IT Grade 10 – 12 Delphi Elements

IT Grade 10 – 12 Delphi Elements

1. ShowMessage('Message') (Method)
o Description: Displays a simple dialog box with a specified message.
o How it Works: The ShowMessage method creates a modal dialog box that shows the
provided message and an OK button. The dialog must be dismissed before the program
continues.
o Example:

ShowMessage('Hello, World!');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Hello, World!".

2. InputBox('Title', 'Prompt', 'Default') (Method)

o Description: Displays an input dialog box that prompts the user for input and returns the
input as a string.
o How it Works: The InputBox method shows a dialog with a title, a prompt, and a
default response. The user can type a response, which is returned as a string.
o Example:

var input: String;

input := InputBox('Enter Name', 'Please enter your name:', 'John Doe');

o Result: An input box appears with the title "Enter Name", a prompt "Please enter your
name:", and "John Doe" as the default text.

3. MessageDlg('Message', mtInformation, [mbOK], 0) (Method)

o Description: Displays a dialog box with a specified message, icon, and buttons.
o How it Works: The MessageDlg method shows a customizable dialog box with various
icons (e.g., information, warning) and buttons (e.g., OK, Cancel). The return value
indicates which button was clicked.
o Example:

MessageDlg('This is an information dialog.', mtInformation, [mbOK], 0);

o Result: An information dialog box appears with the message "This is an information
dialog." and an OK button.

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4. If-Then-Else (Control Structure)

o Description: Conditional structure used to execute a block of code if a specified
condition is true.
o How it Works: The If-Then-Else statement checks a condition. If the condition is true,
the code block following Then is executed. Otherwise, the code block following Else is
executed.
o Example:

var x: Integer;
x := 15;
if x > 10 then
ShowMessage('x is greater than 10')
else
ShowMessage('x is not greater than 10');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "x is greater than 10".

5. Case-Of (Control Structure)

o Description: Multi-way branching statement that executes different blocks of code
depending on the value of a variable.
o How it Works: The Case-Of structure evaluates an expression and matches its value to
one of several cases. The corresponding code block is executed.
o Example:

var DayOfWeek: Integer;

DayOfWeek := 3;
case DayOfWeek of
1: ShowMessage('Sunday');
2: ShowMessage('Monday');
3: ShowMessage('Tuesday');
else
ShowMessage('Another day');
end;

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Tuesday".

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6. For-Do (Control Structure)

o Description: Loop that iterates a specific number of times, executing a block of code on
each iteration.
o How it Works: The For-Do loop uses a counter variable that starts at an initial value and
increments or decrements until a specified limit is reached.
o Example:

var i: Integer;
for i := 1 to 5 do
ShowMessage('Count: ' + IntToStr(i));

o Result: Five message boxes appear in sequence, displaying "Count: 1", "Count: 2", and
so on up to "Count: 5".

7. While-Do (Control Structure)

o Description: Loop that executes a block of code as long as a specified condition is true.
o How it Works: The While-Do loop checks the condition before each iteration. If the
condition is true, the loop body is executed.
o Example:

var x: Integer;
x := 1;
while x <= 3 do
begin
ShowMessage('Value: ' + IntToStr(x));
Inc(x);
end;

o Result: Three message boxes appear in sequence, displaying "Value: 1", "Value: 2", and
"Value: 3".

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8. Repeat-Until (Control Structure)

o Description: Loop that executes a block of code repeatedly until a specified condition
becomes true.
o How it Works: The Repeat-Until loop executes the loop body at least once and
continues until the condition is true, checking the condition after each iteration.
o Example:

var x: Integer;
x := 1;
repeat
ShowMessage('Value: ' + IntToStr(x));
Inc(x);
until x > 3;

o Result: Three message boxes appear in sequence, displaying "Value: 1", "Value: 2", and
"Value: 3".

9. Length(Str) (Method)
o Description: Returns the length of a string.
o How it Works: The Length function counts the number of characters in a string and
returns this value as an integer.
o Example:

var len: Integer;

len := Length('Hello');
ShowMessage('Length of string: ' + IntToStr(len));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Length of string: 5".

10. Copy(Str, Start, Length) (Method)

o Description: Copies a substring from a string, starting at a specified position and with a
specified length.
o How it Works: The Copy function extracts a portion of a string, starting from the Start
position and spanning the specified number of characters (Length).
o Example:

var subStr: String;

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subStr := Copy('Hello', 2, 3);
ShowMessage(subStr);

o Result: A message box appears with the text "ell".

11. Delete(Str, Start, Length) (Method)

o Description: Deletes a specified number of characters from a string, starting at a
specified position.
o How it Works: The Delete procedure removes a portion of a string, starting at the
Start position and extending for Length characters.
o Example:

var str: String;

str := 'Hello';
Delete(str, 2, 3);
ShowMessage(str);

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Ho".

12. Insert(Source, Target, Index) (Method)

o Description: Inserts a substring into another string at a specified position.
o How it Works: The Insert procedure adds the Source string into the Target string at
the Index position.
o Example:

var str: String;

str := 'Ho';
Insert('ell', str, 2);
ShowMessage(str);

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Hello".

13. Pos(SubStr, Str) (Method)

o Description: Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring within a string.
o How it Works: The Pos function searches for the SubStr within the Str string and
returns the position of its first occurrence. If the substring is not found, it returns 0.
o Example:

var pos: Integer;

pos := Pos('l', 'Hello');
ShowMessage('Position of "l": ' + IntToStr(pos));

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o Result: A message box appears with the text "Position of 'l': 3".

14. UpperCase(Str) (Method)

o Description: Converts a string to uppercase.
o How it Works: The UpperCase function returns a new string with all lowercase letters in
the original string converted to uppercase.
o Example:

var upper: String;

upper := UpperCase('Hello');
ShowMessage(upper);

o Result: A message box appears with the text "HELLO".

15. LowerCase(Str) (Method)

o Description: Converts a string to lowercase.
o How it Works: The LowerCase function returns a new string with all uppercase letters in
the original string converted to lowercase.
o Example:

var lower: String;

lower := LowerCase('Hello');
ShowMessage(lower);

o Result: A message box appears with the text "hello".

16. StrToInt(Str) (Method)

o Description: Converts a string to an integer.
o How it Works: The StrToInt function attempts to convert the Str string to an integer. If
the string does not represent a valid integer, it raises an exception.
o Example:

var num: Integer;

num := StrToInt('123');
ShowMessage('Number: ' + IntToStr(num));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Number: 123".

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17. IntToStr(Int) (Method)

o Description: Converts an integer to a string.
o How it Works: The IntToStr function converts the integer value Int into its string
representation.
o Example:

var str: String;

str := IntToStr(123);
ShowMessage('String: ' + str);

o Result: A message box appears with the text "String: 123".

18. StrToFloat(Str) (Method)

o Description: Converts a string to a floating-point number.
o How it Works: The StrToFloat function converts a string representing a floating-point
number into a Double. If the string is not a valid floating-point number, an exception is
raised.
o Example:

var floatNum: Double;

floatNum := StrToFloat('123.45');
ShowMessage('Float: ' + FloatToStr(floatNum));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Float: 123.45".

19. FloatToStr(Float) (Method)

o Description: Converts a floating-point number to a string.
o How it Works: The FloatToStr function converts a floating-point number into its string
representation.
o Example:

var str: String;

str := FloatToStr(123.45);
ShowMessage('String: ' + str);

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o Result: A message box appears with the text "String: 123.45".

20. Sqr(Number) (Method)

o Description: Returns the square of a number.
o How it Works: The Sqr function multiplies the given number by itself and returns the
result.
o Example:

var squared: Integer;

squared := Sqr(5);
ShowMessage('Square: ' + IntToStr(squared));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Square: 25".

21. Sqrt(Number) (Method)

o Description: Returns the square root of a number.
o How it Works: The Sqrt function calculates the square root of the given number and
returns the result as a floating-point number.
o Example:

var root: Double;

root := Sqrt(25);
ShowMessage('Square root: ' + FloatToStr(root));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Square root: 5".

22. Abs(Number) (Method)

o Description: Returns the absolute value of a number.
o How it Works: The Abs function returns the positive value of the given number,
regardless of its original sign.
o Example:

var absVal: Integer;

absVal := Abs(-10);

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ShowMessage('Absolute value: ' + IntToStr(absVal));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Absolute value: 10".

23. Randomize (Method)

o Description: Initializes the random number generator to produce a different sequence of
random numbers each time the program runs.
o How it Works: The Randomize procedure seeds the random number generator with the
current system time, ensuring that Random produces different sequences on each run.
o Example:

Randomize;

o Result: The random number generator is seeded.

24. Random(Range) (Method)

o Description: Generates a random number within the specified range.
o How it Works: The Random function returns a pseudo-random integer between 0 and
Range - 1.
o Example:

var rand: Integer;

rand := Random(100);
ShowMessage('Random number: ' + IntToStr(rand));

o Result: A message box appears with a random number between 0 and 99.

25. Round(X) (Method)

o Description: Rounds a real number to the nearest integer.
o How it Works: The Round function rounds the given real number to the nearest whole
number. If the fractional part is 0.5 or higher, the number is rounded up.
o Example:

var rounded: Integer;

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rounded := Round(5.5);
ShowMessage('Rounded: ' + IntToStr(rounded));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Rounded: 6".

26. Trunc(X) (Method)

o Description: Truncates the decimal part of a real number, returning the integer part only.
o How it Works: The Trunc function discards the fractional part of the given number,
effectively rounding it towards zero.
o Example:

var truncated: Integer;

truncated := Trunc(5.9);
ShowMessage('Truncated: ' + IntToStr(truncated));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Truncated: 5".

27. Inc(Variable) (Method)

o Description: Increments an integer variable by 1.
o How it Works: The Inc procedure increases the value of the given integer variable by 1.
o Example:

var x: Integer;
x := 10;
Inc(x);
ShowMessage('Incremented value: ' + IntToStr(x));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Incremented value: 11".

28. Dec(Variable) (Method)

o Description: Decrements an integer variable by 1.
o How it Works: The Dec procedure decreases the value of the given integer variable by 1.
o Example:

var x: Integer;

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x := 10;
Dec(x);
ShowMessage('Decremented value: ' + IntToStr(x));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Decremented value: 9".

29. InputQuery('Title', 'Prompt', varValue) (Method)

o Description: Displays a dialog box where the user can input text, and stores the result in
a variable.
o How it Works: The InputQuery method creates a dialog box with a title, a prompt, and
an input field. The user's input is stored in the variable varValue.
o Example:

var userInput: String;

if InputQuery('Enter Name', 'Please enter your name:', userInput) then
ShowMessage('Hello, ' + userInput);

o Result: An input dialog appears. If the user enters a name, a message box appears with
"Hello, [name]".

File Handling

30. AssignFile(File, Filename) (Method)

o Description: Associates a file variable with a file on disk.
o How it Works: The AssignFile procedure binds the File variable to the file specified
by Filename, preparing it for further file operations.
o Example:

var f: TextFile;
AssignFile(f, 'data.txt');

o Result: The file variable f is associated with the file 'data.txt'.

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31. Reset(File) (Method)
o Description: Opens a text file for reading.
o How it Works: The Reset procedure opens the file associated with File for reading. If
the file does not exist, an error occurs.
o Example:

var f: TextFile;
AssignFile(f, 'data.txt');
Reset(f);

o Result: The file 'data.txt' is opened for reading.

32. Rewrite(File) (Method)

o Description: Opens a text file for writing, clearing its contents.
o How it Works: The Rewrite procedure opens the file associated with File for writing.
If the file already exists, its contents are cleared.
o Example:

var f: TextFile;
AssignFile(f, 'data.txt');
Rewrite(f);

o Result: The file 'data.txt' is opened for writing, and its contents are cleared.

33. Append(File) (Method)

o Description: Opens a text file for writing, appending to the end.
o How it Works: The Append procedure opens the file associated with File for writing,
adding new content to the end without altering the existing content.
o Example:

var f: TextFile;
AssignFile(f, 'data.txt');
Append(f);

o Result: The file 'data.txt' is opened for writing, and new content will be added to the end
of the file.

34. CloseFile(File) (Method)

o Description: Closes an open file.

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o How it Works: The CloseFile procedure closes the file associated with File, finalizing
any operations and freeing system resources.
o Example:

var f: TextFile;
AssignFile(f, 'data.txt');
CloseFile(f);

o Result: The file 'data.txt' is closed.

35. ReadLn(File, Variable) (Method)

o Description: Reads a line from a text file into a variable.
o How it Works: The ReadLn procedure reads a single line from the text file into the
specified variable. If the end of the file is reached, an error occurs.
o Example:

var f: TextFile;
var line: String;
AssignFile(f, 'data.txt');
Reset(f);
ReadLn(f, line);
ShowMessage(line);
CloseFile(f);

o Result: The first line from 'data.txt' is displayed in a message box.

36. WriteLn(File, Text) (Method)

o Description: Writes a line of text to a file.
o How it Works: The WriteLn procedure writes the provided text to the file associated
with File, followed by a newline character.
o Example:

var f: TextFile;
AssignFile(f, 'data.txt');
Rewrite(f);

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WriteLn(f, 'Hello, World!');
CloseFile(f);

o Result: The text "Hello, World!" is written to 'data.txt'.

37. Eof(File) (Method)

o Description: Returns True if the end of a file has been reached.
o How it Works: The Eof function checks whether the file pointer has reached the end of
the file associated with File. It returns True if there are no more lines to read.
o Example:

var f: TextFile;
var line: String;
AssignFile(f, 'data.txt');
Reset(f);
while not Eof(f) do
begin
ReadLn(f, line);
ShowMessage(line);
end;
CloseFile(f);

o Result: Each line in 'data.txt' is displayed in a message box until the end of the file is
reached.

Operators

38. Div (Operator)

o Description: Integer division, discarding the remainder.

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o How it Works: The Div operator performs division between two integers and returns the
integer quotient, ignoring the remainder.
o Example:

var result: Integer;

result := 10 div 3;
ShowMessage('10 div 3 = ' + IntToStr(result));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "10 div 3 = 3".

39. Mod (Operator)

o Description: Returns the remainder of integer division.
o How it Works: The Mod operator divides one integer by another and returns the
remainder.
o Example:

var result: Integer;

result := 10 mod 3;
ShowMessage('10 mod 3 = ' + IntToStr(result));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "10 mod 3 = 1".

40. + (Operator)
o Description: Adds two numbers.
o How it Works: The + operator adds two numerical values and returns the sum.
o Example:

var result: Integer;

result := 5 + 3;
ShowMessage('5 + 3 = ' + IntToStr(result));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "5 + 3 = 8".

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41. - (Operator)
o Description: Subtracts one number from another.
o How it Works: The - operator subtracts the second number from the first and returns the
result.
o Example:

var result: Integer;

result := 5 - 3;
ShowMessage('5 - 3 = ' + IntToStr(result));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "5 - 3 = 2".

42. * (Operator)
o Description: Multiplies two numbers.
o How it Works: The * operator multiplies two numerical values and returns the product.
o Example:

var result: Integer;

result := 5 * 3;
ShowMessage('5 * 3 = ' + IntToStr(result));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "5 * 3 = 15".

43. / (Operator)
o Description: Divides one number by another.
o How it Works: The / operator divides the first number by the second and returns the
result as a floating-point number.
o Example:

var result: Double;

result := 5 / 3;
ShowMessage('5 / 3 = ' + FloatToStr(result));

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o Result: A message box appears with the text "5 / 3 = 1.66666666666667".

44. := (Operator)
o Description: Assigns a value to a variable.
o How it Works: The := operator assigns the value on the right side to the variable on the
left side.
o Example:

var x: Integer;
x := 10;
ShowMessage('x = ' + IntToStr(x));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "x = 10".

45. = (Operator)
o Description: Checks if two values are equal.
o How it Works: The = operator compares two values and returns True if they are equal,
False otherwise.
o Example:

var isEqual: Boolean;

isEqual := (5 = 5);
if isEqual then
ShowMessage('5 equals 5');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "5 equals 5".

46. <> (Operator)

o Description: Checks if two values are not equal.
o How it Works: The <> operator compares two values and returns True if they are not
equal, False otherwise.
o Example:

var isNotEqual: Boolean;

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isNotEqual := (5 <> 3);
if isNotEqual then
ShowMessage('5 does not equal 3');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "5 does not equal 3".

47. < (Operator)

o Description: Checks if one value is less than another.
o How it Works: The < operator compares two values and returns True if the first is less
than the second.
o Example:

var isLess: Boolean;

isLess := (3 < 5);
if isLess then
ShowMessage('3 is less than 5');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "3 is less than 5".

48. > (Operator)

o Description: Checks if one value is greater than another.
o How it Works: The > operator compares two values and returns True if the first is
greater than the second.
o Example:

var isGreater: Boolean;

isGreater := (5 > 3);
if isGreater then
ShowMessage('5 is greater than 3');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "5 is greater than 3".

49. <= (Operator)

o Description: Checks if one value is less than or equal to another.
o How it Works: The <= operator compares two values and returns True if the first is less
than or equal to the second.
o Example:

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var isLessOrEqual: Boolean;
isLessOrEqual := (3 <= 5);
if isLessOrEqual then
ShowMessage('3 is less than or equal to 5');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "3 is less than or equal to 5".

50. >= (Operator)

o Description: Checks if one value is greater than or equal to another.
o How it Works: The >= operator compares two values and returns True if the first is
greater than or equal to the second.
o Example:

var isGreaterOrEqual: Boolean;

isGreaterOrEqual := (5 >= 3);
if isGreaterOrEqual then
ShowMessage('5 is greater than or equal to 3');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "5 is greater than or equal to 3".

Events

51. OnClick (Event)

o Description: Triggered when a user clicks a component like a button.
o How it Works: The OnClick event is executed when a user clicks on a component, such
as a button. It is commonly used to execute specific actions in response to user
interaction.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);

begin
ShowMessage('Button clicked!');
end;

o Result: When the button is clicked, a message box appears with the text "Button
clicked!".

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52. OnCreate (Event)
o Description: Triggered when a form is created, often used to initialize variables or
components.
o How it Works: The OnCreate event is triggered as soon as the form is created, allowing
you to set initial values or perform startup tasks.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);

begin
ShowMessage('Form created!');
end;

o Result: When the form is created, a message box appears with the text "Form created!".

53. OnShow (Event)

o Description: Triggered when a form becomes visible.
o How it Works: The OnShow event is fired when the form is shown to the user. It is useful
for actions that need to occur as soon as the form is displayed.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.FormShow(Sender: TObject);

begin
ShowMessage('Form shown!');
end;

o Result: When the form is shown, a message box appears with the text "Form shown!".

54. OnClose (Event)

o Description: Triggered when a form is about to close.
o How it Works: The OnClose event occurs just before the form closes, allowing you to
perform cleanup tasks or prompt the user to save changes.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.FormClose(Sender: TObject; var Action: TCloseAction);

begin
ShowMessage('Form closing!');
end;

o Result: When the form is about to close, a message box appears with the text "Form
closing!".

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55. OnResize (Event)
o Description: Triggered when a form or component is resized.
o How it Works: The OnResize event occurs whenever the form or a component within it
is resized. This can be used to adjust the layout dynamically.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.FormResize(Sender: TObject);

begin
ShowMessage('Form resized!');
end;

o Result: When the form is resized, a message box appears with the text "Form resized!".

56. StrToDate('DateStr') (Method)

o Description: Converts a string representing a date into a TDateTime value.
o How it Works: The StrToDate function interprets the given string as a date and converts
it into a TDateTime format. If the string is not a valid date, an exception is raised.
o Example:

var dateValue: TDateTime;

dateValue := StrToDate('12/31/2023');
ShowMessage('Date: ' + DateToStr(dateValue));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Date: 12/31/2023".

57. FormatDateTime('Format', Date) (Method)

o Description: Returns a formatted string representing a date/time value.
o How it Works: The FormatDateTime function formats the given TDateTime value into a
string according to the specified format string.
o Example:

var formattedDate: String;

formattedDate := FormatDateTime('dd/mm/yyyy', Now);
ShowMessage('Formatted Date: ' + formattedDate);

o Result: A message box appears with the date formatted as "dd/mm/yyyy".

58. IsLeapYear(Year) (Method)

o Description: Determines whether a specified year is a leap year.

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o How it Works: The IsLeapYear function checks if the given year meets the criteria for a
leap year (divisible by 4, but not by 100 unless also divisible by 400).
o Example:

var isLeap: Boolean;

isLeap := IsLeapYear(2024);
if isLeap then
ShowMessage('2024 is a leap year')
else
ShowMessage('2024 is not a leap year');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "2024 is a leap year".

59. DaysInMonth(Date) (Method)

o Description: Returns the number of days in the month of a specified date.
o How it Works: The DaysInMonth function calculates the number of days in the month of
the provided TDateTime value.
o Example:

var days: Integer;

days := DaysInMonth(StrToDate('02/01/2024'));
ShowMessage('Days in February 2024: ' + IntToStr(days));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Days in February 2024: 29".

60. EncodeDate(Year, Month, Day) (Method)

o Description: Encodes a date from individual year, month, and day components into a
TDateTime value.
o How it Works: The EncodeDate function combines the year, month, and day into a
TDateTime value.
o Example:

var dateValue: TDateTime;

dateValue := EncodeDate(2024, 2, 29);
ShowMessage('Encoded Date: ' + DateToStr(dateValue));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Encoded Date: 29/02/2024".

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61. DecodeDate(Date, Year, Month, Day) (Method)
o Description: Decodes a TDateTime value into individual year, month, and day
components.
o How it Works: The DecodeDate procedure extracts the year, month, and day from a
TDateTime value and stores them in the respective variables.
o Example:

var year, month, day: Word;

DecodeDate(StrToDate('12/31/2023'), year, month, day);
ShowMessage('Year: ' + IntToStr(year) + ', Month: ' + IntToStr(month) +
', Day: ' + IntToStr(day));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Year: 2023, Month: 12, Day: 31".

62. TryStrToInt(Str, Variable) (Method)

o Description: Attempts to convert a string to an integer. Returns True if successful, False
otherwise.
o How it Works: The TryStrToInt function attempts to convert the string Str into an
integer. If successful, it stores the value in Variable and returns True; otherwise, it
returns False.
o Example:

var num: Integer;

if TryStrToInt('123', num) then
ShowMessage('Number: ' + IntToStr(num))
else
ShowMessage('Conversion failed');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Number: 123" if the conversion is
successful.

63. RoundTo(Value, Digits) (Method)

o Description: Rounds a floating-point value to a specified number of decimal places.
o How it Works: The RoundTo function rounds the floating-point Value to the number of
decimal places specified by Digits.
o Example:

var rounded: Double;

rounded := RoundTo(123.456789, -2);
ShowMessage('Rounded to 2 decimal places: ' + FloatToStr(rounded));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Rounded to 2 decimal places: 123.46".

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64. In (Operator)
o Description: Checks if a value is within a specific set.
o How it Works: The In operator is used to determine if a value is included within a
specified set. It returns True if the value is found in the set, otherwise False.
o Example:

var grade: Char;

grade := 'B';
if grade in ['A', 'B', 'C'] then
ShowMessage('Pass')
else
ShowMessage('Fail');

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Pass".

65. Break (Control Structure)

o Description: Exits a loop prematurely.
o How it Works: The Break statement immediately exits the loop in which it is used,
bypassing the remainder of the loop code.
o Example:

var i: Integer;
for i := 1 to 10 do
begin
if i = 5 then
Break;
ShowMessage('Count: ' + IntToStr(i));
end;

Result: Message boxes appear with "Count: 1", "Count: 2", "Count: 3", "Count: 4", then
o
the loop exits.
66. Continue (Control Structure)
o Description: Skips the current iteration of a loop and continues with the next iteration.
o How it Works: The Continue statement skips the remaining code in the current iteration
of the loop and jumps to the next iteration.
o Example:

var i: Integer;
for i := 1 to 5 do
begin
if i = 3 then
Continue;
ShowMessage('Count: ' + IntToStr(i));
end;

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o Result: Message boxes appear with "Count: 1", "Count: 2", "Count: 4", "Count: 5". The
message for "Count: 3" is skipped.

67. Try-Finally (Control Structure)

o Description: Ensures that the finally block is executed after the try block, regardless
of whether an exception is raised.
o How it Works: The Try-Finally structure is used to guarantee that the code within the
finally block runs, even if an exception occurs within the try block.
o Example:

try
ShowMessage('Trying...');
finally
ShowMessage('Finally executed');
end;

o Result: Two message boxes appear in sequence: "Trying..." followed by "Finally

executed".

68. Try-Except (Control Structure)

o Description: Handles exceptions by executing alternative code if an error occurs within
the try block.
o How it Works: The Try-Except block is used for error handling. If an error occurs in
the try block, control is passed to the except block where corrective or alternative
actions can be taken.
o Example:

try
var result := 10 div 0;
ShowMessage('Result: ' + IntToStr(result));
except

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on E: EDivByZero do
ShowMessage('Error: Division by zero!');
end;

o Result: A division by zero error triggers the except block, displaying a message box
with the text "Error: Division by zero!".

69. StrToCurr (Method)

o Description: Converts a string to a currency value.
o How it Works: The StrToCurr function converts a string representation of a currency
amount into a currency data type, which is specifically designed to handle monetary
values with high precision.
o Example:

var currencyValue: Currency;

currencyValue := StrToCurr('1234.56');
ShowMessage('Currency: ' + CurrToStr(currencyValue));

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Currency: 1234.56".

70. CurrToStr (Method)

o Description: Converts a currency value to a string.
o How it Works: The CurrToStr function converts a currency data type into its string
representation, suitable for displaying or further string manipulation.
o Example:

var currencyStr: String;

currencyStr := CurrToStr(1234.56);
ShowMessage('Currency as string: ' + currencyStr);

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Currency as string: 1234.56".

Components

71. TLabel (Component)

o Description: A component used to display text on a form.
o How it Works: TLabel is a non-editable text display component used to provide
descriptions or information on forms.
o Example:

Label1.Caption := 'Enter your name:';

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o Result: The label on the form displays the text "Enter your name:".

72. TButton (Component)

o Description: A button component that can be clicked by the user to trigger actions.
o How it Works: TButton is a clickable button component that generates an OnClick
event when pressed by the user.
o Example:

Button1.Caption := 'Submit';
Button1.OnClick := Button1Click;

o Result: The button displays the text "Submit" and triggers the Button1Click event when
clicked.

73. TEdit (Component)

o Description: A single-line text input component.
o How it Works: TEdit allows users to enter and edit text on a single line. The entered text
is accessible through the Text property.
o Example:

Edit1.Text := 'Enter your text here';

o Result: The edit box displays the default text "Enter your text here", which the user can
modify.

74. TMemo (Component)

o Description: A multi-line text input component.
o How it Works: TMemo allows users to input and edit multiple lines of text. It is useful for
larger text inputs, like comments or notes.
o Example:

Memo1.Lines.Add('This is a memo component.');

o Result: The memo box displays the line "This is a memo component."

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75. TComboBox (Component)

o Description: A dropdown list allowing users to select from a list of options.
o How it Works: TComboBox presents a list of items from which the user can select one.
The selected item is accessible through the Text property.
o Example:

ComboBox1.Items.Add('Option 1');
ComboBox1.Items.Add('Option 2');
ComboBox1.ItemIndex := 0;

o Result: Adds two options to the combo box and selects the first option by default.

76. TListBox (Component)

o Description: A list box component for displaying a list of items, where one or more
items can be selected.
o How it Works: TListBox displays a list of items from which the user can select one or
more. Selected items are accessed through the Items property.
o Example:

ListBox1.Items.Add('Item 1');
ListBox1.Items.Add('Item 2');

o Result: The list box displays "Item 1" and "Item 2".

77. TCheckBox (Component)

o Description: A component that allows users to make a binary choice, typically
represented as checked or unchecked.
o How it Works: TCheckBox can be checked or unchecked by the user. Its state is accessed
through the Checked property.
o Example:

CheckBox1.Caption := 'I agree to the terms';

CheckBox1.Checked := True;

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o Result: The checkbox displays with the text "I agree to the terms" and is checked by
default.

78. TRadioButton (Component)

o Description: A radio button component used for mutually exclusive options within a
group.
o How it Works: TRadioButton allows users to select one option from a set of mutually
exclusive choices. It is typically used in groups where only one option can be selected.
o Example:

RadioButton1.Caption := 'Option 1';

RadioButton2.Caption := 'Option 2';
RadioButton1.Checked := True;

o Result: Displays two radio buttons with "Option 1" selected by default.

79. TPanel (Component)

o Description: A container component used to group other components.
o How it Works: TPanel is a container that can hold other components, making it easier to
manage them as a group and control layout.
o Example:

Panel1.Caption := 'Settings Panel';

o Result: A panel displays with the text "Settings Panel".

80. TTimer (Component)

o Description: Generates recurring events at specified intervals.
o How it Works: TTimer triggers an event at regular intervals specified by the Interval
property. This is useful for periodic actions, such as updating a clock display.
o Example:

Timer1.Interval := 1000; // 1 second

Timer1.Enabled := True;

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o Result: The timer triggers every 1 second when enabled.

81. TBitBtn (Component)

o Description: A button control that can display both text and an image.
o How it Works: TBitBtn is similar to TButton but allows for an image (glyph) to be
displayed along with the button text.
o Example:

BitBtn1.Caption := 'Click Me';

BitBtn1.Glyph.LoadFromFile('icon.bmp');

o Result: The button displays the caption "Click Me" along with an image loaded from
"icon.bmp".

Events

82. OnChange (Event)

o Description: Triggered when the value of a component changes, such as in a TEdit or
TMemo control.
o How it Works: The OnChange event is executed whenever the text in a control like
TEdit or TMemo is altered by the user or programmatically.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.Edit1Change(Sender: TObject);

begin
ShowMessage('Text changed!');
end;

o Result: When the text in the edit box changes, a message box appears with the text "Text
changed!".

83. OnTimer (Event)

o Description: Triggered by a TTimer component at specified intervals.
o How it Works: The OnTimer event is executed whenever the timer interval elapses,
allowing for periodic actions to be performed.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.Timer1Timer(Sender: TObject);

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begin
ShowMessage('Timer tick!');
end;

o Result: A message box appears with the text "Timer tick!" at regular intervals based on
the TTimer component settings.

84. TADOQuery (Component)

o Description: Executes SQL queries against a database.
o How it Works: TADOQuery is used to run SQL queries on a connected database. It
supports SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands.
o Example:

ADOQuery1.SQL.Text := 'SELECT * FROM Students';

ADOQuery1.Open;

o Result: The query retrieves all records from the "Students" table in the connected
database.

85. TADOConnection (Component)

o Description: Manages the connection to a database.
o How it Works: TADOConnection handles the connection to a database, using a
connection string that specifies the database type, location, and login credentials.
o Example:

ADOConnection1.ConnectionString := 'Provider=SQLOLEDB;Data
Source=MyServer;Initial Catalog=MyDatabase;User
Id=myUsername;Password=myPassword;';
ADOConnection1.Open;

o Result: Establishes a connection to the specified database using the provided connection
string.

86. TDataSource (Component)

o Description: Links data-aware components to a dataset, such as a TADOQuery.
o How it Works: TDataSource acts as an intermediary between a dataset (like TADOQuery)
and data-aware components (like TDBGrid), allowing them to display and interact with
data.

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o Example:

DataSource1.DataSet := ADOQuery1;

o Result: Links the ADOQuery1 dataset to the DataSource1 component, allowing data-
aware controls to access the query results.

87. TDBGrid (Component)

o Description: Displays data from a dataset in a grid format.
o How it Works: TDBGrid is used to present data from a dataset in a tabular format,
allowing for the display and, optionally, editing of data.
o Example:

DBGrid1.DataSource := DataSource1;

o Result: The data from DataSource1 (and therefore ADOQuery1) is displayed in DBGrid1.

88. Eof() (Method)

o Description: Returns True if the end of a dataset or file has been reached.
o How it Works: The Eof function is used within loops to determine if the end of a dataset
or file has been reached, which prevents further reading.
o Example:

while not ADOQuery1.Eof do

begin
ShowMessage(ADOQuery1.FieldByName('StudentName').AsString);
ADOQuery1.Next;
end;

o Result: Iterates through the records in the ADOQuery1 dataset, displaying the
"StudentName" field for each record until the end of the dataset is reached.

89. TClientDataSet (Component)

o Description: Provides in-memory data storage and manipulation, allowing for
disconnected datasets.

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o How it Works: TClientDataSet is an in-memory dataset that can store data locally and
manipulate it without a persistent connection to the database.
o Example:

ClientDataSet1.LoadFromFile('Students.xml');
ClientDataSet1.Open;

o Result: Loads data from an XML file into the ClientDataSet1 component and opens
the dataset for use.

90. SaveToFile() (Method)

o Description: Saves the contents of a dataset to a file.
o How it Works: The SaveToFile method saves the current state of a dataset to a file,
typically in XML format, for later retrieval or backup.
o Example:

ClientDataSet1.SaveToFile('Backup.xml');

o Result: Saves the current data in ClientDataSet1 to an XML file named "Backup.xml".

91. TField (Component)

o Description: Represents a field in a dataset, allowing access to data within a record.
o How it Works: TField components represent individual columns in a dataset. They
provide access to the data stored in each field of a dataset record.
o Example:

var fieldValue: String;

fieldValue := ADOQuery1.FieldByName('StudentName').AsString;
ShowMessage(fieldValue);

o Result: Retrieves the value of the "StudentName" field from the current record and
displays it in a message box.

92. Locate() (Method)

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o Description: Searches for a record in a dataset that matches a specified condition.
o How it Works: The Locate method searches the dataset for a record that matches the
specified criteria. If found, the record pointer is moved to that record.
o Example:

if ADOQuery1.Locate('StudentID', 12345, []) then

ShowMessage('Student found: ' +
ADOQuery1.FieldByName('StudentName').AsString);

o Result: If a record with StudentID = 12345 is found, the student's name is displayed in
a message box.

93. TListView (Component)

o Description: Displays a list of items with optional icons, commonly used for displaying
lists with additional details.
o How it Works: TListView allows for the display of items in various views (e.g., report,
list) and can include sub-items for additional information.
o Example:

var listItem: TListItem;

listItem := ListView1.Items.Add;
listItem.Caption := 'Student 1';
listItem.SubItems.Add('Grade 10');

o Result: Adds a new item to ListView1 with the caption "Student 1" and a subitem
"Grade 10".

94. TComboBox (Component)

o Description: Allows users to select an option from a dropdown list.
o How it Works: TComboBox provides a list of items that users can select from. The
selected item is displayed as the control's text.
o Example:

ComboBox1.Items.Add('Option 1');
ComboBox1.Items.Add('Option 2');
ComboBox1.ItemIndex := 0;

o Result: Adds two options to ComboBox1 and selects the first option by default.

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95. TStringGrid (Component)

o Description: A grid control for displaying strings in cells, similar to a spreadsheet.
o How it Works: TStringGrid is used to display tabular data, allowing for the editing of
individual cells if needed.
o Example:

StringGrid1.Cells[0, 0] := 'Name';
StringGrid1.Cells[1, 0] := 'Grade';
StringGrid1.Cells[0, 1] := 'John Doe';
StringGrid1.Cells[1, 1] := 'A';

o Result: Populates StringGrid1 with headers "Name" and "Grade" in the first row, and
the student "John Doe" with a grade of "A" in the second row.

96. FindFirst, FindNext, FindClose (Methods)

o Description: Used to search for files or directories that match a specified pattern.
o How it Works: These methods are used together to locate files or directories. FindFirst
initiates the search, FindNext continues it, and FindClose terminates the search.
o Example:

var sr: TSearchRec;

if FindFirst('*.txt', faAnyFile, sr) = 0 then
begin
repeat
ShowMessage('File found: ' + sr.Name);
until FindNext(sr) <> 0;
FindClose(sr);
end;

o Result: Finds all .txt files in the current directory and displays each file name in a
message box.

97. TTimer (Component)

o Description: Generates recurring events at specified intervals.
o How it Works: TTimer is used to trigger events at regular intervals, which is useful for
tasks like updating a UI or processing data periodically.
o Example:

Timer1.Interval := 1000; // 1 second

Timer1.Enabled := True;

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o Result: The timer triggers every 1 second when enabled.

98. TBitBtn (Component)

o Description: A button control that can display both text and an image.
o How it Works: TBitBtn is similar to TButton but includes an image (glyph) that can be
displayed alongside the button text.
o Example:

BitBtn1.Caption := 'Click Me';

BitBtn1.Glyph.LoadFromFile('icon.bmp');

o Result: The button displays the caption "Click Me" along with an image loaded from
"icon.bmp".

99. TCheckBox (Component)

o Description: A checkbox control that allows the user to make binary choices.
o How it Works: TCheckBox can be checked or unchecked by the user. The state is stored
in the Checked property.
o Example:

CheckBox1.Caption := 'I agree';

CheckBox1.Checked := True;

o Result: The checkbox displays with the text "I agree" and is checked by default.

100. TPageControl and TTabSheet (Components)

o Description: Used together to create tabbed interfaces.
o How it Works: TPageControl manages multiple TTabSheet components, allowing users
to switch between different tabs in a form.
o Example:

TabSheet1.Caption := 'Tab 1';

TabSheet2.Caption := 'Tab 2';
PageControl1.ActivePage := TabSheet1;

o Result: Creates a tabbed interface with two tabs, "Tab 1" and "Tab 2", and makes "Tab
1" the active tab.

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Events

101. OnDrawCell (Event - TStringGrid)

o Description: Triggered when a cell in a TStringGrid is drawn, allowing custom
drawing.
o How it Works: The OnDrawCell event is used to customize the appearance of individual
cells in a TStringGrid, such as changing colors or adding graphics.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.StringGrid1DrawCell(Sender: TObject; ACol, ARow:

Integer; Rect: TRect; State: TGridDrawState);
begin
StringGrid1.Canvas.TextRect(Rect, Rect.Left + 2, Rect.Top + 2,
StringGrid1.Cells[ACol, ARow]);
end;

o Result: Customizes the way each cell in StringGrid1 is drawn.

102. OnFilterRecord (Event - TClientDataSet)

o Description: Triggered when filtering records in a TClientDataSet.
o How it Works: The OnFilterRecord event is used to define criteria for filtering records
in a TClientDataSet, allowing only records that meet the criteria to be visible.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.ClientDataSet1FilterRecord(DataSet: TDataSet; var

Accept: Boolean);
begin
Accept := DataSet.FieldByName('Grade').AsString = 'A';
end;

o Result: Filters the dataset to only include records where the "Grade" field is "A".

103. OnBeforeOpen (Event - TADOQuery)

o Description: Triggered before a query is opened, allowing for last-minute adjustments.
o How it Works: The OnBeforeOpen event is used to modify the SQL query or set up
necessary conditions right before a query is executed.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.ADOQuery1BeforeOpen(DataSet: TDataSet);

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begin
ADOQuery1.SQL.Text := 'SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Grade = ''A''';
end;

o Result: Modifies the SQL query to only select students with a grade of "A" before the
query is executed.
104. OnAfterPost (Event - TClientDataSet)
o Description: Triggered after changes are posted to a dataset, allowing for further
processing.
o How it Works: The OnAfterPost event is used to perform actions after a record has
been posted to the dataset, such as displaying a confirmation message or updating related
data.
o Example:

procedure TForm1.ClientDataSet1AfterPost(DataSet: TDataSet);

begin
ShowMessage('Record saved successfully.');
end;

o Result: Displays a confirmation message after a record is successfully saved in

ClientDataSet1.

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