Physics 1

Lecture 5
Chapter 4, Cont. + Chapter 6
Circular Motion + Applications of
Newton’s Laws in Circular Motion

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 Board

Circular Motion

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  
ac ⊥ v
Uniform Circular Motion

❑ Object moving along a curved path

with constant velocity
❑ Velocity is a vector!
◼ Magnitude of velocity: same
◼ Direction of velocity: always
tangent to the path of the object →
Uniform circular motion
changing
◼ Acceleration is NOT zero! Constant speed, or, Motion along a circle:
constant magnitude Changing direction
of velocity of velocity
Circular Motion – Centripetal Acceleration

 The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration

vector is given by:

ac

 The direction of the centripetal acceleration

Vt
vector is always changing, to stay directed 𝒓

toward the center of the circle of motion.

Vt

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 Board

Non-Uniform Circular Motion

 If magnitude of velocity
changes, there would be
another component of the
acceleration called tangential
acceleration 𝒂𝒕

Δ𝒗
𝒂𝒕 = | |
Δ𝒕

 𝑎𝑡 can be in the same

direction as Vt or in the
opposite direction.
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 Non-Uniform Circular Motion
 In non-uniform circular motion, the motion
would be under the influence of both, tangential
and centripetal accelerations:

 What is the possible direction of 𝒂𝒕 if the

velocity vector in the direction of positive x-axis?
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Example 1
33) A train slows down as it rounds a sharp horizontal turn, slowing from 90.0 km/h to
50.0 km/h in the 15.0 s that it takes to round the bend. The radius of the curve is 150 m.
 Compute the total acceleration at the moment the train speed reaches 50.0 km/h.
Assume it continues to slow down at this time at the same rate.
Solution:
Vf = 50km/h
Vi = 90km/h
T=15 s

R = 150m

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Example 2
What if we have the magnitude and direction of the acceleration?
Which component represents ac and at?

r = 2.5m , 𝜽= 30 ̊ m and a = 15 m/s2

Get ac and at and v
Solution: 𝜽

ac = a cos 𝜃 = 15 cos 30 ̊
𝑣2 a
ac = → v = ac𝑟
𝑟

at = a sin 𝜃 = 15 sin 30 ̊
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 Centripetal and Tangential Accelerations
 ac = 5 m/s2 and at= 3 m/s2. Write total acceleration vector for points A,B,C and D.

Clockwise Anti-Clockwise

D D

C A C A

B B
A: 𝐚 = -5 𝐢Ƹ −𝟑 𝐣Ƹ A: 𝐚 = -5 𝐢Ƹ +𝟑 𝐣Ƹ
B: 𝐚 = -3 𝐢Ƹ +𝟓 𝐣Ƹ B: 𝐚 = 3 𝐢Ƹ +𝟓 𝐣Ƹ
C: 𝐚 = 5 𝐢Ƹ +𝟑 𝐣Ƹ C: 𝐚 = 5 𝐢Ƹ − 𝟑 𝐣Ƹ
D: 𝐚 = 𝟑 𝐢Ƹ −𝟓 𝐣Ƹ D: 𝐚 = -𝟑 𝐢Ƹ −𝟓 𝐣Ƹ 9
 Example
At a certain instant the acceleration and velocity were as follows:
 𝐚 = 3 𝐢Ƹ +𝟒 𝐣Ƹ m/s2
 𝐯 = 6 𝐢Ƹ m/s
D
At which point the body is located?
What are the x and y coordinates of the particle at this moment?
Solution: C A

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Chapter 6
Circular Motion and Other
Applications of Newton’s Laws

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Remember…
 Total acceleration in circular motion:
|𝐚| = 𝐚𝒕 𝟐+ 𝒂𝒄 𝟐
Δ𝒗 𝒗𝟐
Where 𝒂𝒕 = | | and 𝒂𝒄 =
Δ𝒕 𝒓

Uniform circular motion:

 There’s only the centripetal acceleration component 𝒂𝒄, with 𝒂𝒕 =0

Non-uniform circular motion:

 There are two components for the acceleration 𝒂𝒄 and 𝒂𝒕
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Newton’s Law applied to Circular Motion
Newton’s Laws can be applied to other situations, such as
travelling in a circular path.

Newton’s Second Law:

In circular motion:

So, Total Forces applied on an object in a circular path:

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How to apply the laws ? (general case)

F4

F1

F2

F3

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Total force

 Magnitude of total force applied

on the object:

റ =
|𝐅| 𝐅𝒄 𝟐+ 𝑭𝒕 𝟐 F4

F1

F2

F3 15
 Remember Simple Pendulum
 Simple pendulum rotates in a vertical circle of radius L.

 What if mentioned that this object rotates with

1200 rev/min ?
 This means we can get velocity from frequency as follows:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1200 ∗ 2 𝞹 r
 V= = L
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 60

 Periodic time/cycle: time interval required for one

complete revolution:
m

2 𝞹r
T=
𝒗
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 Conical Pendulum
Find expressions for v and T.
𝑟
Sin𝜽 =
𝑙

r = L sin𝜽 →1
----------------------------------------------------
T cos 𝜽 = mg 𝑣2
σ 𝐹𝑐 = m
𝑟
𝑚𝑔
T = cos →2 𝑣2
𝜽 T sin 𝜽 = m →3
𝑟
-----------------------------------------------
𝜽
from 2 in 3 L
𝑚𝑔 𝑣2
sin 𝜽 = m
cos 𝜽 𝑟

V= 𝒈 𝒓 tan 𝜽 m
r
from 1: V= 𝒈 𝑳 sin 𝜽 tan 𝜽
Conical Pendulum

 Periodic time T :

𝜽
L

r
m
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 Loop the Loop Example B

 The plane moves in a vertical circle

with constant speed.
 Determine the force exerted by the seat
on the pilot at A and B. r

Solution:
𝑣2
σ 𝐹𝑐 = m
𝑟
At A:
𝑣2
nA-mg = m 𝑟
A
𝑣2
nA = m ( 𝑟
+g)

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Loop the Loop Example cont. C
B

mgmg n n
At B: B

𝑣2
nB + mg = m 𝑟
𝑣2 n r
nB = m ( -g)
𝑟 B

mg
nnA

A
mg
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Roller Coaster Example
n2
v2
σ Fc = m
r
 At bottom: mg
v2
n1 − mg= m n1
r

 At top:
v2 mg
mg − n2= m
r

What if the train was flipped upside down?

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 Roller Coaster Example
𝑣2
n + mg = m
𝑟
𝑣2
n= m ( -g)
𝑟
Why does not the person fall ?
Game designers try to set up a radius r for the game mg n
with velocity v that makes n=0
v2
n=0 → - g =0
r
𝐯𝟐
V= 𝐠𝐫 OR ≥𝒈
𝐫

This is the minimum speed allowed with radius r to prevent the person from falling

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 Ball Tied to a Rope
 Simple-Pendulum-like with motion in a vertical circle
 Non-uniform circular motion.
𝒗𝟐
σ 𝑭𝒄 = m
𝒓
𝑣2
T – mg cos 𝜽 = m 𝑟
𝑣2
T= m ( + g cos 𝜽)
𝑟

This is the general case for vertical circular motion, as 𝜽 T

can be 0 , 90 , 180 , … 𝜽

mg cos 𝜽 m
σ 𝑭𝒕 = m at 𝜽
mg sin 𝜽 = m at mg mg sin 𝜽

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Ball Tied to a Rope – Cont.

 Force analysis differs according to the given 𝜽

 Same problem can have different solutions for
different angles.
𝑣2
σ 𝐹𝑐 = m m
𝑟 mg cos 𝜽
T + mg sin 𝜽 = m
𝑣2 T 𝜽
𝑟
𝑣2
mg sin 𝜽
T= m ( - g sin 𝜽) 𝜽
𝑟

σ 𝐹𝑡 = m at
mg
mg cos 𝜽 = m at

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Problem (1)
➢ A car travels along the perimeter of a vertical circle (radius = 0.25
km) at a constant speed of 30 m/s. What is the magnitude of the
resultant force on the 60-kg driver of the car at the lowest point
on this circular path?
 Solution
Problem (2)
 A 30-kg child rides on a circus Ferris wheel that
takes her around a vertical circular path with a
radius of 20 m every 22 s. What is the magnitude of
the resultant force on the child at the highest point
on this trajectory?
 Solution
Problem (3)
 A roller-coaster car has a mass of 500 kg when fully
loaded with passengers. At the bottom of a circular dip
of radius 40 m (as shown in the figure) the car has a
speed of 16 m/s. What is the magnitude of the force of
the track on the car at the bottom of the dip?
Problem (4)
➢ A 0.50 kg mass attached to the end of a string swings in a vertical circle
(radius = 2.0 m). When the mass is at the highest point of the circle the
speed of the mass is 8.0 m/s. What is the magnitude of the force of the
string on the mass at this position?
 Solution
Problem (5)
 A 50-kg child riding a Ferris wheel (radius = 10
m) travels in a vertical circle. The wheel
completes one revolution every 10 seconds.
What is the magnitude of the force on the child
by the seat at the highest point on the circular
path?
Thank you

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