Lesson: Organizing and Graphing Data (One-variable statistics)

Raw Data: the unprocessed information collected for a study

Example from Textbook Page

92:

Frequencies:

Sum Tally Frequency Cumulative

Frequency Always the same as
2 IIII 4 4 the number of rolls!!
3 II 2 4+2=6
4 III 3 6+3=9
5 9 9+9=18
IIII
6 8 18+8=26
III
7 5 26+5=31
8 6 31+6=37
I
9 5 37+5=42
10 IIII 4 42+4=46 Cumulative Frequency Graph will
11 III 3 46+3=49 always be INCREASING (ñ)
12 I 1 49+1=50

Relative Frequency: shows the frequency of a data group as a fraction or percent of the whole data set

Example from Textbook Page 97: Marks on data

-.**!/($ %'"0$ .1 2'#'
management test: !"#$%&'( *!+$ =
# .1 !"#$%&'(*
!"#$!
e.x. = 4. 67 ∽ 9 (always round up)
%$

Marks(%) Midpoint Tally Frequency Relative Frequency

(round to 3 decimal places)
34.5-39.5 37 I 1 1 ÷ 30 = 0.033
39.5-44.5 42 I 1 0.033
44.5-49.5 47 - 0 0
49.5-54.5 52 I 1 0.033
data
Ways to represent intervals of discrete 54.5-59.5 57 II 2 0.067
:

134 5 .
39 5 -
2)34
.
39 -

59.5-64.5 62 IIII 4 0.133

39 . 5 -
44 5 , 40 -
44 64.5-69.5 67 IIII 4 0.133
44 5
.
-
49 5 . 45 -
49 69.5-74.5 72 I 6 0.200
74.5-79.5 77 IIII 4 0.133
continuous data
Ways to represent intervals of 79.5-84.5 82 III 3 0.100
:

2)34 54x < 39 , 5 84.5-89.5 87 II 2 0.067

1) 34 5 .
-
39 5
.
.

89.5-94.5 92 I 1 0.033
44 5 39 54X < 44 5
,5
39 . .

94.5-99.5 97 I 1 0.033
-
,

44 5
.
-
49 5 . 44 5 X
.
< 49 . 5 Total 30
inclusive exclusive
for lower fence for upper fence
.

pg. 2
Bar Graph (Qualitative Variables) Histogram Quantitative Variables)

- a chart or diagram that represents - a special form of bar graph which the areas
quantities with horizontal or vertical bars of the bars are proportional to the
whose lengths are proportional to the frequencies of the values of the variable
quantities - used for variables whose values can be
- represents all kinds of variables that may arranged in numerical order especially
not have set order such as hair colour or continuous
citizenship variables such
as weight,
temperature

Frequency Polygon Superimposed frequency polygon and histogram

- illustrates the same information as a

histogram or bar graph by plotting
frequencies versus variable values and then
joining the points with straight lines

Pictograph Circle/Pie Graph

Example from Textbook Page 98:

pg. 3
More about Histograms…
How to describe the shape of histograms:
Ö x-axis displays the values of the dataset
Ö y-axis displays the frequencies of each value

1) Bell-Shaped: a histogram is bell-shaped if it resembles a “bell” curve and has one

single peak in the middle of the distribution. The most common real-life example of
this type of distribution is the normal distribution.
&

2) Uniform: A histogram is described as “uniform” if every value in a dataset occurs

roughly the same number of times. This type of histogram often looks like a
rectangle with no clear peaks.

3) Bimodal: A histogram is described as “bimodal” if it has two distinct peaks.

&*

pg. 4
 4) Multimodal: A histogram is described as “multimodal” if it has more than two
distinct peaks.
***

5) Left Skewed: A histogram is left skewed if it has a “tail” on the left side of the
distribution. Sometimes this type of distribution is also called “negatively” skewed.

-
6) Right Skewed: A histogram is right skewed if it has a “tail” on the right side of the
distribution. Sometimes this type of distribution is also called “positively” skewed.

&
7) Random: The shape of the distribution can be described as “random” if there’s no
clear pattern in the data at all.

pg. 5
Organizing and Graphing Data Practice Assignment

!"##$%&' )*+,' "- .*/*

Continuous Data "#$%&'() *"+% =

I
# "- $+/')1*&#

Relative Frequency Distribution

continuous data
If
1. Given the final marks from last year’s Grade 12 Data Management class.
u

48 2858
42 49 50 51 63 66 67 68 69 70
73 74 77 78 80 83 84 85 85 88 .

89 90 91 93 95 96 97 98 99 100
a marks
=
a) Using the formula of determining the interval size above, construct a frequency table with 7 intervals,
~
includes the column for the relative frequency

Intervals for RELATIVE

MIDPOINT TALLY FREQUENCY
Marks (%) FREQUENCY
41 5-
. 50 5 . (41 5 + 50
. . 5) + 2 =
46 11I 3 3 + 30 = OR 0 .
1

50 5 .
-

59 5
.
55 I I 1 + 30 = 5 Or 0 03
.

59 5
.
-
,5
68 64 1111 4 4 + 30 =
F OR 0 13 .

68 5 .
-
77 5 .
73 H 5 5 + 30 =
5 OR 0. 17

77 5 .
-

86 5 . 821 6 6 + 3 =
5 OR 0. 2

86 5 .
-
,5
95 91H1 6 0. 2

95 5 .
-

104 5 . 100 #1 5 0 . 17

b) Construct a histogram. (Be sure to label the graph clearly)

Class.
Title : Final Marks of Last Year's Gr 12 Data
.
Management

7-

6-

5
-

4-

· 3-

2-

: I 11 1.1 /

41 5 50 5
. . 59 5 .
68 577 586
. . . 595 5 104 5. .

Marks (%)

c) What proportion of students had marks between 60% and 69%?

= or 0 . 13 or 13 % This means exclusively

pg. 6
class had
the students in
last year's data management
Approximately 13 % of
60 % and 69 %.
marks between
 d) Do you find the method of determining the interval from a) effective for analyzing this scenario? Why?

The intervals determined by the formula is not effective for analyzing this scenario because most students/teachers would like to know
intervals
and 20s our levels are determined using the same .

internals such 40s 50s , 60s , 70s as

of the as ,
in 10s
the results
,

every

e) If you are going to re-do the frequency table, how would you do it this time?

Intervals for RELATIVE

MIDPOINT TALLY FREQUENCY
Marks (%) FREQUENCY
39 5 .
-
49 5 , 44, 5 II 2 => =
5 Or 0 . 07

49 5 .
-
59 5 . 54 5 .
11 2 0 . 07

59 5 - 69 5
. . 64,5 #1 S = JOR 0 . 17

69 5 .
-
79 5
.
74 5 . T 5 0 . 17
=
79 5 .
-
89 5 .
84 5 .
#111 7 38
=
0. 23

89 5 .
-
99 5 , 94 5 .
T III s R 0 . 27

99 5
.
-
109 5 . 104 5 .
I I 5 = 0 . 03

f) Why would you choose to organize the data using the selected interval style from e)?
I choose to organize the data
using the selected interval style because it accommodates the
we determine the way
how intervals
normal practice in the grading system Often . ,

to the needs
are defined by identifying the target users of the analysis and cater

for their perspectives.

pg. 7