Structured Programming

Lecture 1
One Dimensional Arrays
 Course Logistics
• Instructors
– Dr. Maryam Nabil (Scientific Computing Department)
– Dr. Salsabil Amin (Basic Sciences Department)
• Contact: [email protected]
• Office: 3rd floor, next to Tolba Lecture hall

– Dr. Naglaa Fathy (Information Systems Department)

• Contact: [email protected]
• Office: 2nd floor, below SaeedAbdElwahab Lecture hall

• Credit to Dr. Salma Hamdy, Dr.Yasmin Afify and

Dr. Sally Saad for content preparation

2
 Course Material

Google Drive
(will be sent to your admin)
 Course Logistics

• Assessment (100 points)

Final Examination 50
Midterm 15
Practical 10
Project 15
Quiz 1 (in lab) 5
Quiz 2 (online) 5
Lecture Bonus +5

4
 Course Logistics – Textbook

Available References:
• C++ How to Program, 5th edition, Deitel &
Deitel, Prentice Hall- Pearson Education
International, 2005.
• Competitive Programming, Handbook for
ACM ICPC and IOI Contestants, Steven
Halim, Felix Halim, 2013. (Recommended by the
late Youssef El-Kayyali- ACM Head of
Training Committee)
• Problem Solving with C++, 8th edition,
Walter Savitch, Addison Wesley-Pearson
Education International, 2012.
5
 Course Logistics – Outline

1.1D array
2.Functions 1 (by value)
3.Structures+(Project announcement)
4.GUI Support Session+ Problem Solving +(Project Registration)
5.Functions 2 (By Ref) + passing arrays
6.2D array + Problems
7.Pointers I (Concept)
8.Pointers II
9.Recursion
10.Revision

6
Arrays

7
 Opening Problem

 Read one hundred numbers, compute their

average, and find out how many numbers are
above the average.

Ideas?

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 Single-Dimensional Arrays

 Array is a data structure that represents a

collection of the same type of data.

 Consecutive group of memory locations of the

same name , type (int, char, etc.) and size
(4 bytes, 8 bytes, etc.)

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 Arrays

The array elements are accessed through the index.

Array indices are 0-based.
1st element at position 0
4th element at position 3
nth element at position n-1
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 What is an Array?

What is a dimension?

one dimensional array

 Arrays
Name of array (Note that
all elements of this array
have the same name, c)
How
c[0] -45 many
c[1] 6 elements
in array
c[2] 0
c?
c[3] 72
c[4] 1543
c[5] -89
c[6] 0
c[7] 62
c[8] -3
c[9] 1
c[10] 6453
c[11] 78

Position number of the

element within array c
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 Declaring Arrays

 When declaring arrays, specify

 Type

 Name

 Number of elements (size)

type arrayName[arraySize];
int grades[21]; // array of 21 integers
float numbers[324]; // array of 324 floats

 Declaring multiple arrays of same type

 Use comma separated list, like regular variables

int b[100], x[27];

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 *
Exercise

Declaration ??
float myList[10];

myList[0] 5.6
myList[1] 4.5
myList[2] 3.3
5th Element??
myList[3] 13.2
myList[4] 65.3
5th Array myList[5] 34.33 5th
element Element
myList[6] 34.0
at index 4 value
myList[7] 45.45

myList[8] 99.993

myList[9] 111.23

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 Declaring Arrays

 C++ requires that the array size used to declare an array

must be a constant expression.

For example, the following code is illegal:

int size = 4;
double myList[size]; //Wrong

The size should be constant, the following code is correct:

const int size = 4; //must be initialized in the same line
double myList[size]; //Correct

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 Constants

• Meaningful name to represent data

const int NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS = 24;
– Constants cannot be changed
– Constants must be initialized when declared
– Also called “named constants” or “read-only” variables

• You can aslo use #define dircetive

#define NUMBER_OF_STUDENTS 24

16
 Constants
Const Vs.#define

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 Constants
Const Vs.#define

18
 Declaration and Initialization
Declaration
type var_name[size]; → allocates memory
Value or
Constant or
Expression
→ constant
NOT variable
 Array Elements

int c[10];

 To refer to an element
 Specify array name and position number (index)

 Format: arrayname[positionNumber]

• After an array is created, an array element can be used in

the same way as a regular variable.
 Assignment , reading and printing for an integer array c
cin >> c[0]; // set value entered by user to first array element
cout << c[9]; // display the 10th array element
c[2] = 11; // set the 3rd array element to 11
myList[2] = myList[0] + myList[1]; // add 1st and 2nd elements

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Exercise: Difference Between Indices?
Array size
= number
of elements
double grades[10]; (Const)

cout << grades[0];

Position/
index of grades[9] = 97.5;
array
element
(can be
variable) cin>> grades[2];

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 No Bound Checking

int myScores[10];
• C++ does not check array’s boundary.

• So, accessing array elements using subscripts beyond the boundary

(e.g., myScores[10] and myScores[11]) does not cause syntax errors,
but causes undefined behavior. It may appear to work just fine,
but you shouldn't be relying on its safety.
•

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 Initializing Array

• When an array is created, its elements are assigned with

arbitrary values (Garbage).

• Therefore, you must initialize the array elements by:

1. Explicitly setting values or

2. Reading user input values into array elements.

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 Initializing Arrays: Method 1

 Initializer list
 Declaring and initializing in one step:
int n[5] = {14, 22, 63, 24, 15};

float myList[4] = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

This shorthand notation is equivalent to:

float myList[4];
myList[0] = 1.9;
myList[1] = 2.9;
myList[2] = 3.4;
myList[3] = 3.5;

 If not enough initializers, rightmost elements set to 0

 If too many, gives an error

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Initializing Arrays: Method 1

right most
elements are
assigned zero

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 Caution

Using the shorthand notation, you have to

declare and initialize the array all in one
statement. Splitting it would cause a syntax
error.
For example, the following is wrong:
float myList[4];
myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

float myList[4] = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

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 Initializing Arrays

 You can omit the array size when you declare the
array using initializers
int n[] = {14, 22, 63, 24, 15};
5 initializers, therefore 5 elements in array

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Initializing Arrays:
Method 2
User enters values of array elements.

int main()
{
int arr[5];
cout<<"Enter Array Elements: "<<endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
cin>> arr[i];
cout<<"Displaying Array Elements: "<<endl;
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
cout<< arr[i] << endl;
return 0;
}
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 Remember

if an array is declared, but not initialized, all its elements

will contain “garbage”, like all other local variables.

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 Copying Arrays

Can you copy array using a syntax like this?

list = myList;
This is not allowed in C++.

You have to copy individual elements from one array to

the other as follows:

const int ARRAY_SIZE = 13;

int list[ARRAY_SIZE], myList[ARRAY_SIZE];
………………………….// rest of code
for (int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
list[i] = myList[i];
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 *
Exercise: Output?
const int arraySize = 10;
int s[arraySize]; // array s has 10 elements
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) // set array values
s[i] = 2 + 2 * i; i s[i]
for (int i = 0; i < arraySize ; i++) 0 2+0=2
1 2+2=4
cout<< s[i] << ", ";
2 2+4=6
... ...
9 2+18=20

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 Exercise

C++ Code Correct?

int arraySize = 5;
Wrong
float numbers[arraySize];
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
cin >> numbers[i];

char grade[6]= {'B','A','A','C','D','D'}; Correct

char letter[6]= {'B','A','A','C'}; Correct

int grade[9];
for ( int i = 0; i <= 9; i++ ) Wrong
cin >> grade[i];
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 Exercise

C++ Code Correct?

int numbers[2] = {11, 33, 44}; Wrong

int numbers[1];
Wrong
numbers = 34;

float numbers[0]; Wrong

float price[]= {33.5, 25, 56, 77.25}; Correct

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 *
Exercise: Output?

num num%3
6 0
7 1
8 2
9 0
Random numbers from 0 to 99 10 1
11 2
12 0

Rand() % n generates numbers from 0 up to (n-1)

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 *
Exercise: Output?

Syntax Errors
because
constant
variable must
be initialized
when declared

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 *
Exercise: Output?

int values[5]= {0}; // set all elements to 0

i values[i]
for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++)
1 1+0=1
values[i] = i + values[i-1]; 2 2+1=3
values[0] = values[1] + values[4]; 3 3+3=6
4 4+6=10
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th,
init i=1 i=2 i=3 i=4 After
values[0] 0 0 0 0 0 11
values[1] 0 1 1 1 1 1
values[2] 0 0 3 3 3 3
values[3] 0 0 0 6 6 6
values[4] 0 0 0 0 10 10

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 Problem: Sum Array Elements

 Compute the sum of the elements of an array.

const int size = 10;

int numbers[size]={51,24,73,44,25,16,37,88,29,60};
int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

sum += numbers[i];

cout<< "Sum: "<< sum << endl;

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 Problem : Sum Array Elements
 Compute the sum of the elements entered by user.
const int size = 5;
int numbers[size];
int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{
cout << "Enter a new number: ";
cin >> numbers[i];
}
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
sum += numbers[i];
cout<< "Sum: "<< sum << endl;
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 Problem : Sum Array Elements

 Compute the sum of the elements entered by user.

const int size = 5;

int numbers[size];
int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{
cout << "Enter a new number: ";
cin >> numbers[i];
sum += numbers[i];
}
cout<< "Sum: "<< sum << endl;
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 *
Problem : Average of Array Elements

 Compute the average of the elements entered by user.

const int size = 5;

int numbers[size];
int sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{
cout << "Enter a new number: ";
cin >> numbers[i];
sum += numbers[i];
}
cout<< "Sum: "<< sum << endl;
int average = sum / size; Problem?
cout<< "Average: "<< average << endl;
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 Problem: Numbers Above Average

 Read one hundred numbers. First, compute

their average. Second, find out how many
numbers are above the average.

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 Solution
const int size = 100;
float numbers[size];
float sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{
cout << "Enter a new number: ";
cin >> numbers[i];
sum += numbers[i];
}
float average = sum / size;

int count = 0; // The number of elements above average

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (numbers[i] > average)
count++;

cout << "Average is: " << average << endl;

cout << "Number of elements above the average: " << count << endl;
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 Linear Search
Key List
3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8
3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8

3 6 4 1 9 7 3 2 8
-44-
 Linear Search

 Compare each element of array with key value

 Start at one end, go to other

 Useful for small and unsorted arrays

 Inefficient

 If search key not present, examines every element

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 *
Problem: Search Maximum
const int size = 50;
int numbers[size];
int max=0;
Does it work
for negative
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) numbers?
{
cout<< "Enter number: ";
cin>> numbers[i];
}

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

if (numbers[i] > max)
max = numbers[i];

cout<< "Maximum number: "<< max << endl;

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 Problem: Search Maximum
const int size = 50;
int numbers[size];
int max;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
cout<< "Enter number: ";
cin>> numbers[i];
}
max = numbers[0];
for (int i = 1; i < size; i++)
if (numbers[i] > max)
max = numbers[i];
cout<< "Maximum number: "<< max << endl;
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const int size = 5;
int scores[size];
Problem
int max; Search Max
Index
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
cin>> scores[i];

max = scores[0];
for (int i = 1; i < size; i++)
if (scores[i] > max)
max = scores[i];

cout<< "Maximum score: "<< max << endl;

cout<<"Achieved by Students:\n";
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (scores[i] == max) Student 1 score is stored in index 0
cout<< i+1 << endl;
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 Assignment 1 (Home Project)

 A factory has multiple production lines. Each production line

has a maximum price for its products.
 Each product belongs to a specific production line, has a base
price, taxes and net price.
 Write a C++ program that reads data of 3 products then
computes the net price and determines if the computed net
price is accepted compared with the maximum price of the
corresponding production line.
 N.B.
taxes
 net price = base price + base price x
100
 net price of each product should not exceed the maximum price of the
corresponding production line.
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Sample Run

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To-Do List:
1. Sheet 1
2. Home Assignment 1
3. Clean code presentation (Self-Study)