 8 ( 938MeV )( 6.0eV - 5.0eV ) ÷
è 6.25 ´10 s ø è 1240eV × nm
21
ø
= 3.37 ´ 10 s » 10 y,
111 104

which is much longer than the age of the universe.

(b) Replacing the mass of the proton with that of the electron, we obtain the
corresponding waiting time for an electron:

1 é 8p2 me (U b - E ) ù
t = ( nT )
-1
ê
= exp 2 L ú
n êë h2 úû
æ 1 ö é 2p ( 0.70nm ) ù
=ç ÷ exp ê 8 ( 0.511MeV )( 6.0eV - 5.0eV ) ú
è 6.25 ´ 10 s ø ë 1240eV × nm
21
û
-19
= 2.1´ 10 s.

The enormous difference between the two waiting times is the result of the difference
between the masses of the two kinds of particles.
 363

29. (a) Using Wien’s law, the wavelength that corresponds to thermal radiation maximum
is
2898 m m × K 2898 m m × K
lmax = = = 2.9 ´ 10-4 m m = 2.9 ´10 -10 m .
T 1.0 ´ 10 K
7

(b) The wave is in the x-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

(c) Using Wien’s law, the wavelength that corresponds to thermal radiation maximum is

2898 m m × K 2898 m m × K
lmax = = = 2.9 ´ 10-2 m m = 2.9 ´ 10-8 m
T 1.0 ´ 105 K

(d) The wave is in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

364 CHAPTER 38

30. The wave function is now given by

Y( x , t ) = y 0e - i ( kx +wt ) .

This function describes a plane matter wave traveling in the negative x direction. An
example of the actual particles that fit this description is a free electron with linear
r
momentum p = -(hk / 2p ) $i and kinetic energy

p2 h2k 2
K= = .
2me 8p2 me
 365

31. (a) The fractional change is

DE D(hc / l ) æ1ö æ 1 1ö l l
= = lD ç ÷ = l ç - ÷ = - 1 = -1
E hc / l èlø è l¢ l ø l¢ l + Dl
1 1
=- =- .
l/Dl +1 (l/lC )(1 - cos f )-1 + 1

If l = 3.0 cm = 3.0 ´ 1010 pm and f = 90°, the result is

DE 1
=- -1
= -8.1´10 -11 = -8.1´10-9 %.
E (3.0 ´10 pm/2.43pm)(1 - cos90°) + 1
10

(b) Now l = 500 nm = 5.00 ´ 105 pm and f = 90°, so

DE 1
=- -1
= -4.9 ´10-6 = -4.9 ´10-4 %.
E (5.00 ´10 pm/2.43pm)(1 - cos90°) + 1
5

(c) With l = 25 pm and f = 90°, we find

DE 1
=- -1
= -8.9 ´10-2 = -8.9 %.
E (25pm/2.43pm)(1 - cos90°) + 1
(d) In this case,

l = hc/E = 1240 nm·eV/1.0 MeV = 1.24 ´ 10–3 nm = 1.24 pm,

so
DE 1
=- = -0.66 = -66 %.
E (1.24pm/2.43pm)(1 - cos 90°)-1 + 1

(e) From the calculation above, we see that the shorter the wavelength the greater the
fractional energy change for the photon as a result of the Compton scattering. Since DE/E
is virtually zero for microwave and visible light, the Compton effect is significant only in
the x-ray to gamma ray range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
366 CHAPTER 38

32. To find the longest possible wavelength lmax (corresponding to the lowest possible
energy) of a photon that can produce a photoelectric effect in platinum, we set Kmax = 0 in
Eq. 38-5 and use hf = hc/l. Thus hc/lmax = F. We solve for lmax:

hc 1240 eV × nm
l max = = = 233 nm.
F 5.32 nm
 367

33. The speed v of the electron satisfies

Kmax = 21 me v 2 = 1
2 cm c hbv / cg
e
2 2
= E photon - F.

Using Table 37-3, we find

v=c
d
2 E photon - F i = c2.998 ´ 10 m / sh 2b580
8 . eV - 4.50 eVg
= 6.76 ´ 10 m / s. 5

me c 2
511 ´ 10 eV 3
368 CHAPTER 38

34. We denote the diameter of the laser beam as d. The cross-sectional area of the beam
is A = pd 2/4. From the formula obtained in Problem 38-3, the rate is given by

R
=
lP
=
( )(
4 633nm 5.0 ´10 -3 W )
( ) ( )( )(
A hc p d 2 / 4 p 6.63´ 10-34 J ×s 2.998 ´108 m/s 3.0 ´10-3 m
)
2

= 2.3´10 21 photons/m 2 ×s .
 369

35. (a) From Eq. 38-11

h
Dl = (1 - cos f ) = (2.43pm)(1 - cos 90°) = 2.43pm .
mec

(b) The fractional shift should be interpreted as Dl divided by the original wavelength:

Dl 2.425 pm
= = 4.11´10-6.
l 590 nm

(c) The change in energy for a photon with l = 590 nm is given by

æ hc ö hcDl (4.14 ´ 10 -15

eV × s)(2.998 ´ 108 m/s)(2.43 pm)
DEph = D ç ÷ » - 2 = -
èl ø l (590 nm) 2
= -8.67 ´ 10-6 eV .

(d) For an x-ray photon of energy Eph = 50 keV, Dl remains the same (2.43 pm), since it
is independent of Eph.

(e) The fractional change in wavelength is now

Dl Dl (50 ´103 eV)(2.43pm)

= = = 9.78 ´10-2 .
l -15
hc / Eph (4.14 ´10 eV × s)(2.998 ´10 m/s)
8

(f) The change in photon energy is now

æ 1 1ö æ hc ö Dl æ a ö
DEph = hc ç - ÷ = -ç ÷ = - Eph ç ÷
è l + Dl l ø è l ø l + Dl è 1+ a ø

where a = Dl/l. With Eph = 50 keV and a = 9.78 ´ 10–2 , we obtain DEph = –4.45 keV.
(Note that in this case a » 0.1 is not close enough to zero so the approximation DEph »
hcDl/l2 is not as accurate as in the first case, in which a = 4.12 ´ 10–6. In fact if one
were to use this approximation here, one would get DEph » –4.89 keV, which does not
amount to a satisfactory approximation.)
370 CHAPTER 38

36. (a) We need to use the relativistic formula

p= ( E / c) - me2 c 2 » E / c » K / c
2

( since E >> me c 2 ) . So

h hc 1240eV × nm
l= » = = 2.5 ´10-8 nm = 0.025 fm.
p K 50 ´10 eV
9

(b) With R = 5.0 fm , we obtain R / l = 2.0 ´10 2 .

 371

37. The rate at which photons are absorbed by the detector is related to the rate of photon
emission by the light source via
A
Rabs = (0.80) abs2 Remit .
4p r

Given that Aabs = 2.00 ´ 10 -6 m 2 and r = 3.00 m, with Rabs = 4.000 photons/s, we find the
rate at which photons are emitted to be

4p r 2 4p (3.00 m)2
Remit = Rabs = ( 4.000 photons/s ) = 2.83 ´108 photons/s .
(0.80) Aabs (0.80)(2.00 ´ 10-6 m 2 )

Since the energy of each emitted photon is

hc 1240 eV × nm
Eph = = = 2.48 eV ,
l 500 nm
the power output of source is

Pemit = Remit Eph = ( 2.83 ´ 108 photons/s ) (2.48 eV) = 7.0 ´ 108 eV/s
= 1.1´ 10-10 W.
372 CHAPTER 38

38. The energy of the electron in region 1 is

1 2 1
E=K = mv = (9.11´ 10-31 kg)(1200 m/s)2 = 6.56 ´ 10 -25 J = 4.0995 m eV.
2 2

The angular wave number in region 1 is

2p 2p 2p p 2p mv 2p (9.11´ 10-31 kg)(1200 m/s)

k= = = = = = 1.036 ´107 m -1
l ( h / p) h h -34
6.626 ´10 J × s

The transmission coefficient for a barrier of height Ub and width L is given by

T = e -2bL ,
where
8p 2 m (U b - E ) 8p2 ( 9.11´ 10-31 kg ) ( 4.719 m eV - 4.0995 m eV ) (1.6022 ´ 10-25 J m eV )
b= =
h2 ( 6.6261´10 J ×s)
-34 2

= 4.0298 ´ 106 m -1.

Thus,
T = exp(-2bL) = exp éë -2(4.0298 ´106 m -1 )(200 ´10-9 m -1 ) ùû = e -1.612 = 0.1995,
and the current transmitted is

I t = TI 0 = ( 0.1995 ) (9.00 mA) = 1.795 mA .

 373

39. (a) We solve v from l = h/p = h/(mpv):

h 6.626 ´ 10 -34 J × s
v= = = 3.96 ´ 106 m/s.
m p l (1.6705 ´10 kg )( 0.100 ´ 10 m )
-27 -12

(b) We set eV = K = 12 mp v 2 and solve for the voltage:

(1.6705´10 kg )( 3.96 ´10 m/s )

-27 6 2
mp v 2
V= = = 8.18 ´104 V = 81.8 kV.
2e 2 (1.60 ´10 C )
-19
374 CHAPTER 38

40. The (1 – cos f) factor in Eq. 38-11 is largest when f = 180°. Thus, using Table 37-3,
we obtain
hc 1240MeV × fm
Dl max = (1 - cos180°) = (1 - (-1)) = 2.64 fm
mp c 2
938MeV

where we have used the value hc = 1240 eV·nm =1240 MeV·fm.

 375

41. (a) The momentum of the photon is given by p = E/c, where E is its energy. Its
wavelength is
h hc 1240eV × nm
l= = = = 1240 nm.
p E 1.00 eV

(b) The momentum of the electron is given by p = 2mK , where K is its kinetic energy
and m is its mass. Its wavelength is
h h
l= = .
p 2mK
If K is given in electron volts, then

6.626´10-34 J × s 1.226 ´10-9 m × eV1/2

l= =
2(9.109 ´10-31 kg)(1.602 ´10-19 J/eV)K K
1.226nm × eV1/2
= .
K

For K = 1.00 eV , we have

1.226nm × eV1/2
l= = 1.23 nm.
1.00 eV
(c) For the photon,

hc 1240eV × nm
l= = = 1.24 ´10-6 nm = 1.24 fm.
E 1.00 ´10 eV
9

(d) Relativity theory must be used to calculate the wavelength for the electron. According
to Eq. 38-51, the momentum p and kinetic energy K are related by

(pc)2 = K2 + 2Kmc2.
Thus,

(1.00 ´10 eV ) + 2 (1.00 ´109 eV )( 0.511´106 eV )

2
pc = K 2 + 2 Kmc 2 = 9

= 1.00 ´109 eV.

The wavelength is
h hc 1240eV × nm
l= = = = 1.24 ´10-6 nm = 1.24 fm.
p pc 1.00 ´10 eV
9
376 CHAPTER 38

42. We use Eq. 38-6 and the value hc = 1240 eV·nm:

hc hc 1240eV × nm 1240 eV × nm
K max = Ephoton - F = - = - = 0.694eV.
l l max 275nm 325nm
 377

43. Let R be the rate of photon emission (number of photons emitted per unit time) of the
Sun and let E be the energy of a single photon. Then the power output of the Sun is given
by P = RE. Now
E = hf = hc/l,

where h = 6.626 ´ 10–34 J·s is the Planck constant, f is the frequency of the light emitted,
and l is the wavelength. Thus P = Rhc/l and

lP ( 550 nm ) ( 3.9 ´1026 W )

R= = = 1.0 ´1045 photons/s.
hc ( 6.63´10 -34
J × s )( 2.998 ´10 m/s )
8
378 CHAPTER 38

44. The average power output of the source is

DE 7.2 nJ
Pemit = = = 3.6 nJ/s = 3.6 ´ 10-9 J/s = 2.25 ´ 1010 eV/s .
Dt 2s

Since the energy of each photon emitted is

hc 1240 eV × nm
Eph = = = 2.07 eV ,
l 600 nm

the rate at which photons are emitted by the source is

Pemit 2.25 ´ 1010 eV/s

Remit = = = 1.09 ´1010 photons/s.
Eph 2.07 eV

Given that the source is isotropic, and the detector (located 12.0 m away) has an
absorbing area of Aabs = 2.00 ´ 10 -6 m 2 and absorbs 50% of the incident light, the rate of
photon absorption is

Aabs 2.00 ´ 10-6 m 2

Rabs = (0.50)
4p r 2
Remit = (0.50)
4p (12.0 m)2
(1.09 ´1010 photons/s ) = 6.0 photons/s.
 379

45. (a) The x-ray frequency is

c 2.998 ´108 m/s

f = = = 8.57 ´1018 Hz.
l 35.0 ´10-12 m

(b) The x-ray photon energy is

E = hf = (4.14 ´ 10-15 eV × s)(8.57 ´ 1018 Hz) = 3.55 ´ 104 eV.

(c) From Eq. 38-7,

h 6.63 ´10-34 J × s
p= = -12
= 1.89 ´10 -23 kg × m/s = 35.4 keV / c.
l 35.0 ´10 m
380 CHAPTER 38

46. Using Eq. 37-8, we find the Lorentz factor to be

1 1
g= = = 7.0888 .
1 - ( v / c) 2 1 - (0.9900) 2

With p = g mv (Eq. 37-41), the de Broglie wavelength of the protons is

h h 6.63 ´ 10-34 J × s
l= = = = 1.89 ´ 10-16 m .
p g mv (7.0888)(1.67 ´ 10 kg)(0.99 ´ 3.00 ´ 10 m/s)
-27 8

The vertical distance between the second interference minimum and the center point is

æ 1 ö lL 3 lL
y2 = ç 1 + ÷ =
è 2ø d 2 d

where L is the perpendicular distance between the slits and the screen. Therefore, the
angle between the center of the pattern and the second minimum is given by

y2 3l
tan q = = .
L 2d
Since l = d , tan q » q , and we obtain

3l 3(1.89 ´ 10-16 m)
q» = -9
= 7.07 ´ 10-8 rad = (4.0 ´ 10-6 )° .
2d 2(4.00 ´ 10 m)
 381

47. . THINK The scattering between a photon and an electron initially at rest results in a
change or photon’s wavelength, or Compton shift.

EXPRESS When a photon scatters off from an electron initially at rest, the change in
wavelength is given by
Dl = (h/mc)(1 – cos f),

where m is the mass of an electron and f is the scattering angle.

ANALYZE (a) The Compton wavelength of the electron is h/mc = 2.43 ´ 10–12 m = 2.43
pm. Therefore, we find the shift to be

Dl = (h/mc)(1 – cos f) = (2.43 pm)(1 – cos 30°) = 0.326 pm.

The final wavelength is

l' = l + Dl = 2.4 pm + 0.326 pm = 2.73 pm.

(b) With f = 120°, Dl = (2.43 pm)(1 – cos 120°) = 3.645 pm and

l' = 2.4 pm + 3.645 pm = 6.05 pm.

LEARN The wavelength shift is greatest when f = 180°, where cos180° = –1. At this
angle, the photon is scattered back along its initial direction of travel, and Dl = 2h/mc.
382 CHAPTER 38

48. The rate at which photons are emitted from the argon laser source is given by R =
P/Eph, where P = 1.5 W is the power of the laser beam and Eph = hc/l is the energy of
each photon of wavelength l. Since a = 84% of the energy of the laser beam falls within
the central disk, the rate of photon absorption of the central disk is

R ¢ = aR =
aP
=
b0.84gb15. Wg
hc / l c6.63 ´ 10 - 34
hc hc h
J × s 2.998 ´ 108 m / s / 515 ´ 10-9 m
= 3.3 ´ 1018 photons / s.
 383

49. (a) Since the mass of an electron is m = 9.109 ´ 10–31 kg, its Compton wavelength is

h 6.626 ´10-34 J × s
lC = = -31
= 2.426 ´10-12 m = 2.43 pm.
mc (9.109 ´10 kg)(2.998 ´10 m/s)
8

(b) Since the mass of a proton is m = 1.673 ´ 10–27 kg, its Compton wavelength is

6.626 ´10-34 J × s
lC = -27
= 1.321´10-15 m = 1.32 fm.
(1.673 ´10 kg)(2.998 ´10 m/s)
8

(c) We note that hc = 1240 eV·nm, which gives E = (1240 eV·nm)/l, where E is the
energy and l is the wavelength. Thus for the electron,

E = (1240 eV·nm)/(2.426 ´ 10–3 nm) = 5.11 ´ 105 eV = 0.511 MeV.

(d) For the proton,

E = (1240 eV·nm)/(1.321 ´ 10–6 nm) = 9.39 ´ 108 eV = 939 MeV.

384 CHAPTER 38

50. (a) The potential energy of the electron is U b = qV = (-e)(-200 V) = 200 eV, so its
kinetic energy is
K = E - U b = 500 eV - 200 eV = 300 eV.

(b) Using non-relativistic regime approximation, K = 12 mv 2 = p 2 / 2m, we find the

momentum of the electron to be

p = 2mK = 2(9.11´10 -31 kg)(300 eV)(1.6 ´10 -19 J/eV) = 9.35 ´10-24 kg × m/s

(c) The speed of the electron is

2K 2(300 eV)(1.6 ´ 10-19 J/eV)

v= = -31
= 1.03 ´ 107 m/s .
m 9.11´ 10 kg

(d) The corresponding de Broglie wavelength is

h 6.626 ´10-34 J × s
l= = -24
= 7.08 ´ 10-11 m .
p 9.35 ´10 kg × m/s

(e) The angular wave number is

2p 2p
k= = = 8.87 ´ 1010 m -1 .
l 7.08 ´ 10-11 m
 385

51. (a) We use Eq. 38-6:

hf - F hc / l - F (1240 eV × nm/400 nm ) -1.8eV

Vstop = = = = 1.3V.
e e e

(b) The speed v of the electron satisfies

Kmax = 21 me v 2 = 1
2 cm c hbv / cg
e
2 2
= E photon - F.

Using Table 37-3, we find

2 ( Ephoton - F ) 2eVstop 2eVstop 2e (1.3V )

v= = =c = ( 2.998 ´108 m/s )
me me me c 2
511´103 eV
= 6.8 ´105 m/s.
386 CHAPTER 38

52. Let
1 hc
me v 2 = E photon =
2 l
and solve for v:

2hc 2hc 2 2hc

v= = c = c
l me l me c 2 ( )
l mec 2

(
2 1240eV × nm ) = 8.6 ´ 10 m/s.
(
= 2.998 ´ 108 m/s ) (588 nm )(511´ 10 eV )
3
5
 387

53. The total energy emitted by the bulb is E = 0.93Pt, where P = 60 W and

t = 730 h = (730 h)(3600 s/h) = 2.628 ´ 106 s.

The energy of each photon emitted is Eph = hc/l. Therefore, the number of photons
emitted is

N=
E
=
0.93 Pt
=
b gb gc
0.93 60 W 2.628 ´ 106 s h = 4.7 ´ 1026 .
E ph hc / l c - 34
hc hc -9
6.63 ´ 10 J × s 2.998 ´ 10 m / s / 630 ´ 10 m
8
h
388 CHAPTER 38

54. The initial energy of the photon is (using hc = 1240 eV·nm)

hc 1240eV × nm
E= = = 3.10 ´ 105 eV .
l 0.00400 nm

Using Eq. 38-11 (applied to an electron), the Compton shift is given by

h h hc 1240 eV × nm
Dl = (1 - cos f ) = (1 - cos 90.0° ) = 2 = = 2.43 pm
mec me c me c 511´ 103 eV

Therefore, the new photon wavelength is

l' = 4.00 pm + 2.43 pm = 6.43 pm.

Consequently, the new photon energy is

hc 1240eV × nm
E¢ = = = 1.93 ´ 105 eV
l ¢ 0.00643nm

By energy conservation, then, the kinetic energy of the electron must be equal to

K e = DE = E - E ¢ = 3.10 ´ 105 - 1.93 ´ 105 eV = 1.17 ´ 105 eV » 1.9 ´ 10-14 J .

 389

55. (a) We use the photoelectric effect equation (Eq. 38-5) in the form hc/l = F + Km.
The work function depends only on the material and the condition of the surface, and not
on the wavelength of the incident light. Let l1 be the first wavelength described and l2 be
the second. Let Km1 = 0.710 eV be the maximum kinetic energy of electrons ejected by
light with the first wavelength, and Km2 = 1.43 eV be the maximum kinetic energy of
electrons ejected by light with the second wavelength. Then,

hc hc
= F + K m1 , = F + Km2 .
l1 l2

The first equation yields F = (hc/l1) – Km1. When this is used to substitute for F in the
second equation, the result is

(hc/l2) = (hc/l1) – Km1 + Km2.

The solution for l2 is

hcl1 (1240V × nm)(491nm)

l2 = =
hc + l1 ( K m 2 - K m1 ) 1240 eV × nm + (491nm)(1.43eV - 0.710eV)
= 382 nm.

Here hc = 1240 eV·nm has been used.

(b) The first equation displayed above yields

hc 1240 eV × nm
F= - Km1 = - 0.710 eV = 182
. eV.
l1 491 nm
390 CHAPTER 38

56. The energy of a photon is given by E = hf, where h is the Planck constant and f is the
frequency. The wavelength l is related to the frequency by lf = c, so E = hc/l. Since h =
6.626 ´ 10–34 J·s and c = 2.998 ´ 108 m/s,

hc =
c6.626 ´ 10 - 34
hc
J × s 2.998 ´ 108 m / s h = 1240 eV × nm.
c1.602 ´ 10 -19
hc -9
J / eV 10 m / nm h
Thus,
1240eV × nm
E= .
l
With l = 589 nm , we obtain
hc 1240eV × nm
E= = = 2.11eV.
l 589nm
 391

57. (a) Using Euler’s formula eif = cos f + i sin f, we rewrite y(x) as

y ( x ) = y 0 eikx = y 0 ( cos kx + i sin kx ) = (y 0 cos kx ) + i (y 0 sin kx ) = a + ib,

where a =y0 cos kx and b = y0 sin kx are both real quantities.

(b) The time-dependent wave function is

y ( x , t ) = y ( x )e - iwt = y 0e ikx e - iwt = y 0ei ( kx -wt )

= [y 0 cos( kx - wt )] + i[y 0 sin( kx - wt )].
392 CHAPTER 38

58. The energy of the most energetic photon in the visible light range (with avelength of
about 400 nm) is about E = (1240 eV·nm/400 nm) = 3.1 eV (using the value hc = 1240
eV·nm). Consequently, barium and lithium can be used, since their work functions are
both lower than 3.1 eV.
 393

59. a) The product nn* can be rewritten as

b gb g b gc
*
h b
nn* = a + ib a + ib = a + ib a * + i *b* = a + ib a - ib gb g
= a2 + iba - iab + bibgb -ibg = a 2
+ b2 ,

which is always real since both a and b are real.

(b) Straightforward manipulation gives

nm = | (a + ib)(c + id )| = | ac + iad + ibc + (-i )2 bd | = | (ac - bd ) + i (ad + bc) |

= ( ac - bd ) + ( ad + bc ) = a 2c2 + b2 d 2 + a 2 d 2 + b2 c2 .
2 2

However, since
n m = a + ib c + id = a 2 + b 2 c 2 + d 2
= a 2 c2 + b 2 d 2 + a 2d 2 + b 2 c2 ,

we conclude that |nm| = |n| |m|.

394 CHAPTER 38

60. The initial wavelength of the photon is (using hc = 1240 eV·nm)

hc 1240eV × nm
l= = = 0.06776 nm
E 18300eV

or 67.76 pm. The maximum Compton shift occurs for f = 180°, in which case Eq. 38-11
(applied to an electron) yields

æ hc ö æ 1240 eV × nm ö
Dl = ç 2 ÷
(1 - cos180°) = ç ÷ (1 - (-1)) = 0.00485 nm
è me c ø è 511´10 eV ø
3

where Table 37-3 is used. Therefore, the new photon wavelength is

l' = 0.06776 nm + 0.00485 nm = 0.0726 nm.

Consequently, the new photon energy is

hc 1240eV × nm
E¢ = = = 1.71´10 4 eV = 17.1 keV .
l ¢ 0.0726 nm

By energy conservation, then, the kinetic energy of the electron must equal

|E' – E| = 1.2 keV.

 395

61. THINK The energy of an incident photon is E = hf, where h is the Planck constant,
and f is the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation.

EXPRESS The kinetic energy of the most energetic electron emitted is

Km = E – F = (hc/l) – F,

where F is the work function for sodium, and f = c/l, where l is the wavelength of the
photon.

The stopping potential Vstop is related to the maximum kinetic energy by eVstop = Km, so

eVstop = (hc/l) – F
and
hc 1240 eV × nm
l= = = 170 nm.
eVstop + F 5.0 eV + 2.2 eV

Here eVstop = 5.0 eV and hc = 1240 eV∙nm are used.

LEARN The cutoff frequency for this problem is

F (2.2 eV)(1.6 ´10-19 J/eV)

f0 = = -34
= 5.3 ´1014 Hz .
h 6.626´10 J × s
396 CHAPTER 38

62. (a) The rest energy of an electron is given by E = mec2. Thus the momentum of the
photon in question is given by

E me c 2
p= = = me c = (9.11´10-31 kg)(2.998 ´108 m/s) = 2.73´10-22 kg × m/s
c c
= 0.511 MeV / c.

(b) From Eq. 38-7,

h 6.63 ´10-34 J × s
l= = -22
= 2.43´10-12 m=2.43 pm.
p 2.73´10 kg × m/s

(c) Using Eq. 38-1,

c 2.998 ´108 m/s
f = = = 1.24 ´1020 Hz.
l -12
2.43 ´10 m
 397

63. The magnitude of the fractional energy change for the photon is given by

DEph D(hc / l ) æ1ö æ1 1 ö Dl

= = lD ç ÷ = l ç - ÷= =b
Eph hc / l èlø è l l + Dl ø l + Dl

where b = 0.10. Thus Dl = lb/(1 – b). We substitute this expression for Dl in Eq. 38-11
and solve for cos f:
mc mclb b (mc 2 )
cos f = 1 - Dl =1- = 1-
h h(1 - b ) (1 - b ) Eph
(0.10)(511 keV)
=1- = 0.716 .
(1 - 0.10)(200 keV)

This leads to an angle of f = 44°.

398 CHAPTER 38

64. (a) For the first and second case (labeled 1 and 2) we have

eV01 = hc/l1 – F , eV02 = hc/l2 – F,

from which h and F can be determined. Thus,

e (V1 - V2 ) 1.85eV - 0.820eV

h= = = 4.12 ´10-15 eV × s.
c (l - l
1
-1 -1
2 ) ( 3.00 ´10 nm/s ) ë( 300nm ) - ( 400nm ) û
17 é -1 -1
ù

(b) The work function is

3(V2 l2 - V1l1 ) (0.820 eV)(400 nm) - (1.85 eV)(300 nm)

F= = = 2.27 eV.
l1 - l2 300 nm - 400 nm

(c) Let F = hc/lmax to obtain

hc 1240 eV × nm
l max = = = 545 nm.
F 2.27 eV
 399

65. (a) With T = 98.6 °F = 37 °C = 310 K, we use Wien’s law and find the wavelength that
corresponds to spectral radiancy maximum to be

2898 m m × K 2898 m m × K
lmax = = = 9.348m m .
T 310 K

(b) With l = 9.348 m m, and T = 310 K, the spectral radiancy is

2p c 2 h 1
S (l ) = hc / l kT
l 5
e -1
-1
2p (2.998 ´ 108 m/s)2 (6.626 ´ 10-34 J × s) æ é (6.626 ´ 10 -34 J × s)(2.998 ´ 108 m/s) ù ö
= ç exp ê (9.348 ´ 10-6 m)(1.38 ´ 10-23 J/K)(310 K) ú ÷
(9.348 ´ 10-6 m)5 è ë ûø
= 3.6749 ´ 107 W/m3

For small range of wavelength, the radiated power may be approximated as

P = S (l ) ADl = (3.6749 ´107 W/m 3 )(4.00 ´10-4 m 2 )(1.00 ´ 10-9 m)

= 1.46997 ´ 10-5 W » 1.47 ´10-5 W.

(c) The energy carried by each photon is

hc (6.626 ´10-34 J × s)(2.998 ´108 m/s)

e = hf = = = 2.1249 ´10-20 J
l 9.348 ´10 m -6

Writing P = (dN / dt )e , we find the rate to be

dN P 1.46997 ´ 10 -5 W
= = = 6.92 ´ 1014 photons/s .
dt e 2.1249 ´ 10-20 J
(d) If l = 500 nm, and T = 310 K, the spectral radiancy is

2p c 2 h 1
S (l ) = hc / l kT
l 5
e -1
-1
2p (2.998 ´ 108 m/s) 2 (6.626 ´ 10-34 J × s) æ é (6.626 ´ 10 -34 J × s)(2.998 ´ 108 m/s) ù ö
= ç exp ê (500 ´ 10-9 m)(1.38 ´ 10-23 J/K)(310 K) ú ÷
(500 ´ 10 -9 m)5 è ë ûø
= 5.5669 ´ 10-25 W/m3

For small range of wavelength, the radiated power may be approximated as

400 CHAPTER 38

P = S (l ) ADl = (5.5669 ´10-25 W/m 3 )(4.00 ´10-4 m 2 )(1.00 ´ 10-9 m) = 2.2267 ´ 10-37 W.

(e) The energy carried by each photon is

(6.626 ´10 -34 J × s)(2.998 ´108 m/s)

hc
e = hf = = = 3.9730 ´10 -19 J
l 500 ´10 m -9

The corresponding photon emission rate is

dN P 2.2267 ´ 10-5 W
= = = 5.60 ´ 10-19 photons/s
dt e 3.9730 ´ 10 -19 J
 401

66. (a) Using the value hc = 1240 eV·nm, we find

hc 1240 nm × eV
l= = = 2.43 ´ 10-3 nm = 2.43 pm.
E 0.511 MeV

(b) Now, Eq. 38-11 leads to

h
l ¢ = l + Dl = l + (1 - cos f ) = 2.43pm + (2.43pm)(1 - cos60.0°)
mec
= 3.65pm.

(c) The scattered photons have energy equal to

ælö æ 2.43 pm ö
E ¢ = E ç ÷ = (0.511 MeV) ç = 0.340 MeV.
è l¢ ø è 3.65 pm ÷ø
402 CHAPTER 38

67. THINK The de Broglie wavelength of the sodium ion is given by l = h/p, where p is
the momentum of the ion.

EXPRESS The kinetic energy acquired is K = qV, where q is the charge on an ion and V
is the accelerating potential. Thus, the momentum of an ion is p = 2mK , and the
h h
corresponding de Broglie wavelength is l = = .
p 2mK

ANALYZE (a) The kinetic energy of the ion is

K = qV = (1.60 ´ 10–19 C)(300 V) = 4.80 ´ 10–17 J.

The mass of a single sodium atom is, from Appendix F,

m = (22.9898 g/mol)/(6.02 ´ 1023 atom/mol) = 3.819 ´ 10–23 g = 3.819 ´ 10–26 kg.

Thus, the momentum of a sodium ion is

c hc h
p = 2mK = 2 3.819 ´ 10 -26 kg 4.80 ´ 10-17 J = 191
. ´ 10-21 kg × m / s.

(b) The de Broglie wavelength is

h 6.63 ´10-34 J × s
l= = = 3.46 ´10-13 m.
p 1.91´10 -21kg × m/s

LEARN The greater the potential difference, the greater the kinetic energy and
momentum, and hence, the smaller the de Broglie wavelength.
 403

68. (a) The angular wave number in region 1 is given by

2p 2p 2p p 2p mv 2p (9.11´10 -31 kg)(1.60 ´107 m/s)

k= = = = = = 1.38 ´ 1011 m -1
l ( h / p) h h -34
6.626´10 J × s

(b) The energy of the electron in region 1 is

1 2 1
E=K = mv = (9.11´ 10-31 kg)(1.60 ´ 107 m/s)2 = 1.17 ´ 10-16 J = 728.8 eV.
2 2

In region 2 where V = -500 V, the kinetic energy of the electron is

K b = E - U b = 728.8 eV - 500 eV = 228.8 eV.

and the corresponding angular wave number is

2p 2p 2p
kb = 2 m( E - U b ) = 2mK b = 2(9.11´10-31 kg)(228.8 eV)(1.6 ´10-19 J/eV)
h h 6.626 ´10-34 J × s
= 7.74 ´1010 m -1

(c) The wave functions in the two regions can be written as

y 1 ( x) = Aeikx + Be -ikx , y 2 ( x) = Ceik x

b

Matching the boundary conditions leads to

A+ B =C
Ak - Bk = Ckb

Solving for B and C in terms of A gives

B 1 - kb / k C 2
= , = .
A 1 + kb / k A 1 + kb / k

With kb / k = (7.74 ´ 1010 m -1 ) /(1.38 ´ 1011 m -1 ) = 0.56, we find the reflection coefficient to
be
2
| B |2 æ 1 - kb / k ö æ 1 - 0.56 ö
2

R= =ç ÷ = = 0.0794
| A |2 è 1 + kb / k ø çè 1 + 0.56 ÷ø

(d) With N 0 = 3.00 ´ 109 electrons in the incident beam, the number reflected is
404 CHAPTER 38

N R = RN 0 = ( 0.0794 ) (3.00 ´ 109 ) = 2.38 ´ 108 .

 405

69. If E is the original energy of the photon and E' is the energy after scattering, then the
fractional energy loss is
DE E - E ¢ Dl
= =
E E l + Dl

using the result from Sample Problem – “Compton scattering of light by electrons.” Thus

Dl DE / E 0.75
= = = 3 = 300 %.
l 1 - DE / E 1 - 0.75

A 300% increase in the wavelength leads to a 75% decrease in the energy of the photon.

a) The rate at which solar energy strikes the panel is

( )( )
P = 1.39 kW/m 2 2.90 m 2 = 4.03 kW.

(b) The rate at which solar photons are absorbed by the panel is

P 4.03 ´ 103 W
R= =
Eph ( )( )(
6.63 ´ 10-34 J × s 2.998 ´ 108 m/s / 550 ´ 10 -9 m )
= 1.12 ´ 1022 photons/s.

(c) The time in question is given by

NA 6.02 ´ 1023
t= = = 53.8s.
R 1.12 ´ 10 22 / s
406 CHAPTER 38

70. (a) The rate at which solar energy strikes the panel is

c
P = 139 hc h
. kW / m2 2.60 m2 = 3.61 kW.

(b) The rate at which solar photons are absorbed by the panel is

P 3.61´ 103 W
R= =
Eph ( 6.63 ´ 10-34 J × s )( 2.998 ´ 108 m/s ) / ( 550 ´ 10-9 m )
= 1.00 ´ 1022 photons/s.

(c) The time in question is given by

NA 6.02 ´ 1023
t= = = 60.2 s.
R 100. ´ 1022 / s
 407

71. (a) With E = hc/lmin = 1240 eV·nm/l min = 0.6 eV, we obtain l = 2.1 ´ 103 nm = 2.1
mm.

(b) It is in the infrared region.

408 CHAPTER 38

72. Following Sample Problem — “Emission and absorption of light as photons,” we

have

P=
( )( -34
)(
Rhc 110 / s 6.63´ 10 J ×s 2.998 ´10 m/s
=
8
)
= 4.0 ´ 10-17 W.
l -9
550 ´10 m
 409

73. THINK The kinetic energy Km of the fastest electron emitted is given by

Km = hf – F,

where F is the work function of aluminum, and f is the frequency of the incident
radiation.

EXPRESS Since f = c/l, where l is the wavelength of the photon, the above expression
can be rewritten as
Km = (hc/l) – F.

ANALYZE (a) Thus, the kinetic energy of the fastest electron is

1240 eV × nm
Km = - 4.20 eV = 2.00 eV ,
200 nm

where we have used hc = 1240 eV·nm.

(b) The slowest electron just breaks free of the surface and so has zero kinetic energy.

(c) The stopping potential Vstop is given by Km = eVstop, so

Vstop = Km/e = (2.00 eV)/e = 2.00 V.

(d) The value of the cutoff wavelength is such that Km = 0. Thus, hc/l0 = F, or

l0 = hc/F = (1240 eV·nm)/(4.2 eV) = 295 nm.

LEARN If the wavelength is longer than l0, the photon energy is less than F and a
photon does not have sufficient energy to knock even the most energetic electron out of
the aluminum sample.
410 CHAPTER 38

74. (a) The intensity per unit length according to the classical radiation law shown in Eq.
38-13 is
2p ckT
IC = 4
l

On the other hand, Planck’s radiation law (Eq. 38-14) gives

2p c 2 h 1
IP = .
l 5
e hc / l kT
-1

The ratio of the two expressions can be written as

I C l kT hc / l kT
IP
=
hc
( e - 1) = ( e x - 1)
1
x

where x = hc / l kT . For T = 200 K, and l = 400 nm,

hc (6.626 ´10-34 J × s)(2.998 ´108 m/s)

x= = » 17.98,
l kT (400 ´10-9 m)(1.38 ´10-23 J/K)(2000 K)

IC
and the ratio of the intensities is »
1
I P 17.98
( e17.98 - 1) » 3.6 ´ 106 .

(b) For l = 200 m m, we have

hc (6.626 ´10-34 J × s)(2.998 ´108 m/s)

x= = » 0.03596,
l kT (200 ´10-6 m)(1.38 ´10-23 J/K)(2000 K)

and the ratio of the intensities is

IC
»
1
I P 0.03596
( e0.03596 - 1) » 1.02 .

(c) The agreement is better at longer wavelength, with I C / I P » 1.

 411

75. The energy of a photon is given by E = hf, where h is the Planck constant and f is the
frequency. The wavelength l is related to the frequency by lf = c, so E = hc/l. Since h =
6.626 ´ 10–34 J·s and c = 2.998 ´ 108 m/s,

hc =
c6.626 ´ 10- 34
hc
J × s 2.998 ´ 108 m / s h = 1240 eV × nm.
c1.602 ´ 10 -19
hc -9
J / eV 10 m / nm h
Thus,
1240eV × nm
E= .
l
With
l = (1, 650, 763.73)–1 m = 6.0578021 ´ 10–7 m = 605.78021 nm,

we find the energy to be

hc 1240 eV × nm
E= = = 2.047 eV.
l 605.78021 nm
412 CHAPTER 38

76. (a) The wave function is now given by

Y( x , t ) = y 0 ei ( kx -wt ) + e -i ( kx +wt ) = y 0e - iwt (e ikx + e - ikx ).

Thus,
2 2 2 2
| Y ( x, t ) |2 = y 0 e -iwt (eikx + e- ikx ) = y 0 e - iw t eikx + e - ikx = y 02 eikx + e -ikx
= y 02 | (coskx + i sin kx) + (cos kx - i sin kx) |2 = 4y 02 (cos kx) 2
= 2y 02 (1 + cos2kx).

(b) Consider two plane matter waves, each with the same amplitude y 0 / 2 and
traveling in opposite directions along the x axis. The combined wave Y is a standing
wave:

Y ( x, t ) = y 0 ei ( kx -wt ) + y 0 e -i ( kx +wt ) = y 0 (eikx + e -ikx )e -iwt = (2y 0 cos kx )e -iwt .

Thus, the squared amplitude of the matter wave is

2
| Y( x , t )|2 = (2y 0 cos kx ) 2 e - iwt = 2y 20 (1 + cos2 kx ),

which is shown to the right.

b g 2
b
(c) We set Y x , t = 2y 20 1 + cos 2 kx = 0 to g
obtain cos(2kx) = –1. This gives

æ 2p ö
2kx = 2 ç ÷ = ( 2n + 1) p , ( n = 0, 1, 2, 3,K)
è l ø

We solve for x:
x=
1
4
b g
2n + 1 l .

(d) The most probable positions for finding the particle are where Y ( x, t ) µ (1 + cos 2kx )
reaches its maximum. Thus cos 2kx = 1, or

æ 2p ö
2kx = 2 ç ÷ = 2np , ( n = 0, 1, 2, 3,K)
è l ø
1
We solve for x and find x = nl .
2
 413

77. (a) From r = mev/eB, the speed of the electron is v = rBe/me. Thus,

2
1 1 æ rBe ö (rB)2 e 2 (1.88 ´ 10-4 T × m)2 (1.60 ´ 10-19 C)2
K max = me v 2 = me ç ÷ = =
2 2 è me ø 2me 2(9.11´ 10-31 kg)(1.60 ´10-19 J/eV)
= 3.1 keV.

(b) Using the value hc = 1240 eV·nm, the work done is

1240 eV × nm
W = E photon - Kmax = - 310
. keV = 14 keV.
71 ´ 10-3 nm
414 CHAPTER 38

78. (a) We use the value hc = 1240nm × eV :

hc 1240 nm × eV
Ephoton = = = 1.24 keV .
l 1.00 nm

(b) For the electron, we have

p2 ( h / l ) ( hc / l ) =
2 2 2
1 æ 1240eV × nm ö
K= = = ç ÷ = 1.50 eV.
2me 2me 2me c 2
2 ( 0.511 MeV ) è 1.00 nm ø

(c) In this case, we find

1240nm × eV
Ephoton = = 1.24 ´109 eV = 1.24 GeV.
1.00 ´10-6 nm

(d) For the electron (recognizing that 1240 eV·nm = 1240 MeV·fm)

K= c h
p 2c 2 + me c 2
2
- me c 2 = bhc / lg + cm c h
2
e
2 2
- me c 2

=
FG 1240 MeV × fmIJ + b0.511 MeVg
2
2
- 0.511 MeV
H 1.00 fm K
= 1.24 ´ 103 MeV = 1.24 GeV.

We note that at short l (large K) the kinetic energy of the electron, calculated with the
relativistic formula, is about the same as that of the photon. This is expected since now K
» E » pc for the electron, which is the same as E = pc for the photon.