EEE371 Electric Machines

Electric Machines
EEE371
Lab Manual

Supervised By

Dr. Rabiah Badar

Prepared By

Engr. Fahd Ali Shifa

Engr. Muhammad Ali Khan

Department of Electrical Engineering

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EEE371 Electric Machines

EEE371Electric Machines
Lab Manual

Student Name

Registration Number

Class

Instructor’s Name

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EEE371 Electric Machines

EEE371Electric Machines
Lab Manual

Introduction
In electric machine laboratories, students will learn to test and operate transformers, motors and
generators. Labs contained in this manual have been designed as per course topics from Electric
Machines by Stephen J. Chapman. Aside from 1st lab, the students are required to bring pre-lab
tasks, calculators, pens, and papers in each lab. Students must keep in mind the precautions about
using lab equipment as mentioned in lab no. 1 and must show professional behavior when working
with supply voltages in this lab. Students are required to work in groups of three or four and they
should be vigilant and carefully observe connections, instruments, etc., while performing
experiments. Students are required to have their circuits inspected by lab instructor to avoid any
mishaps. Post-lab reports must be submitted before the start of next lab and they must not be
copied. Near mid-semester, students will be assigned a project related to subject by course and lab
instructors which they must complete by the end of semester.

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EEE371 Electric Machines

Safety Precautions
• Be calm and relaxed, while working in lab.

• First check your measuring equipment.

• When working with voltages over 40 V or current over 10 A, there must be at least two

people in the lab at all time.

• Keep the work area neat and clean.

• Be sure about the locations of fire extinguishers and first aid kit.

• No loose wires or metals pieces should be lying on the table or neat the circuit.

• Avoid using long wires, that may get in your way while making adjustments or changing

leads.

• Be aware of bracelets, rings, and metal watch bands (if you are wearing any of them). Do

not wear them near an energized circuit.

• When working with energize circuit use only one hand while keeping rest of your body

away from conducting surfaces.

• Always have your circuit checked by lab instructor before powering it ON.

• Always connect connection from load to power supply.

• Never use any faulty or damaged equipment and tools.

• If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor.

o Do not touch the equipment, the cord, the person.

o Punch the RED “emergency power off” button on the universal power supply.

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EEE371 Electric Machines

Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3
Acknowledgement ............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
History of Revision .................................................................................................................... 120
Safety Precautions ......................................................................................................................... 4
Lab # 1: Familiarization with laboratory equipment and safety precautions ........................ 8
Objectives ................................................................................................................................... 8
Safety precautions ..................................................................................................................... 10
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 13
Lab # 2: Familiarization with single-phase transformer and transformer polarity ............. 14
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 14
Pre-Lab ...................................................................................................................................... 14
Pre-Lab Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 18
In Lab Tasks .............................................................................................................................. 19
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 25
Lab # 3: Series/Parallel Connections of Single-Phase Transformer ...................................... 26
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 26
Pre-Lab ...................................................................................................................................... 26
Pre-Lab Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 27
In Lab Tasks .............................................................................................................................. 27
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 31
Lab # 4: Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests of Single-Phase Transformer ..................... 32
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 32
Pre-Lab ...................................................................................................................................... 32
Pre-Lab Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 39
In Lab Tasks .............................................................................................................................. 39
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 44
Lab # 5: Single Phase Transformer: Voltage Regulation........................................................ 45
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 45
Pre-Lab ...................................................................................................................................... 45
Pre-Lab Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 46

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EEE371 Electric Machines

In Lab Tasks .............................................................................................................................. 46

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 48
Lab # 6: Three-phase transformer: star and delta transformation ....................................... 49
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 49
Pre-Lab ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Pre-Lab Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 51
In Lab Tasks .............................................................................................................................. 51
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 59
Lab # 07: Three-phase transformer: star and delta loads ...................................................... 60
Objective ................................................................................................................................... 60
Pre-Lab:..................................................................................................................................... 60
Pre-Lab Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 61
In-Lab Tasks: ............................................................................................................................ 62
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 75
Lab # 8: Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor .................................................. 76
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 76
Pre-Lab ...................................................................................................................................... 76
Pre-Lab Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 78
In Lab Tasks .............................................................................................................................. 78
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 84
Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound
Wound Motor .............................................................................................................................. 85
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 85
Pre-Lab ...................................................................................................................................... 85
Pre-Lab Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 86
In Lab Tasks .............................................................................................................................. 87
Lab Task 2................................................................................................................................. 91
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 94
Lab # 10: Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics
and Effect of Speed Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency ........................................ 95
Objectives ................................................................................................................................. 95

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Pre-Lab ...................................................................................................................................... 95
Pre-Lab Tasks ........................................................................................................................... 96
In-Lab Tasks ............................................................................................................................. 97
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ................................................................................................... 103
Lab # 11: Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor ........................................................................................................................ 104
Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 104
Pre-Lab .................................................................................................................................... 104
Pre-Lab Tasks ......................................................................................................................... 106
In Lab Tasks ............................................................................................................................ 107
Lab # 12: Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine ................ 113
Objectives ............................................................................................................................... 113
Pre-Lab .................................................................................................................................... 113
Pre-Lab Tasks ......................................................................................................................... 114
In Lab Tasks ............................................................................................................................ 115
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion ................................................................................................... 119

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LAB # 01 Familiarization with Laboratory Equipment and Safety Precautions

Lab # 1: Familiarization with laboratory equipment

and safety precautions

Objectives
• To familiarize yourself with electric machines laboratory equipment
• To get familiarized with safety precautions associated with this laboratory

Universal power supply 60-105

The power supplies in the 60-070 series are provided by a Universal Power Supply 60-105. The
power supply is designed to be fitted between the two narrow rails of the frame in the lowest area
of the frame. The Universal Power Supply 60-105 receives a three-phase input from the mains
supply and input connections are hard wired at the rear of the unit. After being connected to the
unit 60-105, the supply is protected via a three-phase circuit breaker which when closed provides
power to three phase variable and fixed ac outputs and variable and fixed dc outputs (as indicated
by a green ‘power on’ indicator light).An ‘emergency power off’ pushbutton is provided which
allows an operator to remove all supply outputs from the panel and other units supplied from it.
The supply outputs can be re-established by releasing the ‘emergency power off’ button (turn
clock-wise to release) and resetting the lever switches on the circuit breaker to up (on) position.

Single phase transformer 61-106

The Single-Phase Transformer 61-106 unit houses a 100 VA transformer with tapped primary
winding input and two secondary windings. Also contained within the unit are two resistors and
capacitor which are used for various parameter measuring operations. Additionally, a
thermocouple sensor provides an indication of the core temperature (a multimeter with a K-type
thermocouple input is required), and a toggle switch allows the output of the load to be switched.
All components are connected to a mimic panel on the front of the unit. A representation of the
transformers windings is given and shrouded sockets are positioned at appropriate positions to
allow inputs and outputs to be connected and various measurements of current and voltage to be
taken by virtual or conventional instrumentation.

Three phase transformer 61-107

The Three Phase Transformer 61-107 unit houses a 300 VA 3-phase transformer with three high
voltage primaries, and two low voltage secondary windings per phase. All components are
connected to a mimic panel on the front of the unit. A representation of the transformers windings
is given and shrouded sockets are positioned at appropriate positions to allow inputs and outputs

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LAB # 01 Familiarization with Laboratory Equipment and Safety Precautions

to be connected and various measurements of current and voltage to be taken by virtual or

conventional instrumentation.

Three phase resistive load 67-142

The Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142 unit provides a wide range of resistance variation making
it ideally suited to the testing of electrical circuits, transformers and electrical machines. Three
resistance banks are provided for three phase applications; however, they may be used in series or
parallel to provide the value required. Note that the resistors in each section are identified with
references R1, R2, R3 etc. These references will be used in the assignments to select specific
resistances.

Torque and speed control panel 68-441

The 68-441 Torque & Speed Control Panel in conjunction with the Dynamometer 67-502, in
Torque Mode provides a system for applying loads to a motor, allowing the performance
parameters of the motor to be measured. In Speed Mode, the panel allows a generator to be driven
at a desired speed, allowing the performance parameters of the generator to be measured.

Multichannel I/O 68-500

The Multichannel I/O 68-500 unit allows many different parameters associated with transformers
to be measured with a Virtual Instrumentation system. Used with a PC, the software provides on-
screen ac and dc voltmeters and ammeters, dc wattmeter, single and three phase wattmeter, ac
phase meter, ac power meter, ac frequency meter and single and three phase power factors. The
system requires the following:

• Virtual instrumentation software

• PC interface hardware

• PC with a minimum specification of 700 MHz, Pentium 3, 512 MB of memory, USB1 port
and Windows 2000 or XP operating systems.

Rectifier voltmeter and ammeter 68-117 (60-070 CI2)

This equipment is used for all voltage and current measurements. These operate over the ranges
0–1, 0–5, 0–10 A and 1–50, 0–250, 0–500 V. All ammeters are fused protected for all ranges.

Electronic single and three phase measurements (60-070 CI1)

This unit allows parameter measurement of 3 or 4 wire, balanced, 3-phase systems. The parameters
include voltage, current, power factor, watts, kVA, kVAR, kWh, etc.

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LAB # 01 Familiarization with Laboratory Equipment and Safety Precautions

Electrodynamic wattmeter 68-204 (60-070 CI2)

This wattmeter is suitable for use in ac/dc circuits when measuring power up to 1 kW. The
instrument is a direct indicating type requiring no external supply connections other than those to
appropriate voltage and current terminals. Refer to the 68-204 Module Utility Sheet for
instructions on connecting the wattmeter.

Safety precautions
1. Know the location of first aid kit in your lab.

2. Think first. Always study the job at hand and think through your procedures, your methods,
and the application of tools, instruments, and machines before acting.

3. Never permit yourself to be distracted from your work and never distract another worker
engaged in hazardous work.

4. Take care not to take clothing article near moving machinery.

5. Do not work alone. It is just good sense to have someone around to shut off the power, to give
artificial respiration and to call a doctor.

6. Be sure of the conditions of the equipment and dangers present before working on a piece of
equipment. Many technicians are killed by supposedly ‘dead’ circuits.

7. Never rely on safety devices such as fuses, relays and interlock systems to protect you. They
may not be working and may fail to protect when most needed.

8. Never remove the grounding prong of a three-wire input plug. This eliminates the grounding
feature of the equipment making it a potential shock hazard.

9. Improper selection of the tool for the job can result in equipment damage. For example, if you
use ammeter in place of a voltmeter you will not only burn out ammeter but also damage the
points across which it is connected.

10. Always ask your instructor to check your circuits for short circuits, open circuits, wrong
connections etc. before you turn on the power supply.

11. Do not work on a cluttered bench. A disorganized mess of connecting leads, components and
tools only leads to careless thinking, short circuits, shocks and accidents.

12. Always turn off dynamometer from torque & speed control panel by using the BLACK
“dynamometer power off” button after performing the experiment or when it is not to be used
for more than 4 minutes.

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LAB # 01 Familiarization with Laboratory Equipment and Safety Precautions

Figure 1. 1

13. Figure1.1 highlights the potency of electric shock. Do not place yourself in a position to get
any kind of shock. When your fingers are dry their resistance is 500,000 Ω for large area. It is
250 Ω for wet fingers and large contact area. You can see how drastically the resistance of

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LAB # 01 Familiarization with Laboratory Equipment and Safety Precautions

your body decreases when it is wet. Lesser the body resistance, more lethal will be the current
which flows through your body.

14. Work with one hand behind you or in your pocket. A current between two arms crosses your
heart and may be more lethal as compared to current through your body in to ground.

15. Never talk to anyone while working. Also, don’t be the cause of accident by talking to
someone.

16. All un-powered frame mounted units are provided with earth terminals on the front and/or back
which must be connected to a protective earth point that is provided on all power supply units,
using the earth leads supplied.

17. High voltages can be present on 4 mm front panel sockets. Ensure that only the shrouded safety
connectors provided are used for all power and monitoring connections.

18. If the frame system fixings are not fully tight before equipment is mounted, the frame could be
unstable or collapse with consequent damage to equipment and personnel.

19. Always keep your eyes on instruments and hand on supply knob while increasing supply
voltage. In case of any abnormal deflections from instruments stop increasing voltage and
return it to zero. Then check the circuit and instruments for possible points of failure.

20. The knob on variable section of power supply (L-section) must be set to zero (most anti-
clockwise position) before applying voltage to any circuit.

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LAB # 01 Familiarization with Laboratory Equipment and Safety Precautions

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
NR

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /5

Instructor Signature and Comments

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

Lab # 2: Familiarization with single-phase

transformer and transformer polarity

Objectives
• To understand the principles of transformer operation
• To understand the effect of load on transformer operation
• To learn how to establish the polarity of a transformers windings

Pre-Lab

Single phase transformer

Introduction

Before we start our study of the transformer in detail, it will be useful to look at what a transformer
is and how it works. The simplest practical transformer consists of two coils placed together and
linked by a closed magnetic core which passes through the centre of the coils (see Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 Single phase transformer

Each coil consists of insulated copper wire wound round a bobbin and protected by an insulating
outer cover. The coils may have many turns of fine wire for low current work or fewer turns of
large diameter wire or copper strip capable of passing heavy currents. In power transformers, one
coil or winding will be designated the primary and this will be connected to the ac mains supply.

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

There will be one or more secondary windings, each supplying power to its load at a chosen
voltage.

The core of a power transformer is constructed from insulated steel laminations bonded and
clamped together. This laminated structure is used to reduce internal heating in the core. When
current flows through the turns of a coil, lines of flux are set up which pass through the center of
the coil and form closed loops outside the coil. Constant current will produce a steady flux,
alternating current will produce an alternating flux. If the coil is wound round a close steel core,
the flux level will be increased many times and the lines of flux will be confined to the core path.
Iron and many of its alloys are ferromagnetic materials and have the valuable property of raising
the value of flux produced by a current-carrying coil, and in reducing flux leakage.

As in the simple transformer of Figure 2.1, a second coil may be fitted over the core so that the
flux links both coils. A steady flux will produce no voltage in the secondary coil but any change
of flux will cause a voltage to be induced in it.

The effect of the magnetic steel core is to increase the flux produced by current in the primary and
keep it within the core path which links the two windings. In Figure 2.2(a), two identical coils of
a transformer are shown fitted to their core. When one coil is energized from an AC supply, the
second coil will produce a voltage equal to the energizing voltage.

If the core is removed as in Figure 2.2(b), the flux linking the two windings will be much reduced
and the secondary voltage will fall to a low value. Separating the coils as in Figure 2.2(c) will
further reduce the flux linkage and cause the secondary voltage to be reduced.

Figure 2.2

Voltage ratio of the transformer

As previously discussed, the current drawn by the primary winding from the ac supply produces
an alternating flux which links all the coils which embrace the core. The voltage induced in the
secondary can be measured directly but a voltage will also be induced in the primary winding since
its turns are linked by the same flux.

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

The induced voltage in the primary is referred to as the back EMF. It is almost equal in value to
the ac supply voltage and will always act in opposition to it, so tending to reduce the current taken
from the supply.

The voltage in each turn of both the primary and secondary windings will be the same;
consequently, the value of the voltage induced in the secondary will depend on the ratio of the
number of turns in the secondary to those in the primary. When there are more secondary than
primary turns, the transformer is said to be a 'step-up' and the secondary voltage is higher than that
of the primary. With fewer secondary than primary turns, the transformer is a 'step-down' and
output voltage is lower than the supply. For the same number of turns in each winding, the
transformer is a 'one-to-one'.

Turns ratio without load is given by Eq. 1 and that on load is given by Eq. 2.

Combining equations 1 and 2, we get:

For ideal transformer:

Establishing polarity of transformer windings

A simple transformer with two separate windings is shown in Figure 2.3(a). To illustrate the
principals involved, the same transformer is re-drawn in Figure 2.3(c) with the primary and
secondary coils wound in the same direction on a common core, and with the 'start' and 'finish'
wires of each coil labelled.

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

Figure 2.3

If an alternating voltage is now connected to coil A–C, the resulting current flow will set up an
alternating flux in the magnetic core. This causes an induced voltage to be produced in coil A–C
which acts to reduce the flow of current through that coil. This induced voltage is called the 'back
EMF' or ‘counter EMF’.

The relationship between the supply voltage and the back EMF in the primary can be likened tothat
of two cells connected positive to positive, negative to negative, as shown in Figure2.3(b).They
have the same polarity, but it should be noted that their terminal voltages are in opposition toone
another and as a result no current flows between them. In the transformer, we can say that
thepolarity of the back EMF in the primary winding is the same as that of the supply voltage, again
thetwo voltages oppose one another. The effect of the back EMF is to reduce the flow of current
intothe transformer.

The secondary winding is wound around the same core as the primary and consequently aninduced
voltage will also be set up within its windings. This is the output voltage of the transformer- its
frequency is the same as the supply voltage frequency and its magnitude will depend on thenumber
of turns in its winding. Referring to Figure2.3(c), the polarity of the induced secondaryvoltage
across terminals D–E will be the same as the polarity of the primary voltage acrossterminals A–C.

The polarity of the secondary coil can be reversed by reversing the connections to its
terminals.During manufacture, it is probable that all coils in the transformer will be wound in the
samedirection of rotation, clockwise or anticlockwise. If this is so then the start of winding leads
willalways have the same polarity.

If the transformer winding details are not given, we can carry out a test to establish their polarity.
In this test, one of the primary coil terminals is made common with one of the secondary coil
terminals. A low ac voltage is applied to the primary and the voltage difference between the two

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

non-common terminals is measured. We can then work out the relative polarity of the two
windings.

The connection that gives minimum voltage across the windings is that which gives equivalent
polarity. If the voltage ratio of the two windings is one-to-one, the voltage across the windings is
zero when their polarities are the same. For other ratios, the voltage across the windings is the
difference between the individual winding voltages (same polarity) or the sum of the individual
voltages (opposite polarity). Where a transformer has more than one secondary, the same test can
be extended to identify the polarity of all the windings.

The circuits used for ac polarity tests are given in Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4

In most transformer applications, it is not necessary to know the polarity of the windings. However,
when two transformers are required to be connected in parallel, it is essential to establish correct
polarity, otherwise destructively large currents would circulate in the secondary windings. This is
particularlyimportant in power distribution systems.

In most transformers supplying industrial loads, e.g. motors, heaters etc., two or more secondary
may be connected in series or in parallel to provide a range of voltage and current levels. Again,
the polarity of the secondary winding must be known.

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. What is polarity and how we can check polarity of a transformer?
2. Why polarity test is done?

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

3. What is the no-load turn ratio of a single-phase transformer whose primary is rated at 230V
and secondary is rated at 115V?
4. What is the no-load turn ratio of a single-phase transformer whose primary is rated at 230V
and secondary is rated at 230V?

In Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1
1. Make the connections shown in Figure 2.5.

2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 and V2
channels to ‘500 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows up to 50 V to be
monitored when the ’50 V’ sockets are connected.

3. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to
0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.

4. Set the primary voltage to 40 V by use of the ‘variable output voltage’ control (as read by
virtual or conventional instrumentation).

5. Record the secondary voltmeter reading V2, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 2.1 Results
Table, in the ‘Voltmeter 2’ reading column for ‘Sec1’.

6. Return the knob on universal power supply module to 0% (most anti-clockwise position) and
switch off universal power supply using “3 phase circuit breaker with no volt release”.

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

Figure 2.5

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

Practical 2.1 Results Table

Lab Task 2
1. Ensure that the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105 is set to zero and that the supply
power is switched off.

2. Make the connections shown in the circuit diagram Figure 2.6.

3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250V/500V range switches for the V1 and V2
channels to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows voltages of up to 250 V
to be monitored when the ‘500V/250V’ sockets are connected. Additionally, set the 1A/10A
range switch for I1 and I2 to ‘1 A’. This allows currents up to 1 A to be monitored when the
10A/1A socket is connected or 200 mA to be monitored when the 200 mA socket is connected.

4. Set the switches on the load unit to give a resistance of 548Ω (R1, R2, R3 on, rest are off) and
check that the load switch on the Single-Phase Transformer Unit is switched on.

5. Switch on the 60-105 power supply and then using the ‘variable output voltage’ control, set
the primary voltage to 230V as read on virtual or conventional instrumentation meter V1.

6. Using either virtual or conventional instrumentation, measure the primary and secondary
voltages and currents and record the results in a copy of Practical 2.2 Results table.

7. Return the knob on universal power supply module to 0% (most anti-clockwise position) and
switch off universal power supply using “3 phase circuit breaker with no volt release”.

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

Figure 2.6

Practical 2.2 Results Table

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

Lab Task 3
1. Switch off all power by setting the ‘3 phase circuit breaker with no volt release’ on the Universal
Power Supply 60-105 to the ‘off’ position.
2. Make all connections as shown in Figure 2.7.

Figure 2.7

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 and V2
channels to ‘500 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows up to 50 V to be
monitored when the ‘50 V’ sockets are connected and selected in the software.

4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to
0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
5. Set the primary voltage to 40 V by use of the ‘variable output voltage’ control. This is the
voltage applied to the primary connection 0-230V and is read on virtual or conventional
instrumentation V1.

6. Record the secondary voltmeter reading, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 2.3 Results
Table. The secondary voltmeter V2 connection and the link between the primary and secondary
shown in Figure 2.7 correspond with the first entry in your table.
7. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and
then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

8. Repeat the experiment for the other connections listed in Practical 2.3 Figure 2.7 Table (a) and
record the values in the practical 2.3 results table.

Practical 2.3 Results Table

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LAB # 02 Familiarization with Single-Phase Transformer and Transformer Polarity

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

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LAB # 03 Serial/Parallel Connections of single-Phase Transformer

Lab # 3: Series/Parallel Connections of Single-Phase

Transformer

Objectives
• To understand the effect on power output when the secondary windings are connected in
series
• To understand the effect on power output when the secondary windings are connected in
parallel

Pre-Lab

Introduction
In lab 2, tests were carried out to find the ratio and polarity of a transformer. These tests and the
principals involved are applicable to power transformers which have two or more secondary
windings of the same voltage ratio. In this assignment, we will make use of the information
obtained and extend it to show that, by connecting the secondary’s in series or in parallel, we can
change the output voltages and currents.

The information gained from series or parallel connection of the secondary windings of a single
transformer also applies where two or more transformers of appropriate voltage ratio are connected
to a common power supply.

Figure3. 1

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LAB # 03 Serial/Parallel Connections of single-Phase Transformer

Figure 3.1 shows the principle used in the tests which follow. If the two secondary windings are
to be connected in parallel, we must first ensure that they:

a) Have the same voltage ratio. Otherwise a circulating current will flow through the windings,
even if their polarities are the same.

b) Have the same polarity. This is essential to avoid the flow of a destructively heavy current
through the windings.

Both these requirements are met by an initial check on the voltage across the open ends of the
secondary windings when their other terminals are connected together. If this voltage is zero, the
two windings have the same voltage ratio and the same polarity.

In a transformer supplying industrial loads, e.g. motors, heaters etc.; two or more secondary’s may
be connected in series or in parallel to provide a range of voltage and current levels. A test
procedure similar to that given in this assignment is necessary to ensure correct polarity and to
check the final voltage and current on load so that the transformer output rating is not exceeded.

Pre-Lab Tasks
(Attach extra A4 White page if needed)

1. Output windings of two transformers having equal voltage and current ratings are
connected in series. What would be the value of current which can safely pass through the
entire assembly?
2. Output windings of two transformers having equal voltage and current ratings are
connected in parallel. What would be the value of current which can safely pass through
the entire assembly?

In Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1
1. Make all connections as shown in Figure 3.2.
2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switches for the V1 and
V2 channels to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows voltages of up
to 250 V to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected. Additionally, set
the 1 A/10 A range switch for I1 and I2 to ‘1 A’. This allows currents of up to 1 A to be
monitored when the 10 A/1 A socket is connected or 200 mA to be monitored when the
200 mA socket is connected.
3. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0%.

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LAB # 03 Serial/Parallel Connections of single-Phase Transformer

4. Set the switches on the Resistance Load 67-142 to give a resistance of 182 Ω [All resistors
on] and check that the load switch on the Single Phase Transformer Unit is switched off.
5. Switch on the power supply, set the primary voltage to 230V using the ‘variable output
voltage’ control (read on virtual or conventional instrumentation).
6. Switch on the load switch on the Single-Phase Transformer Unit and readjust the primary
voltage (V1) to read 230 V.

Figure3.2

7. Record the corresponding values of primary current (I1), secondary voltage (V2) and
secondary current (I2) in a copy of Practical 3.1 Results Table.

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LAB # 03 Serial/Parallel Connections of single-Phase Transformer

8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and
then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

Practical 3.1 Results Table

Lab Task 2
1. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0%.

2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switches for the V1 and
V2 channels to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows voltages of up
to 250 V to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected. Additionally, set
the 1 A/10 A range switch for I1 and I2 to ‘1 A’. This allows currents of up to 1 A to be
monitored when the 10 A/1 A socket is connected or 200 mA to be monitored when the
200 mA socket is connected.

3. Make all connections as shown in Figure 3.3.

4. Set the switches on the Resistance Load 67-142 to give a resistance of 640 Ω [R1, R2 are
on, all the rest are off] and check that the load switch on the Single-Phase Transformer Unit
is switched off.

5. Switch on the power supply, set the primary voltage to 230 V using the ‘variable output
voltage’ control (read on virtual or conventional instrumentation).

6. Switch on the load switch on the Single-Phase Transformer Unit and readjust the primary
voltage (V1) to read 230 V.

7. Record the corresponding values of primary current (I1), secondary voltage (V2) and
secondary current (I2) in a copy of Practical 3.2 Results Table.

8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 03 Serial/Parallel Connections of single-Phase Transformer

Figure 3.3

Practical 3.2 Results Table

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 30

LAB # 03 Serial/Parallel Connections of single-Phase Transformer

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

Lab # 4: Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Tests of

Single-Phase Transformer

Objectives
• To learn how to construct an equivalent circuit of a transformer on no-load
• To learn how to predict the efficiency of a transformer over a range of loads
• To learn how to make a complete equivalent circuit of a transformer

Pre-Lab

Introduction
Many electrical machines, particularly transformers, ac motors and generators can be more easily
analysed and their performance better understood with the aid of an equivalent circuit in which the
effects of core loss, copper loss, flux leakage, etc., are represented by electrical resistances and
inductances. An equivalent circuit will produce the same phasor diagram as the machine itself and
the values used to construct either diagram are derived from tests on the actual machine.

In this assignment, measured values of core loss, primary voltage and current will be used to
construct an equivalent circuit and a detailed phasor diagram.

The equivalent circuit

A real transformer with no-load on its secondary may be represented as an ideal transformer with
no core loss and which requires zero magnetizing current plus two parallel elements Rc and Xm as
in Figure 4.1.

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

Figure 4.1

The resistance Rc is the core loss element. The current through this will be in phase with the applied
voltage and will dissipate power equivalent to that of the core at a specified voltage and frequency.
The reactance Xm is the magnetizing element. Its current will lag the applied voltage by 90°; i.e. it
is in quadrature with the applied voltage, and no power is dissipated. The current taken by
Xmproduces the magneto motive force which sets up the flux in the core.

By measuring the current and power taken from the supply, as shown in Figure 4.2, values for the
elements of the equivalent circuit can be derived and the phasor diagram constructed.

Figure 4.2 Open circuit

Using the test results obtained in this assignment a phasor diagram similar to that in Figure 4.3 can
be constructed.

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

Figure 4.3

We will first calculate the phase angle between the current I 1 and the primary voltage V1, then
derive values for the core loss and magnetizing currents.

Let P1 = Primary power input (Wattmeter W1)

V1 = Voltage applied to primary (Voltmeter V1)

V2 = Voltage across secondary (Voltmeter V2)

IO = Total primary current on no-load (Ammeter I1)

Ic = In phase component of current IO (core loss component)

Im = Quadrature component of current IO (magnetizing component)

Φ = Phase angle between V1 and IO.

We can now calculate the currents through the core loss resistance R c and the magnetizing
reactance Xm also the phase relationships between these currents and the primary voltage.

A word of explanation is needed as to why we refer to the total primary current on no-load as
IOinstead of I1. IO represents the phasor sum of the core loss current IC and the magnetizing current
Im as shown in Figure 4.3. When the transformer is supplying no external load, this is the total
current taken by the primary, therefore for this condition IO = I1. When the transformer is supplying
a load, there is a large additional current flowing in the primary and in this case I 1 is not equal to
IObut to the phasor sum of IO and primary load current component.

The volt-amperes taken by the primary on no-load is:

The input power is:

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

Hence:

And:

Now that the currents Ic and Im have been evaluated we can find the values of the equivalent core
loss resistance Rc and magnetizing current Xm using the following equations:

Now suppose that a load current I2 flows in the secondary winding. It will tend to reduce the flux
in the core and hence the EMFs, including the back EMF in the primary. The result is an increase
in primary current which can be calculated from the changes in MMF (ampere-turns).

On no-load the primary MMF was IoN1. Additional MMF required is I2N2 to cancel the secondary's
demagnetising MMF.

Thus the primary must supply a total MMF of:

The current in the N1 turns of the primary thus becomes:

From this we can see that the load on the secondary has in effect been transferred to the primary
and the additional primary current is taken from the power supply.

Each winding of a transformer has resistance. When a current flows this gives rise to a voltage
drop and to a power loss, usually referred to as the 'copper loss'.

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

The flux produced by current flow in the primary turns does not all link with the secondary turns,
as shown in Figure 4.4(a). Similarly, the counter-flux produced by load current in the secondary
turns does not all link with primary turns.

The effect of leakage flux in a real transformer is similar to having an ideal transformer in which
all the flux links both windings, plus separate inductors connected in series with the primary and
secondary as in Figure 4.4(b). In the equivalent circuit, reactances X1 and X2 will represent the
leakage components in series with the primary and secondary windings.

Figure 4.4

Completing the equivalent circuit

By adding the winding resistances and leakage reactances to the equivalent circuit of the
transformer on no-load, we can extend it to form a complete model of the transformer. The degree
of complexity to which the equivalent circuit is taken will depend on the particular application for
which it is to be used. The complete equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

The short circuit test

The magnitude of the total effective winding resistance and leakage reactance can be found by
placing a short circuit across the secondaryand finding out how much voltage at the primary
terminals is needed to drive rated current through the transformer. This voltage will be quite small,
so that the core losses (the effect of Rc and Xm) will be negligible. The required circuit is shown
in Figure 4.6.

Figure 4. 6 Short Circuit Test (* Current Limit 0.43Amp)

There is, however, a preliminary test which we shall undertake in order to overcome some
limitations in our laboratory situation. In industry the testing of a transformer would be carried out
with high accuracy instruments, regularly recalibrated. Also it happens that in large transformers
(for which open and short circuit tests are most valuable) the results are not usually nearly as
dependent on measurement errors as in our small one. The reasons will become apparent later. But
to ensure that you get good results it will be advisable to check that the voltmeter, ammeter and
Electrodynamic Wattmeter are consistent with one another if conventional instrumentation is used.

Calculation of winding resistance and leakage reactance

The input power W1 which is measured in the short circuit test is unlikely to be the same as
V1I1calculated from measurements. Let us suppose for the moment that the impedance at the
primary terminals is a series combination of resistance R1' and reactance X1'.

Then since there is no power dissipated in the reactance:

So that:

Also, the total impedance is:

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

X1' can be calculated as:

Note that only a single resistance and a single reactance value are obtained from these calculations.
We must find out how they are related to the individual primary and secondary resistances and
reactances.

Referred values
If the core magnetizing and loss components are neglected, the equivalent circuit of the transformer
shown in Figure 4.7 is valid. Figure 4.7 is the circuit relevant to your practical results, since if in
this circuit the ideal transformer is short circuited at the secondary terminals, the primary of it
becomes effectively a short circuit also since no voltage can exist across it.

The winding resistance and reactance referred to the primary are:

The complete equivalent circuit of course requires the components representing the core
magnetization and losses, Rcand Xm, to be added.

An exact analysis would show that slightly different values would be appropriate in each different
equivalent circuit, but in a typical transformer the values of Rc and Xm are so much higher than the
series impedances referred to the primary that the same value very nearly is appropriate when
added to any of the circuits in Figure 4.7.

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

Figure 4.7

Pre-Lab Tasks

1. What is short circuit and open circuit test of transformer?

2. Define core and copper losses of transformer? Which losses are greater and why?
3. A single-phase transformer rated 1.2kV/120V, 7.2kVA yields the following results:
Open circuit test (performed on secondary side): V2=120V I2=1.2A W2=40W
Short circuit test (performed on primary side): V1=20V I1=6A W1=36W
Determine:
i. The equivalent circuit referred to primary side
ii. The equivalent circuit referred to secondary side
iii. Efficiency of transformer when it delivers 6kVA at 120V and 0.9pf.

In Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1

1. Make all connections as shown in Figure 4.8.

2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switches for the V1 and
V2 channels to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows voltages of up
to 250 V to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected. Additionally, set

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

the 1 A/10 A range switch for I1 and I2 to ‘1 A’. This allows currents of up to 1 A to be
monitored when the 10 A/1 A socket is connected or 200 mA to be monitored when the
200 mA socket is connected.
3. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0%.
4. Set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position and then rotate the ‘variable output
voltage’ control to give a voltage on V1 of 230V (as read by virtual or conventional
instrumentation).
5. Measure the primary current I1 and the secondary voltage V2, and record the results in
copy of Practical 4.1, Results Table.
6. On virtual or conventional instrumentation, record the primary input power to the
transformer in your copy of the results table.
7. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.
8. Calculate cosΦ, the angle Φ, Ic and Im from the test results recorded in Practical 4.1 and
construct the phasor diagram. Now that the currents Ic and Im have been evaluated, we can
find the values of the equivalent core loss resistance R c and magnetizing reactance Xm.
Draw the equivalent circuit for the transformer on no-load and insert these values into it.
The methods of calculating Rc and Xm is detailed in the introduction section of this
assignment.

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

Figure 4. 8

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

Practical 4.1 Results Table

250 v

Lab Task 2

1. Make the connections shown in Figure4.9.

2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switches for the V1 and
V2 channels to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows voltages of up
to 250 V to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected. Additionally, set
the 1 A/10 A range switch for I1 and I2 to ‘1 A’. This allows currents of up to 1 A to be
monitored when the 10 A/1 A socket is connected or 200 mA to be monitored when the
200 mA socket is connected.
3. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0%.
4. Set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position and then rotate the ‘variable output
voltage’ control to give a reading of 0.43 A (as read by I2 virtual or conventional
instrumentation).
5. Measure the primary voltage V1 and current I1 using the virtual or conventional
instrumentation. Record the results in a copy of the appropriate Practical 8.1, Results Table.
Include in your Practical 4.2, Results Table the power value read on the virtual or
conventional Electrodynamic Wattmeter.
6. Return the ‘variable output voltage’ control to zero (most anti-clockwise position) on the
Universal Power Supply 60-105 and switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

Note: The students MUST ensure that voltage control knob on universal power supply 60-105
is at ZERO (most anti-clockwise position) before energizing the supply to perform short circuit
test. Failure to do so may lead to damaging/loss of equipment.

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

Figure 4.9

Practical 4.2 Results Table

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LAB # 04 Open circuit and Short circuit tests of Single Phase Transformer

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 44

LAB # 05 Single Phase Transformer: Voltage Regulation

Lab # 5: Single Phase Transformer: Voltage

Regulation

Objectives
• To study the effect of increasing load on transformer secondary voltage
• To study the effect of increasing load on transformer efficiency

Pre-Lab

Introduction
Voltage regulation is a measure of change in voltage between the sending and receiving end of a
transmission line. On the other hand, voltage regulation of an electric machine, like transformer,
is a measure of variation in output voltage of the transformer as the load is increased across its
output terminals. We know that an increase in load corresponds to an increase in the demand of
current. As the current from transformer secondary circuit increases, the drop across transformer
secondary winding also increases because of resistive component of windings. This causes the net
voltage across the load terminals to decrease.

The goal is to keep this decrease in check and within prescribed limits. If a transformer has to be
connected in a power system, these limits are set by the power system operators. Therefore,
whenever a new transformer needs to be installed inside the power system one should ensure that
the incoming transformer’s voltage regulation is within the regulation limits set by the power
system. In Pakistan, these limits are +5% i.e., the phase voltage variations at the consumer’s
premises must be within 5% of the rated voltage of 230 V.

Voltage regulation is calculated using the following formula:

𝑉𝑛𝑙 −𝑉𝑓𝑙
Percentage voltage regulation, VR = × 100 %
𝑉𝑓𝑙

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of the output and input power of transformer. It
is calculated by using the following formula:
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
Efficiency, 𝜂 = × 100 %
𝑃𝑖𝑛

Efficiency of any system is low when it is not loaded to its full capacity. A transformer is no
exception to this rule.

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LAB # 05 Single Phase Transformer: Voltage Regulation

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. What is voltage regulation, and why is it required for regulation of a transformer?

2. What is a negative voltage regulation?

3. During negative voltage regulation what will be the power factor in the transformer?

In Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1
1. Make all connections as shown in Figure 5.1. It is important to remember from
experiment 3 that for secondary winding to have a voltage rating of 230 V, you have to
connect sec1 and sec2 windings in series.

230V 230V, 0.43A

A1 W1 A2 W2
Sec1 and Sec2 in series
0 – 230V AC supply

L
O
V1 V2
A
D

0V 0V

Figure 5.1

2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switches for the V1
and V2 channels to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows voltages
of up to 250 V to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected.
Additionally, set the 1A/10A range switch for I1 and I2 to ‘1 A’. This allows currents
of up to 1 A to be monitored when the 10 A/1 A socket is connected or 200 mA to be
monitored when the 200-mA socket is connected.
3. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is
set to 0%.
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 46
LAB # 05 Single Phase Transformer: Voltage Regulation

4. Set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position and then rotate the ‘variable output
voltage’ control to give a voltage on V1 of 230 V (as read by virtual or conventional
instrumentation).
5. Record the values of primary and secondary voltages, powers, and currents for different
settings of resistive loading in results table 5.1.
6. Calculate the value of efficiency at each setting of resistive loading and record it in
table. Calculate the VR by using the values of no-load and full-load secondary voltage
from secondary voltage column of your table.
7. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-
105 and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.
8. Plot graphs of loading vs efficiency and loading vs transformer secondary voltage on
two separate graph papers and attach them with your reports.

Practical 5.1 Results Table

Resistance V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2 η
(Ω) (V) (A) (W) (V) (A) (W) (%)

3770 (ON R3 only)

1950 (ON R2 only)

1280 (ON R2 and R3)

950 (ON R1 only)

760 (ON R1 and R3)

640 (ON R1 and R2)

546 (All ON)

𝑉2,𝑛𝑙 −𝑉2,𝑓𝑙
Percentage voltage regulation (VR) = × 100 % = _____________ %
𝑉2,𝑓𝑙

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LAB # 05 Single Phase Transformer: Voltage Regulation

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 48

LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

Lab # 6: Three-phase transformer: star and delta

transformation

Objectives
• Familiarization with three phase transformer trainer and its connections
• To derive the voltage and phase relationships of commonly used three phase transformers
connections.

Pre-Lab

Background Theory
Every three-phase device (e.g. transformers, generators or motors) has elements or windings that
can be segregated into three divisions. It is usual to describe each division as a phase. The two
usual ways of connecting the three divisions are known as star and delta. Figure 6.1 shows the two
connections.

Figure 6. 1

The term Vline refers to the line voltage, that is, the voltage between any two lines of a three-phase
system. The term Vphase refers to the phase voltage, that is, the voltage between a line and a
common reference potential (generally neutral). However, this should be regarded with care as it
can also be used to mean the voltage across the winding or windings associated with one phase.

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

Delta connected windings

It can clearly be seen from Figure 6.2(a) that for the delta connected system the phase voltage is
the same as the line voltage. Hence:

Vphase = Vline

Figure 6.2

This is demonstrated in Figure 6.2. Figure 6.2(a) shows how the voltages in the windings sum to
zero. Figure 6.2(b) shows the three voltages as separate phasors, symmetrically spaced at 120 o to
each other. Note there is no neutral point.

Star connected windings

Consider the voltages in the system. From Figure 6.1(b), it is apparent that each line voltage is the
phasor difference of two of the phase voltages. That is, the line voltage V AB is obtained by
subtracting VB from VA. Figure6.3 shows the phasor diagram for the voltages in the star connected
system.

Figure 6.3

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

From this the relationship between the phase and the line voltages can be calculated.

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. How to calculate Vp and VL with meter?
2. What is the line voltage in a delta connected winding rated at V phase = 230V?
3. What is the line voltage in a star connected winding rated at V phase = 230V?
4. Which voltages are greater? VP or VL?

In Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1: Delta-star connected transformer

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off.
2. Make the connections shown in Figure 6.4.
3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1
channel to ‘500 V’ and for the V2 channel to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-
500. This allows appropriate voltages to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are
connected.
4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
5. Turn the dial on the power supply so that a voltage of 400V is indicated on the primary
virtual or conventional instrumentation V1.
6. Record the primary line voltage V1, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.1, Results
Table. Note for a delta connected primary, the phase and line voltages are the same.
7. Record the secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage as read on virtual or
conventional instrumentation V2, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.1, Results Table.
8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

Figure 6.4 Circuit Diagram of Delta-star

Practical 6.1 Results Table

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

Lab Task 2: Star-star connected transformer

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off.

2. Make the connections shown in Figure 6.5.

3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 channel
to ‘500 V’ and for the V2 channel to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows
appropriate voltages to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected.

4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to
0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.

5. Turn the dial on the power supply so that a voltage of 400V is indicated on the primary virtual
or conventional instrumentation V1.

6. Record the primary line voltage V1, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.2, Results Table.

7. Record the secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage as read on virtual or
conventional instrumentation V2, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.2, Results Table.

8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and
then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

Figure 6.5 Circuit Diagram of Star-Star

Practical 6.2 Results Table

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

Lab Task 3: Star-delta connected transformer

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off.

2. Make the connections shown in Figure 6.6.

3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 channel
to ‘500 V’ and for the V2 channel to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows
appropriate voltages to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected.

4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to
0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.

5. Turn the dial on the power supply so that a voltage of 400V is indicated on the primary virtual
or conventional instrumentation V1.

6. Record the primary line voltage V1, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.3, Results Table.

7. Record the secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage as read on virtual or
conventional instrumentation V2, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.3, Results Table.

8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and
then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

Figure 6.6 Circuit Diagram of Star-delta

Practical 6.3 Results Table

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

Lab Task 4: Delta-delta connected transformer

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off.

2. Make the connections shown in Figure 6.7.

3. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 250 V/500 V range switch for the V1 channel
to ‘500 V’ and for the V2 channel to ‘250 V’ on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This allows
appropriate voltages to be monitored when the ‘500 V/250 V’ sockets are connected.

4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set to
0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.

5. Turn the dial on the power supply so that a voltage of 400V is indicated on the primary virtual
or conventional instrumentation V1.

6. Record the primary line voltage V1, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.4, Results Table.

7. Record the secondary phase voltage and secondary line voltage as read on virtual or
conventional instrumentation V2, on a copy of the appropriate Practical 6.4, Results Table.

8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and
then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

Figure 6.7 Circuit Diagram of Delta-Delta

Practical 6.4 Results Table

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LAB # 06 Three-Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Transformation

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 59

LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Lab # 07: Three-phase transformer: star and delta

loads

Objective
• An introduction to balanced three phase systemswithunderstandingofthe behavior of current
• Students will be able to derive the current and phase relationships of commonly used three
phase transformers

Pre-Lab:

Transformer Connections

Introduction

Lab 6 introduced three phase star and delta connections. Figure 7.1 demonstrates the current flow
in the windings for both connections.

Figure 7.1

The term Iline refers to the line current, which is the current through each connection line to the
three-phase system. The term Iphase refers to the phase current, which is the current through each
individual phase winding. Consider the currents in the two types of connection.

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Star Connected Windings

It can be clearly seen from Figure 7.1(b) that for the star connected system the phase current is
the same as the line current.

Hence: Iline = Iphase

Delta Connected Windings

Figure7.2 shows the phasor diagram for the currents in the delta connected system

Figure 7.2

From this, the relationship between phase and line currents can be calculated.

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. What is the relationship between line and phase currents in case of star connected windings?
2. What is the relationship between line and phase currents in case of delta connected windings?
3. Define 3-phase load. What do we mean by a 3-phase load of 100Ω?
4. If secondary side of an ideal 11kV/400V, 3-phase transformer is connected in delta-delta and
it is serving a 3-phase load of 10Ω, what is the value of current flowing through each of the
secondary windings?

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

In-Lab Tasks:

Lab Task 1: Delta Supply Star Load

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off. Make the connections
shown in Figure 7.4.

Figure 7.3Delta Supply Star Load

Figure7.4:If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 1 A/10 A range switches for the I1, I2 and I3
channels to 1 A on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This also allows low currents of up to 200 mA to
be monitored when the 200 mA sockets are connected, with the range being software selected.
2. Set the Voltmeter V1 range switch to the 500 V range. Set all the resistance switches on
the Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142 to the 'on' position. This corresponds to a total
resistance load of548 ohms per phase.
3. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
4. Turn the dial on the power supply to set the primary voltage V1to400 V.
5. Record the primary line current, the primary phase current and the average line/phase
secondary current as read on virtual or conventional instrumentation, on a Results
Table 7-1.
6. Complete the appropriate practical 7.1 Results Table for the load values listed in the table.
7. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Figure 7.4Circuit Diagram of Delta Supply Star Load

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Practical 7.1 Results Table

Lab Task 2: Star Supply Star Load

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off. Make the connections
shown in Figure 7.6.

Figure 7.5 Star Supply Star Load

2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 1 A/10 A range switches for the I1 and I2
channels to 1 A on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This also allows low currents of up
to 200 mA to be monitored when the 200 mA sockets are connected, with the range being
software selected.
3. Set all the resistance switches on the Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142 to the 'on' position.
This corresponds to a total resistance load of548 Ohms.
4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’control is set
to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
5. Turn the dial on the power supply to set the primary voltage V1 to 400V
6. Record the primary phase/line current and the average line/phase secondary current as read
on virtual or conventional instrumentation, on Practical 7.2 Results Table.
7. Complete the appropriate practical 7.2 Results Table for the load values listed in the table.

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

Figure 7.6 Circuit Diagram of Star Supply Star Load

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Practical 7.2ResultsTable

Lab Task 3: Star Supply Delta Load

Secondary Line Current Measurement

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off. Make the connections
shown in Figure7.8 (a).

Figure 7.7 Star Supply Delta Load

2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 1 A/10 A range switches for the I1 and I2
channels to 1 A on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This also allows low currents of up
to 200 mA to be monitored when the 200 mA sockets are connected, with the range being
software selected.

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

3. Set all the resistance switches on the Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142 to the 'on' position.
This corresponds to a total resistance load of548 ohms per phase.
4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
5. Turn the dial on the power supply to set a primary voltage V1 of 400 V.
6. Record the primary phase /line current I1 and the secondary line current I2 as read on
virtual or conventional instrumentation, on Practical 7.3 Results Table.
7. Complete the appropriate practical 7.3 Results Table for the load values listed in the table.
8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Figure 7.8 Circuit Diagram of Star Supply Delta Load (a)

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Secondary Phase Current Measurement

1. Reconsider Figure trainer connections as shown in Figure 7.8 (b). The secondary wiring
only needs to be changed for this set up.
2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 1 A/10 A range switches for the I1 and I2
channels to 1 A on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This also allows low currents of up
to 200 mA to be monitored when the 200 mA sockets are connected, the range being
software selected.
3. Set all the resistance switches on the Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142 to the 'on' position.
This corresponds to a total resistance load of 548 Ohms.
4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
5. Turn the dial on the power supply to set a primary voltage V1 of 400V.
6. Record the secondary phase current I2 as read on virtual or conventional instrumentation,
on a copy of the appropriate practical 7.3 Results Table.
7. Complete the appropriate practical 7.3 Results Table for the load values listed in the table.
8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Figure 7.8 Circuit Diagram of Star Supply Delta Load (b)

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Practical 7.3 Results Table

Lab Task 4: Delta Supply Delta Load

Secondary Line Current Measurement

1. Ensure that the Universal Power Supply 60-105 is switched off. Make the connections
shown in Figure7.10(a).

Figure 7.9 Delta Supply Delta Load

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Figure 7.10: If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 1 A/10 A range switches for the I1, I2 and
I3 channels to 1 A on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This also allows low currents of up to 200 mA
to be monitored when the 200 mA sockets are connected, the range being software selected.
2. Set all the resistance switches on the Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142 to the 'on' position.
This corresponds to a total resistance load of 540 Ohms.
3. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
4. Turn the dial on the power supply to set a primary voltage of 400V.
5. Record the primary line current, the primary phase current and the secondary line current
as read on virtual or conventional instrumentation, on a copy of the appropriate practical
7.4 Results Table.
6. Complete the appropriate practical 7.4 Results Table for the load values listed in the table.
7. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

Secondary Phase Current Measurement

1. Reconfigure trainer connections as shown in Figure7.10 (b). The secondary wiring only
needs to be changed for this set up.
2. If virtual instrumentation is being used, set the 1 A/10 A range switches for the I1, I2 and
I3 channels to 1 A on the Multichannel I/O Unit 68-500. This also allows low currents of
up to 200 mA to be monitored when the 200 mA sockets are connected, the range being
software selected.
3. Set all the resistance switches on the Three Phase Resistive Load 67-142 to the 'on' position.
This corresponds to a total resistance load of 548 Ohms.
4. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, ensure the ‘variable output voltage’ control is set
to 0% then set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
5. Turn the dial on the power supply to set a primary voltage of 400V.
6. Record the secondary phase current as read on virtual or conventional instrumentation, on
a copy of the appropriate practical 7.4 Results Table.
7. Complete the appropriate practical 7.4 Results Table for the load values listed in the table.
8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Figure 7.10 Circuit Diagram of Delta Supply Delta Load

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 LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

Practical 7.4 Results Table

Resistance Primary Primary Phase Primary Line Secondary Line Secondary

Load (Ω) Voltage (V1) Current (A) Current (A) Current (A) Phase Current
(A)

548

(All resistance
switches on)

640

(All 3770
switches off)

760

(All 1950
switches off )

1280

(All 950
switches off)

1950

(All 3770 and

950 switches
off)

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LAB # 07 Three Phase Transformer: Star and Delta Loads

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 75

Lab # 8: Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor

Lab # 8: Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series

Motor

Objectives
• To learn the different characteristics of a DC series motor.
• To be acquainted with the parameters used to measure dc motor performance.
• To learnsuitable applications for dc series motor.

Pre-Lab

DC series motor
A series connected DC motor has its armature and field windings connected in series across a DC
supply. Figure 8.1 shows the circuit for a DC series machine.

Figure 8.1 DC Series Motor

Where, V is the voltage applied to the terminals,E is back EMF, Ra is the inherent armature
resistance, Rs is an external resistance added in series with the armature.The magnitude of E is
proportional to the flux and speed.

Where, N is the speed and KE is a constant referring to the field windings.The armature current is
given by:

The flux is proportional to the field current (until the effects of magnetic saturation take place),
which, for a series motor, is equal to the armature current.
Lab#8 Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor

Where,KT is a constant related to the field windings. The speed of the motor can be controlled by
adding a variable resistor in series with the armature winding resistance. Increasing the value of
the resistor will increase the voltage drop across it, this will cause a drop in the motor terminal
voltage and hence a reduction in the speed of the motor as the motional EMF reduces to balance
the loss of terminal voltage.

Torque produced on the rotor is proportional to the flux density. It can be proved that:

Where,Ia is armature current and KT is a constant relating to the armature winding.

Where, K is a constant of proportionality.

Thus, the torque is proportional to the square of the armature current. The current varies inversely
with speed due to the low value of the back EMF at low speeds and hence the series motor has a
high torque at low speeds. This makes it suitable for use in traction applications.

From Eq 1, Eq 2, and Eq 3:

From Eq 5, (assuming that V is constant after allowing for the very small voltage drop across the
field winding):

Where,K1 and K3 are constants. At large values of the speed N, Ra<<K1N and so we derive the
result that the torque is approximately proportional to the square root of the speed, at higher values
of the speed, until the effects of magnetic saturation take place.

Input power to motor is given by:

Power at output of motor is given by:

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Lab#8 Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor
Output power,Po
Efficiency, η = × 100% Eq 10
Input power,Pi

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. What is DC series motor?
2. What happens if DC series motor connected to a load suddenly gets un-loaded?
3. Why is it that starting torque of a DC series motor is related to square of armature current?

In Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1
1. Make the connections shown in Figure 8.2.
2. Set current meter range 5 or 10 Amperes.

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Lab#8 Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor

Figure 8.2 Circuit Diagram of DC Series Motor

3. For students using torque speed control panel

a. Switch off the main ac power using the green on/off button.

b. Set the two rotary controls to their most anti-clockwise positions.

c. Connect the dynamometer to the torque mode socket.

d. Set the ‘demand voltage’ switch to +ve.

e. Press the ‘power’ pushbutton which illuminates green.

f. Press the ‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the adjacent red LED is lit.

g. Rotate the left knob clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.

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Lab#8 Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor
Note: The series motor is always a difficult motor to make measurements on, since on light loads
it will tend to run at very high speed (theoretically infinite speed at no load) and with any increase
in load the speed initially reduces rapidly to a lower value until the additional load can be sustained.
With increasing load, the torque output increases rapidly as does armature current, the current and
torque theoretically being infinite at zero speed. With this type of characteristic, it is possible only
to obtain a portion of the overall characteristic torque/speed curve.

4. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position. Using the ‘variable
output voltage’ control on the 60-105, raise the DC supply voltage to the motor to 160 V
dc.
5. Apply the dc supply voltage until the motor speed is 4000 rpm. This will be the initial value
of speed and supply voltage to carry out the following test.
6. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation, take
the following readings for values of the applied torque from the minimum to 1.0 Nm in
increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into a copy of the appropriate Practical 8.1 Results
Table. Record these values:
a. Motor voltage (V)
b. Motor current (I)
c. Torque (Nm)
d. Speed (rpm)
7. Be sure that as you increase the torque you allow enough time for the shaft speed to settle
before taking your readings.
8. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and
then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.
9. Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency and enter them in the table.

10. Draw graphs of speed, armature current and efficiency vs torque and attach them with your
report.

For students using machine test system68-445

a) Make sure that machine test system is OFF.
b) Connect dynamometer with the motor, connect two cables with dynamometer and
machine test system.
c) Take a connecting wire and short the points IN and Ҩ>.
Make sure that switch is on internal position.
d) Turn On the machine test system and apply voltages from variable power supply to the
motor and note the rpm.
NOTE: at start apply volts in between 50 to 70 DC.
e) Increase the voltages to 3500 rpm and select torque control by pressing MODE black
button on 68-445.
f) Then press red M=0 button and increase (clockwise) or decrease (anticlockwise) torque
value with the rotating knob and note that rpm should not go less than 1700 rpm.

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Lab#8 Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor
2. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation, take
the following readings for values of the applied torque from (0.18 to 0.5) Nm in increments
of 0.05 Nm and enter them into a copy of the appropriate Practical 8.1 Results Table.
Note: Be sure that as you increase the torque you allow enough time for the shaft speed to
settle before taking your readings.
Record these values:
a. Motor voltage (V)
b. Motor current (I)
c. Torque (Nm)
d. Speed (rpm)
3. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.
4. Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency and enter them in the table.

5. Draw graphs of speed, armature current and efficiency vs torque and attach them with your
report.

Practical 8.1 Results Table

Motor Motor Torque Speed Input Output Efficiency

Voltage V1 Current I1 (Nm) (rpm) Power (W) Power (W) (%)
(V) (A)

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Lab#8 Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor

Lab Task 2
For students using torque speed control panel:

1. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
2. Increase the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105 until the speed of the motor is
4000 rpm. The voltage should be the same as that determined in lab task 1. Ensure that the
torque applied is at the minimum. There will always be some torque due to the load
imposed by motor losses and the effect of the dynamometer motor being attached.
3. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation,
Take the following readings:
a. Motor voltage (V)
b. Speed rpm
4. Reducing the voltage by 10V, enter the readings in to a copy of the appropriate Practical
8.2 Results Table. Note the minimum value of the torque.
5. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off all power by setting the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the off position.
6. Draw a graph of speed against applied motor voltage.

For students using machine test system68-445

1. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
2. Turn on the Machine test system and increase the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the
60-105 until the speed of the motor is 3500 rpm. The voltage should be the same as that
determined in lab task 1. Ensure that the torque applied is at the minimum. There will
always be some torque due to the load imposed by motor losses and the effect of the
dynamometer motor being attached.
3. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation,
Take the following readings:
a. Motor voltage (V)
b. Speed rpm
4. Reducing the voltage by 10V, enter the readings in to a copy of the appropriate Practical
8.2 Results Table. Note the minimum value of the torque.
5. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off all power by setting the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the off position.
6. Draw a graph of speed against applied motor voltage.

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Lab#8 Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor

Practical 8.2 Results Table

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Lab#8 Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Series Motor
CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab /1

In Lab /5
/10

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 84

Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound
Motor

Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque

Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

Objectives
• To understand the difference between series dc motors, shunt motors, and compound motor.
• To be acquainted with the parameters used to measure dc motor performance.
• To learn how to establish the polarity of a transformers windings

Pre-Lab

DC compound motor
The dc compound wound motor is fundamentally a combination of series and shunt connected dc
motors. The series winding is arranged so its magneto motive force either assists or opposes that
of the shunt. This makes it possible to attain a selection of torque/speed characteristics. By
adjusting the relative strengths and ratios of the windings, it is possible to obtain any characteristics
of the shunt and series motors. In most compound motors, however, most of the magneto motive
force is produced by the shunt winding.

Differential compound DC motor

The differential dc compound wound motor has the series winding opposing the shunt. Any
increase in current results in a weakening of the field and a reduction in torque per ampere.
However, this connection is not used in practice as it is inherently unstable when loaded.

Cumulative compound DC motor

The cumulative dc compound wound machine has the series winding reinforcing the shunt. This
is shown in Figure 3-3-1.

Figure 9. 1
Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

When subjected to an increase in load, the resultant increase in armature current in the series field
causes an increase in flux. This increases the torque per ampere. Therefore there is a greater drop
in speed with increase in torque than in the shunt connected motor. The torque/speed
characteristics of the cumulative compound motor can also be varied by the use of a resistance in
series with the shunt winding.

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. What would happen if you disconnected (open circuited) the field circuit of a DC shunt
motor? Give reasons.
2. Explain what would happen if you open circuited the field circuit of a DC compound
motor?
3. What would happen if field current through shunt winding of compound motor is
decreased?

SAFETY NOTES
• DoNOTleave the68-441poweredupwith the testmotor
NOTrotatingandwithaloaddemand. Thiswill cause the
dynamometermotortooverheatwhich may lead topermanent damage.
• Incircumstanceswhen thedynamometerisnotbeingused for aperiodlongerthan5
minutes,press thedynamometerpower offbutton.When readytocontinuewith
theassignment,press thedynamometerpoweronbuttonbringingpowerbackon to
thesystem.
• DoNOTunderanycircumstancesallowanopencircuitin the67-142
resistancebox,whenconductingmotortests requiring a
resistanceinserieswiththefieldwinding. Thiswill collapse thefield tozeroandlead
to themotor“runningaway”athigh speed.Alwaysensure thelinkisinsertedwhen the
resistance isnotrequiredand thatthe resistanceswitchesareneverall setto “off”.

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Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

In Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1
1. Make sure that the universal power supply is off. Make the connections shown in Figure
9.2. Set current meter range 5 or 10 Amperes. Resistance box connections are shown in
Figure 9.3.
2. Fit the link, which shorts out the resistance box (shown in Figure 9.3), and check that all
the resistance switches are switched on.

Figure 9. 2

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Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

Figure 9. 3 Three Phase Resistive Loads

For students using torque and speed control panel 68-441

3. On torque speed control panel
a. Switch off the main ac power using the green on/off button.

b. Set the two rotary controls to their most anti-clockwise positions.

c. Connect the dynamometer to the torque mode socket.

d. Set the ‘demand voltage’ switch to +ve.

e. Press the ‘power’ pushbutton which illuminates green.

f. Press the ‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the adjacent red LED is lit.

g. Rotate the left knob clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.

4. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position. Using the ‘variable
output voltage’ control on the 60-105, increase the supply until the motor speed is about
3018 rpm.

5. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation, take

the following readings for values of the applied torque from the minimum to 1.2 Nm in

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Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into a copy of the appropriate Practical 9.1 Results
Table. Record these values:

a. Armature volts (V2)

b. Field volts (V1)
c. Armature current (I2)
d. Field current (I1)
e. Torque Nm
f. Speed rpm

6. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

7. Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency and enter them in the table.

8. Draw graphs of speed, armature current and efficiency vs torque and attach them with your
report.

For students using machine test system68-445

1. Make sure that the machine test system is OFF.
2. Connect dynamometer with the motor and connect two cablesfrom dynamometer to
machine test system.
3. On machine test system
a. Take a connecting wire and short the points IN and Ҩ>.
b. Make sure that the switch is on internal position.
c. Switch ON the machine test system.

4. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position. Using the ‘variable
DC output voltage control on the 60-105, increase the supply until the motor speed is about
3500 rpm and select torque control by pressing MODE black button.

5. Then press red M=0 button and now we can increase (clock wise) or decrease (anti clock
wise) torque value with the rotating knob.
6. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation,
take the following readings for values of the applied torque from the minimum to 0.1 Nm
in increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into a copy of the appropriate Practical 9.1
Results Table. Record these values:

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Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

a. Armature volts (V2)

b. Field volts (V1)
c. Armature current (I1)
d. Field current (I2)
e. Torque Nm
f. Speed rpm

7. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

8. Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency and enter them in the table.

9. Draw graphs of speed, armature current and efficiency vs torque and attach them with your
report.

Practical 9.1 Results Table

Armature Field Field Armature Torque Speed Input Output

Voltage Current Voltage Current (Nm) (rpm) Power Power
V2 (V) I2 (A) V1 (V) I1(A) (W) (W)

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Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

Lab Task 2
For students using torque and speed control panel 68-441

1. Set all of the switches on the resistor panel 67-142 to the on position as shown in figure
9.3, and link the resistor arrays in parallel to give a resistance in series with the field coil
of 182Ω. Remove the link across the resistor panel shown as a dotted line in figure 9.3.

2. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.

3. Using the ‘variable output voltage’ control, increase the supply until the motor speed is
about 3200 rpm not exceeding the voltage of 220 V dc.

4. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation, take

the following readings for values of the applied torque from the minimum to 1.2 Nm, in
increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into the column Set 2 of Practical 9.2 Results Table.
Record in your table the following:

a. Field Current I2
b. Torque Nm
c. Speed rpm

5. On the 60-105, turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% and then switch off the
circuit breaker.

6. Now set the resistance panel 67-142 to give the resistance in series with the field winding
of 317Ω (R1, R4, and R7 are ON, all the rest are OFF).

7. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.

8. Using the ‘variable output voltage’ control, increase the supply until the motor speed is
about 3200 rpm not exceeding the voltage of 220 V dc.

9. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation, take

the following readings for values of the applied torque from the minimum to 1.2 Nm, in
increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into the column Set 3 of Practical 9.2 Results Table.
Record in your table the following:

a. Field Current I2
b. Torque Nm
c. Speed rpm

10. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

11. Draw a graph of speed vs torque for each of the three values of the field current on a single
graph paper. Compare your results with the theoretical predictions at the beginning of this
assignment.

For students using machine test system 68-445

1. Set all of the switches on the resistor panel 67-142 to the on position as shown in figure
9.3, and link the resistor arrays in parallel to give a resistance in series with the field coil
of 182Ω. Remove the link across the resistor panel shown as a dotted line in figure 9.3.

2. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.

3. Turn on the machine test system and using the ‘variable output voltage’ control, increase
the supply until the motor speed is about 3500 rpm not exceeding the voltage of 220 V dc
and select torque control by pressing MODE black button.

4. Then press red M=0 button and now we can increase (clockwise) or decrease (anti clock
wise) torque value with the rotating knob.
5. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation,
take the following readings for values of the applied torque from the minimum to 0.1
Nm, in increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into the column Set 2 of Practical 9.2
Results Table. Record in your table the following:

a. Field Current I2
b. Torque Nm
c. Speed rpm

6. On the 60-105, turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% and then switch off the
circuit breaker.

7. Now set the resistance panel 67-142 to give the resistance in series with the field winding
of 317Ω (R1, R4, and R7 are ON, all the rest are OFF).

8. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.

9. Using the ‘variable output voltage’ control, increase the supply until the motor speed is
about 3500 rpm not exceeding the voltage of 220 V dc.

10. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation, take
the following readings for values of the applied torque from the minimum to 0.1 Nm, in
increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into the column Set 3 of Practical 9.2 Results Table.
Record in your table the following:

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Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

a. Field Current I2
b. Torque Nm
c. Speed rpm

11. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105
and then switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

12. Draw a graph of speed vs torque for each of the three values of the field current on a single
graph paper. Compare your results with the theoretical predictions at the beginning of this
assignment.

Practical 9.2 Results Table

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Lab # 9: Effect of Field Current on Speed/Torque Characteristics of DC Compound Wound Motor

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 94

LAB # 10 Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

Lab # 10: Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open

and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

Objectives
• To get awarenessabout the parameters used to measure ac generator performance.
• To learn how to setup and measure the open circuit and short circuit characteristics for
asynchronous generator.
• Understand the term synchronous reactance.
• To study the effect of speed variation on output voltage and frequency.

Pre-Lab

Synchronous machine

Introduction

Synchronous machines are constructed with stationary armature windings and rotating poles.
Therotor or field winding is usually energized by an external dc source.The generated EMF
waveform in a synchronous generator undergoes one complete cycle whenthe conductor moves
past a pair of poles. Hence for a machine with p poles the frequency of thegenerated supply is
directly proportional to the speed of the machine.The frequency of the generated voltage is given
by:
𝑝𝑁
𝑁= Eq 1
60
Where,‘p’ is the number of pole pairs (the 64-510 is a two-pole machine, hence p = 1), ‘N’ is the
shaft speed in rpm. The flux due to the rotor MMF is regarded as generating an EMF due to the
rotation of the poles.The flux due to the stator MMF is regarded as generating an EMF which lags
the stator current.Balanced three phase currents in a three-phase winding produce a resultant
magnetic force ofconstant magnitude rotating at a constant speed. The total resultant flux is a
combination of thestator flux and the rotor flux. When the generator is loaded the current in the
stator windingproduces a magnetic effect known as armature reaction which affects the value and
distribution ofthe magnetic flux in the air gap between the poles and the stator core.
The change in terminal voltage which occurs between no load and full load conditions for
aconstant speed and field current is called voltage regulation. Figure10.1 shows the
equivalentcircuit of a synchronous machine.
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LAB # 10 Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

Figure 10.1

Where,‘r’ is the inherent resistance of the winding, and ‘Xa’ is the reactance equivalent to
thearmature reaction, known as the synchronous reactance.
In order to calculate effectively the output voltage of the generator it is necessary to measure
thevalue of the armature reaction reactance. This is achieved by examining the open and closed-
circuit characteristics of the generator.The open circuit characteristic relates the terminal voltage
to the amount of field excitation. Thevalue of the open circuit voltage is the value of the induced
EMF.
The closed-circuit characteristic relates the armature reaction to the field excitation. It is
assumedthat the value of the induced EMF is the same as that measured by the open circuit
characteristic or the same speed and field current. Therefore, the short circuit current can be
measured.
Hence the value of the Synchronous Impedance 𝑍𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐 = √𝑟 2 + 𝑥𝑎 2can be calculated.

𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝑀𝐹

𝑍𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑐 = Eq2
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. What is a synchronous generator? How does it work?
2. What do you understand about concept of rotating magnetic field? Give proof.
3. What will be the effect of increasing field voltage applied to rotor of synchronous generator?
4. What will be the effect of increasing speed of rotor while keeping applied field voltage
constant?

SAFETY NOTES:
1 DoNOTdrive thedynamometerwheninTorque Mode.This will overheat

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LAB # 10 Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

thedynamometermotoranddamage the equipment.

2 Always turn the60-105variabledcsupplycontrol tozeroBEFORE
stoppingrotation ofthegenerator.
3
Incircumstanceswhenthedynamometerisnotbeingusedforaperiodlongerth
an5 minutes,press
thedynamometerpoweroffbutton.Whenreadytocontinuewith
theassignment,pressthedynamometerpoweronbuttonbringingpowerbacko
n to thesystem.

In-Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1
Note:Always turn the 60-105 variable dc supply control to zero BEFORE stopping rotation of the
generator.
1. Turn the ‘variable supply control’ to 0% and then close the ‘3 phase power’ circuit breaker to
the on position.
2. On torque speed control panel
a) Switch off the main ac power using the green on/off button.
b) Set the two rotary controls to their most anti-clockwise positions.
c) Connect the dynamometer to the Speed mode socket.
d) Set the ‘demand voltage’ switch to +ve.
e) Press the main ‘power’ pushbutton which illuminates green.
f) Press the ‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the adjacent red LED is lit.
g) Rotate the left knob clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.

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LAB # 10 Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

Figure 10.2 Three Phase Synchronous Generator

3. Switch off all power by setting the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ on the Universal Power Supply
60-105 to the off position.
4. Make up connections shown in Figure 10.2. Note that the 64-510 generator is connected in
delta configuration.Ensure that the shaft covers are in place.
5. Using the 68-441 constant speed control for Conventional Instrument or the software screen
for Virtual Instrumentation, set the generator to rotate at 3000rpm.
6. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 to provide a
field voltage of 10 V dc.
7. Record the open circuit line to line voltage and field current on a copy of Practical 10.1 Results
Table.
8. Increase the field voltage in steps of 10 V dc up to 50 V dc.
9. Record the corresponding values of open circuit line voltage and field current in Practical 10.1
Results Table.
10. When all measurements have been made switch off the 60-105 Universal Power Supply at the
circuit breaker and turn the variable input to 0%.
11. Using the 68-441 constant speed control for Conventional Instrument or the software screen
for Virtual Instrumentation, set the machine speed to zero.

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LAB # 10 Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

12. Plot a graph between field current and output line voltage. This graph shows open circuit
characteristics of synchronous generator.

Practical 10.1 Results Table

Line Output Voltage Field Current

(V) (A)

Lab Task 2:Short Circuit Characteristic

1. Ensure that the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105 is set to 0% and that the ‘3
phase circuit breaker’ is in the off position.
2. Connect the links as shown in Figure 10.2, to short circuit the generator output.
3. On torque speed control panel
a) Switch off the main ac power using the green on/off button.
b) Set the two rotary controls to their most anti-clockwise positions.
c) Connect the dynamometer to the Speed mode socket.
d) Set the ‘demand voltage’ switch to +ve.
e) Press the main ‘power’ pushbutton which illuminates green.
f) Press the ‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the adjacent red LED is lit.
g) Rotate the left knob clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.
4. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.
5. Power is now available as indicated by the ‘power on’ green indicator being illuminated.
6. Using the 68-441 constant speed control for Conventional Instrument or the software screen
for Virtual Instrumentation, set the generator to rotate at3000rpm.
7. Using the 60-105 variable dc supply, set the field current to 0.02 A.

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LAB # 10 Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

8. Record into a copy of the Practical 10.2 Results Table, the approximate short circuit line to
line current (for short circuit conditions the line to line current is the same as the line to neutral
current). All phase currents should be approximately equal, take phase current reading for L1.
9. Increase the field current in steps of 0.02 A up to 0.18 A.
10. Record the corresponding values of short circuit phase voltage in Practical 10.2 Results Table.
11. Switch off the 60-105 Universal Power Supply at the circuit breaker.
12. Reset the generator speed to zero rpm and remove the short circuit links from the output of the
synchronous generator.
13. Plot a graph between field current and output line current. This graph shows short circuit
characteristics of synchronous generator.
14. From the graph, you have drawn for Practical 10.1 Results Table, find the field current when
the open circuit voltage is at the normal operating level of 230 V ac.
15. From the graph, you have drawn in Practical 11.2 Results Table, find the short circuit line
current at this value of the field current.
16. From Eq 2 calculate the synchronous impedance at the generator operating voltage of 230 V
ac.

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LAB # 10 Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

Practical 10.2 Results Table

Line Output Current Field Current

(A) (A)

Lab Task 3:Effect of Speed Variation on output voltage and frequency

1. On torque speed control panel
a) Switch off the main ac power using the green on/off button.
b) Set the two rotary controls to their most anti-clockwise positions.
c) Connect the dynamometer to the Speed mode socket.
d) Set the ‘demand voltage’ switch to +ve.
e) Press the main ‘power’ pushbutton which illuminates green.
f) Press the ‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the adjacent red LED is lit.
g) Rotate the left knob clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.
2. On the 60-105 unit, turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% and then set the ‘3 phase
circuit breaker with no volt release’ to the on position. Power is now available as indicated by
the ‘power on’ green indicator being illuminated.
3. Using the 68-441 constant speed control for Conventional Instrument or the software screen
for Virtual Instrumentation, set the generator to rotate at3000rpm.
4. Adjust the field voltage to give an output voltage of 230 V ac.
5. Record the line voltage and frequency into a copy of Practical 10.3 Results Table.
6. Reduce the speed in steps of 100 rpm recording the line voltage and frequency into your copy
of Practical 10.3 Results Table.
7. Switch off the 60-105 Universal Power Supply at the circuit breakerand reduce the generator
speed to zero rpm.

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LAB # 10 Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

8. Plot a graph between

a) Speed and output line voltage.
b) Speed and output line frequency.

Practical 10.3 Results Table

Speed Line Output Voltage Frequency

(rpm) (V) (Hz)

3000

2900

2800

2700

2600

2500

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LAB # 10 Three Phase Synchronous Generator Open and Short Circuit Characteristics and Effect of Speed
Variation on Output Voltage and Frequency

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 103

LAB # 11 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Lab # 11: Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single

Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Objectives
• To know the difference between ac motors and dc motors.
• The practical in this lab investigates the operation of a single-phase capacitor
startinduction motor.
• To get awareness of the parameters used to measure ac motor performance.
• To learn torque/speed characteristics of single phase induction motors

Pre-Lab

Single phase induction motors

Introduction

Single phase induction motors are simple, robust and reliable, and are used in large
numbersespecially in domestic and commercial applications where very high-power ratings are
not requiredthat would otherwise be available through the use of three motors.
Although output ratings up to a few kW are available, the majority are below 0.5 kW and are
usedin such applications as refrigerators, washing machines, dryers, pumps, fans, small machine
toolsetc.
The connection of the Single-Phase induction motor is relatively straight forward, with the
windingsconsisting of one that is called the Main and a second that is termed Auxiliary; used only
whenstarting the motor from rest.
Two windings are necessary since a single winding simply produces a pulsating flux in the air
gapand the motor is effectively a single-phase transformer with an air gap in its magnetic circuit
andshorted secondary winding. Under these conditions no effective shaft toque is produced due to
thelack of a quadrature current necessary to produce a torque between the main winding and
therotor. Hence there is no preferred rotational shaft direction and the motor will produce a loud
humunder these conditions and take a high current from the supply.
To produce a starting torque an auxiliary circuit is required that must produce a current that
isdisplaced from the main winding current in time and be of sufficient magnitude to allow
enoughtorque to be produced to start the rotor moving. Once shaft rotation takes place the
rotatingmagnetic field will accelerate the rotor up to near synchronous speed and no further

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LAB # 11 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

operation ofthe auxiliary circuit is required and it can be disconnected from the main circuit. If the
motor stalls itwill come to rest and not start again, until the auxiliary winding is reconnected.
To achieve the necessary starting conditions the auxiliary circuit normally consists of a windingand
capacitor that is designed to produce a phase shift between the two windings of as close aspossible
to 90 degrees. (See Figure11.1.) The combination of the spatial and time differencebetween the
fields due to the main and auxiliary windings produces a rotating magnetic field, whichcauses the
rotor to move in the direction of the rotating field. The motor then essentially becomesa two-phase
machine.

Figure11.1

A mechanism must therefore be provided to ensure that the single-phase motor automaticallystarts
when power is applied and, when running at sufficient speed, the auxiliary windingautomatically
disconnects. This is usually done by a relay contact placed in the auxiliary windingwhich is
switched from the current flowing in the relay coil placed in the motors main winding asshown in
Figure11.2.

Figure11.2 Winding Diagram of single phasecapacitor start Squirrel Cage induction motor

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LAB # 11 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

This configuration is used for the motor you will be using in this assignment, but in many
othertypes of motor the secondary winding is not switched out and is present during normal
motoroperation. The type of motor that does not switch the capacitor after stating is called a
CapacitorStart/ Run or in the case where a capacitor is used to start the motor and another used
whenrunning, this type is called a two-capacitor motor.
For a given load the input power to the motor must be the same for different values of excitation.
Pi = √3VIcosθ Eq 1

Where V is the line voltage and I the line current.

‘cosθ’ is known as the stator power factor.

𝑃𝑜 = 2𝜋𝑁𝑇/60Eq 2

Where, N is the speed in rpm and T is the torque in Nm

𝜂 = 𝑃𝑜 ∗ 100/𝑃𝑖 Eq 3

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. What is an induction motor? How does it work?
2. What is the basic difference in construction between induction machines and synchronous
machines?
3. Can you operate an induction motor at unity power factor? Justify your answer.

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LAB # 11 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

SAFETY NOTES:

1. DoNOTleave the68-441poweredupwith the testmotor

NOTrotatingandwithaloaddemand. Thiswill cause the
dynamometermotortooverheatwhich may lead to permanentdamage.
2. Incircumstanceswhen thedynamometerisnotbeing
usedforaperiodlongerthan5 minutes,press the
dynamometerpoweroffbutton.When readytocontinue with
theassignment,press thedynamometerpoweron buttonbringingpowerbackon
to thesystem.
3. DoNOTpauseasyouincrease thevoltageasprimarywindingU1–U2,isof
lowresistanceandwill initiallytakeaveryhighcurrentfromthesupply;this maycause
thesupplywindingtooverheatwhichcould resultinpermanent damage to the motor.
4. A clickmaybeheardas thecurrentrelay inside the motorswitches
toconnectthestartwindingincircuitandaccelerate the motortofull speed.
5. Once thecorrectvoltagehasbeenestablished,the motorsupplymaybe
switchedonandoffusingthecircuitbreaker.

In Lab Tasks
1. Switch off all power by setting the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ on the Universal Power Supply
60-105to the off position.
2. Make up connections shown in the circuit diagram in Figure11.3. Set current meter range 5 or
10 Amperes

For students using torque and speed control panel 68-441

• Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0%. Switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.
• Switch off the main ac power using the green on/off button.
• Set the two rotary controls to their most anti-clockwise positions.
• Connect the dynamometer to the torque mode socket.
• Set the ‘demand voltage’ switch to +ve.
• Press the ‘power’ pushbutton which illuminates green.
• Press the ‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the adjacent red LED is lit.
• Rotate the left knob clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.
3. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position.

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LAB # 11 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

4. Rapidly increase the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105 until the line voltage is
approximately 240 V.
5. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or the 68-100 ac single and three phase
measurements conventional instrumentation, take the following readings for values of the
applied torque from the minimum to 0.7 Nm in increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into a
table similar to that given in Practical 11.1 Results Table.
o Supply Voltage
o Supply Current (any one of the three)
o Input Power from single phase ac wattmeter (or calculate from Eq 1)
o Power Factor
o Torque Nm
o Speed rpm
6. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and
then switch off all power by setting the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the off position.
7. Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency from Eq 1, 2, and 3 and enter them in
the table.
8. Draw graphs of speed, supply current, input power and efficiency vs torque, using the axes
suggested by those shown in Practical 11.1 Results Table.

For students using machine test system 68-445

• Make sure that machine test system is off.

• Connect dynamometer with the motor, now connect two cables with dynamometer and
machine test system.
• Take a connecting wire and short the points IN and Ҩ>.
• Make it sure that switch is on internal position.
• Now turn on the machine test system
• Select torque control by pressing MODE black button.
• Then press red M=0 button and now we can increase (Clock wise) or decrease (Anti
clock wise) torque value with the rotating knob.
4. Rapidly increase the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105 until the line voltage is
approximately 240 V.
5. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or the 68-100 ac single and three phase
measurements conventional instrumentation, take the following readings for values of the
applied torque from the minimum to 0.7 Nm in increments of 0.1 Nm and enter them into a
table similar to that given in Practical 11.1 Results Table.
o Supply Voltage
o Supply Current (any one of the three)
o Input Power from single phase ac wattmeter (or calculate from Eq 1)
o Power Factor
o Torque Nm
o Speed rpm

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LAB # 11 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

6. Turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0% on the Universal Power Supply 60-105 and
then switch off all power by setting the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the off position.
7. Calculate the input power, output power and efficiency from Eq 1, 2, and 3 and enter them in
the table.
8. Draw graphs of speed, supply current, input power and efficiency vs torque, using the axes
suggested by those shown in Practical 11.1 Results Table.

NOTE: at start current should not exceeds 1.6 amperes and apply volts in between 170 to 210 ac.

Figure11.3 Circuit Diagram of single phase capacitor startSquirrel Cage induction motor

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LAB # 11 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Practical 11.1 Results Table

Supply Supply Torque Speed Power Input Output Efficiency

Factor Power Power
Volts (V) Current (Nm) (rpm) (%)
(A) (cos ) (W) (W)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

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LAB # 11 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Figure11.4

Figure11.5

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LAB # 11 Torque/Speed Characteristics of Single Phase Capacitor Start Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 112

LAB # 12 Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine

Lab # 12: Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase

Synchronous Machine

Objectives
• To appreciate the operation of synchronous machines and the procedures necessary to
bring a motor into synchronization with the supply frequency.
• To understand how the synchronous machine operates as a synchronous reactor.

Pre-Lab

Synchronizing Procedure
When a synchronous ac generator is connected in parallel with a supply it may be used
todemonstrate the characteristics of a large generator connected to the bus bars of a power system.
In order to run a generator in parallel with a supply it is necessary to synchronize the generator
tothe supply. Hence the following conditions must be fulfilled:
• The generated EMF must be the same as that of the supply.
• The frequency of the generated EMF must be the same as that of the supply.
• The generated EMF must be in phase with the supply.

The Synchronous Machine as a Generator and Motor

If the speed of a synchronous generator is increased or decreased, at constant excitation current,
the ac output voltage and frequency will increase or decrease accordingly. To run the machine as
a synchronous motor, it is first necessary to run it as a generator. The speed must first be adjusted
to be the same as the supply frequency ("synchronization") using an instrument such as the
synchronizing lamps 68-120. Next the dc excitation current must be increased to its rated value,
so that when run as a motor there is sufficient field strength for the motor to be able to develop
adequate torque. When the above operations have been carried out, the supply to the machine is
switched in, whilst at the same time the supply to the motor driving the machine is reduced to zero.
The machine is now running as a motor, synchronized to the supply.

Power Factor Control and Effect of Load on a Synchronous Machine

Operating as a Motor
When the motor is loaded the rotor slips back behind the rotating field by an angle known as the
load angle. This is shown in Figure 12.1 (a) where E, the generated EMF, lags the supply voltage
by the angle δ.

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LAB # 12 Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine

Figure12.1

Figure12.1 shows the phasor diagrams of a synchronous motor run at constant load for
varyingvalues of excitation current. ‘θ’ is the angle line current lags or leads supply voltage in the
stator,Figure12.1(a) shows line current in phase with the supply voltage.

For a given load the input power to the motor must be the same for different values of excitation.

Inputpower

Where V is the line voltage and I the line current.

‘cosθ’ is known as the stator power factor.

If the EMF is increased considerably (by increasing the excitation current) then q becomes
largeand leading. The line current increases as illustrated in Figure 12.1(b).

Conversely if the EMF is decreased considerably (by decreasing the excitation current) then θ
becomes large and lagging. The line current would again increase as illustrated in Figure 12.1(c)

Output power

where N is the speed in rpm and T is the torque in Nm.

Efficiency

Pre-Lab Tasks
1. How does a synchronous motor provide power factor correction?
2. What do you understand by the term synchronous operation?
3. What parameters must be matched to ensure the parallel operation of AC generators?

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LAB # 12 Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine

SAFETY NOTES:

1. DoNOTdrive thedynamometerwheninSpeedMode. This

willoverheatthedynamometermotoranddamage the equipment.
2. Always turn the60-105variabledcsupplycontrol
tozeroBEFOREstoppingrotationofthegenerator.
3. Incircumstanceswhen thedynamometerisnotbeingusedfor aperiodlongerthan5
minutes,press thedynamometerpower offbutton.When readytocontinuewith
theassignment,press thedynamometerpoweronbuttonbringingpowerbackon to
thesystem.
4. Should the synchronous motor pull out of synchronism at any time, switch the
Synchronizing Lamps off and reduce the dc rotor current (60-105) to zero. Repeat the
previous procedure to bring the motor back into synchronization.
5. Care should be taken when making settings of field current that small adjustments
are made to the variable dc control. Large adjustments will cause the motor to ‘pull out’
of synchronism at lower current levels requiring the synchronizing procedure to be
repeated.

In Lab Tasks

Lab Task 1:Speed / Torque and Efficiency Characteristics

1. On the Universal Power Supply 60-105, switch off the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’. On the
Universal Power Supply 60-105, turn the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 0%.
2. Ensure that the dynamometer motor is coupled to the generator by the flexible coupling
and retaining clips. Ensure that the shaft covers are in place.
3. Make up the circuit shown in Figure12.2. Make connections of synchronizing lamps panel
as shown in Figure 12.3.

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LAB # 12 Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine

Figure12. 2

Figure12.3

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LAB # 12 Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine

4. On torque speed control panel

a. Switch off the main ac power using the green on/off button.
b. Set the two rotary controls to their most anti-clockwise positions.
c. Connect the dynamometer to the Speed mode socket.
d. Set the ‘demand voltage’ switch to +ve.
e. Press the main ‘power’ pushbutton which illuminates green.
f. Press the ‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the adjacent red LED is lit.
g. Rotate the left knob clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.
5. Set the speed of the generator using the 68-441 ‘constant speed’ control to approximately
3000 rpm.
6. On the 60-105 unit, set the ‘3 phase circuit breaker’ to the on position. Power is now
available as indicated by the ‘power on’ green indicator being illuminated.
7. Set the dc field voltage by rotating the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105 such
that the output voltage from the generator is the same value as that of the three-phase supply
that it will be connected to when the synchronizing switch is closed. This voltage is
measured on an external Digital Multimeter DMM for virtual, or on conventional
instrumentation 68-117 voltmeter.
8. You will notice that the synchronizing lamp pattern on the 68-120 appears to rotate.
9. Decrease the speed by a small amount. If the lamps appear to rotate faster, then increase
the speed by a small amount. Adjust the speed until the lamps appear to rotate at their
slowest possible speed. At this point the generator output voltage is at the same frequency
as the supply.
10. On the 68-120 synchronizing lamps panel when only the lamps LP1 and LP2 are of equal
brightness and lamp LP3 is out, turn on the 68-120 switch.
11. Increase the dc field current using the ‘variable output voltage’ control to 150 mA on the
60-105.
12. Slowly reduce the ‘constant speed control on the 68-441 to zero. The machine is now
operating as a motor and will be rotating at a speed synchronized to the supply frequency.
13. Switch off the 68-441 Torque & Speed Control Panel by pressing the green ‘power’ button,
and then connect the dynamometer to the ‘torque mode connection’ socket.
14. Switch on the 68-441 by pressing the green ‘power’ button again and press the
‘dynamometer power’ on button so that the red led is illuminated. Rotate the left knob
clockwise just up till the point you here a clicking sound.
15. Using of the ‘variable output voltage’ control on the 60-105, set the dc voltage applied to
the field winding until the field current is approximately 340 mA. Maintain this value
throughout the test.
Note: Should the synchronous motor pull out of synchronism at any time, switch the Synchronizing
Lamps off and reduce the dc rotor current (60-105) to zero. Repeat the previous procedure to
bring the motor back into synchronization.

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LAB # 12 Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine

16. Using either the PC Virtual Instrumentation Software or conventional instrumentation,

start from the minimum value and then apply values of torque from the minimum to 0.5
Nm in 0.1 Nm steps. For each value of the applied torque record the speed, line current
(I1), power factor and input power enter them into a copy of Practical 12.1 Results Table.
17. When the measurements are completed over the torque range, reset the torque control to
the power interlock position.
18. Turn the switch on the Synchronizing Lamps 68-120 to the off position.
19. Turn the variable output control on the 60-105 to 0%.
20. Switch off the 60-105 power supply ‘3 phase circuit breaker’.

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LAB # 12 Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine

CriticalAnalysis/Conclusion

Lab Assessment

Pre-Lab
/1

In Lab /10
/5

Post Lab /4

Instructor Signature and Comments

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LAB # 12 Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine

Appendix

History of Revision
Date of Issue Team Comments

This is the first editable draft of EEE371

Jan. 01, 2016 Dr. Rabiah Badar (Technical
Supervisor) lab manual. We welcome feedback from
EE faculty members and students.
Fahd Ali Shifa (Team lead)
Feedback, if any, in relation to this
Mr. Ali Raza Shahid (Member/Editor) manuscript, may be sent at the following
Mr. Baseer (Member/Editor) email address:
[email protected]
Mr. Junaid Ikram (Member/Editor)
This is the second editable draft of
Jan. 01, 2017 Ch. Afaq ur Rehman (Team lead)
EEE371 lab manual. Safety precautions
Samar Naseem (Member/Editor) were added. Pre-lab questions were
Muhammad Ali Khan modified. Feedback, if any, in relation to
(Member/Editor) this manuscript, may be sent at the
following email address:
Qudsia Irum (Member/Editor)
[email protected]
This is the third editable draft of EEE371
Aug. 25, Fahd Ali Shifa (Member/Editor)
lab manual. Introduction to course was
2017
Mr. Muhammad Ali Khan (Member/ added and several major formatting
Editor) mistakes in acknowledgement section were
addressed. In addition, a proper history of
revision was also added. Several steps
related to equipment safety have been
added in the labs. Marking of labs was
modified. Feedback, if any, in relation to
this manuscript, may be sent at the
following email address:
[email protected]
This is the fourth editable draft of the
Dec. 19, Dr. Rabiah Badar (Technical
EEE371 lab manual. The whole manual has
2017 Supervisor)
been revised thoroughly and most of the
Mr. Muhammad Ali Khan (Technical major errors have been rectified. Major
Member/ Editor) revisions have been done in Labs 5 and 7-
12. Additional sections in Labs 8, 9 and 11
have been added, incorporating new
equipment experiments. Rubric based
marking scheme has been incorporated.

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LAB # 12 Synchronization Procedure of a Three Phase Synchronous Machine

Major formatting changes have also been

done in the overall format of the manual.
Feedback, if any, in relation to this
manuscript, may be sent at the following
email address:
[email protected]

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Page 121