ompukus Ntwouke

Twhue duelon
Compuken Newon
isa
tommumcahion
netwo
atoblishud bl
netescai ly puw oy odo aha
comnpe aha
honina
dacbende davices not
mam ,

o dada e
cablas , Aba
Les
Ph stcal
i n y Llnka
w i A, Be tooh.

ucieve olauta.
ppose is
to 4on d &
blw daviceoNekwonh davitan
lemmuwn'caton
Devite ich hulg la
Wiuug Routon
Routn
Swibch
Hub
8idge
whieh duvley a inkn connuLted is cald
The layont parfen wn
d wea lopology

ingee.
Stan Mauh

OSl Open Sygtems Intn conratkten.

lonanue modsls
Speci1 stomdance don tommumitawion petotds &
dweehonadHa ol ach layo.

2 ni H lan Com muntaBe atxoss ee

PoloteR Sel o wulsy ho
ruwox. ETCP UDt. Ae

Nehwoxhng Clmenhs ) Jaat 2 tomputen

lxomgmis Si'on madium wlud on wuls

s) tsoocls on ulu hak 90vAn
ovn
toTmmuwcot on
Makuwone Sod tuonu swh Ndwo D. S
Nehoe Jenia Yntamanu upovae Ttme 3 Tong Hm)
1)Plibibty
)Seruny
 tyoals od lompukn ANgtwose: oune 9honung
2 Raliabilit
3 Inten-puoceu communicahon.

4 Hexlble act es.

uan smisgion ledy

ow dada s bantuued blw 2 davics in a C.N.

Stmplex
Uni-diracHon
ona-dieuten e Radl

Half duples
lommumeaHon possible bothwaS but ny ene at
Hme.

ewalee Tallhie.

Ful Dupler
Lommumicafon s possble simulbamao ly

' Teuphona.

ebwoab Top ooge e

The arormgemunt onoda In a nekwonk gonuna

foMows g0ma partn taud nukwoe topologl.

MESH )Robut 8 ¬aty fault

) Inatalhon is d fic
&4engive.
mora wirus)
STA
&theupintal
Stngla polnt o
- Lcownl noda

BuS
Neda
Noda
back bene loast ables
-0
Tenwhrako.n Oxoplinu
Nod 3 Nodo 4

Stagke ot tailan

3 Heavy afHe toue ouslon

RIN
Sahen Tenni oknlxp eaktus

CtaHon 2 Saen3

Dheplin
Sionh
)laay & thap Tewllakon
0107eulby ?n obleshootng
Aaaiaa (lameva nody datude opology.
HYBPLO
Lombi vaon od all topalogie
Stalable pen uadramas.
TLPIP vs 0S Mod
Thuy elpune moduls Jwhich divldas Hhe
yandos wpongibi ktea indo a ogiapanahion od layus. Pat

TPlIP Medal OSI ModA

Applicaon layee wage Applicaon Layt

Segmu
Pusmaion Lay
Thomapou Lyo Sewion Lay e
Intenne yo Pae

N want Acca L FAom Narwo agen

Fon
Datali layen
Physi eel Lyer
OSI Modil L Open System nken ton nechons).

Physical Layen Iis asponsible don achual physlcal ssien df daa.

txomgmis
amd
LHough channels). Tuceveul txamamiks stgnals
han tonvvs it inko phyclcal bik l08 1).
Physiead topolog v
omamsslon moda

Nod to Noda daliv of patkets, xaming, eb

Dadalink layen
lonbol ,Flow tordhe, Physlea Aadnaul MAC)
H patlets drom nukwoue Jasn, i
Upon Leving
win a{rame wi Ha MAC adhug
encapsulatu it
ulievn l obtanad v ARP)
of
logi cel ad da ing LIPL, 1PJ6) a-d
Ntwox Layur: T is uporuible to
tn
anu Implemunded
VNando oing potocols
Rouing
Rowing.
dikeninu Hu 1P don u n t
ielaynwhieh

hop n xouting
end to End dilivy
Mana po Layen IL is xauponaible don od
mmtoton and uaembly
Packoks. Talso does seg
potored
she > Mu). TcP lup P
packeks t pecl«e

is implenunked tn
Ris ayen.
 8on mamaguman
Sslm Laye I ponaible koH
Maintainamua leminaHon) Au
EsbNichmrd,
onabon e.
w
Seci
tosn lahion (Asur , E
is uponsi ble
*
Pywdken layn : avd
tom usleo
Enuny Honl duuptien

( HT
Appluten lagen mplomurs appleokn speelkie PHotorols HTTP,HT
daka hat
TP, SMTP b). Th poduce

ntnact wrdh he Jyer.

Apps.
bueus, Skype. MRaglng

TCPlIP Nod
Nutwea As layu on o Hha Physica and dade-

amd amd is uuponuible tox daa bramemssleo amd

hwndwan addnging.CMac).
It is atountupo- od OSIs Ndwon layn, ad s
Ihu ne laun
uponaible ox xeuing and loglc addnxing
lo
Txongtont luu Maistai Ed-to-krd to nms chiviy. lowmkupa
osis tnoepend agen ha dama sagpontbikiti«.

loroks implamtd nu
Applicahen lag wlleahon speuhe pao and

lHTrt, FTp de.)

 Daral n Laye

The dadalink laq e saporible fos nedo to noda dhlivng

Woahing

Nahwuk lay Nrwk Laen

Padhek
Daolinb lyn Dakalid laym
Heo fachd | Traile) HePaul|

Phasiea layn (win en w'vwb)

Dalind laen ls divtdad tnho 2sub lagn

. gead Llnl lonbol l LLe)

2. Mdia Acu lonbu! CNAC)

The Patbe dved uom h Natwose laye is dunkhun dvtdad toto

bams dupmding on dame tize ot NI t t nuhwonk Inkntate Lond).

DLL alo ncapgulatsa Send omd Aclevn's MAC addnug la a

haadn.
The tlwen's mat addrus s obtaind by pla ting on ARP yt
ento He wine kio " who has If addnus " 8 dutinahion hos

eplu wih MAl ad dhug .

DLL
Switth

PC2
LAN
 aru
TAe Funthons de Daka Link tayen
data ia lus
dwnthon ot he
xamng ls
a
. tamng
ng
to tomumit a ae oof biks
bits
sendn
wayFou 'a his Cam
Can be anu
ony
eeleve.
to he
ant Maaminged pattong
tenns ts
speclad bit pad
aLomplishucd by attauhing
begfnringand od Hhotuorme

Atn uaing duomsDabnk laye ad

2. Physled Mdsin g
AAnagina:
pd dendn's amd on
physleal addhu (MAc addnus)
dromg.
Liv n huadun of each

3. oa dadechion Datan ayen povidu hu mchomsm o

tenbol in which it detechs and utsoms mits
damaged on dost tkomus

4.oroM and Flow tonts Tho dae kaBe muyt be Lons ot on bah

sd dse tha data may qet Loupted,HuWow csdo

Lo-Ondi nces hot omount data hr tan be ted
bev uQced ag acknouwla dgem

5.AtR tbnduo. hana sngle lommunicaibn homrel s hsd b

Mdiple duvleoa, MAC aub-layn ot OL ps to
daken n na which dvice hau tont ov Ao
cha nre a a ven ima.
Paces DLL is callsd
fha
DLL Is horndluel by NIC omd
drdvy od hast mauninu.
Swth & buldge u D.Ll dau'iLaa
 GAOamdsslen amd Paopogeion Dolay

Tuon missBon dulay

Tm baan to pu a
packe onko ink. In ohun
wornds,it ls simply Hme aqined to p« daka bik on hu

winel tommunirah'on mudium.

n dspmds on
mgh omd wtolkn tnatwo
Tuom mc ston dolauy Doka Sie
Bodw ih 8

Pxopogaion Dolay
TIme abun by Hu last bit to Kaach fxom lundn
to the atuvn.

Puopo gaHon duday Distamua

Spad
CS 4
b

Qw dalay.
utiple bit mlhk be waiHng naQa e n uadhing
u g d v . lhu Hme i aut In G calludcalud

Oudng dalay. Cdagonds on

on Hon

cesulng dalay Tlme taum by Hhe Mouou to Pxotu ho pache

hud

Tm T.D P.D a.D+ P.D

 (onbxel
Ewra
omd Flow
Wat kox
op amd
Repeat a quut Sondn
eteve
Automakie
ARQ
,
dau s orl¢k
Shop wa ac ke is discmda
uo Bauk N
N
uo Sundb autoraebiral
s1lr
ido Solue tie Re þeat

Shop&uut Recleen
Sendun

Fuame

T Te Ty

Total Tlos
T
2a
T42Tg
P.0 Tbrouhtd
T2T
Bandw ah Y
a
T
Plow lonbrol a Ui| acknouoledgemant is satived no moa Ryts.
Tmeda is UsoSted, sen
Lst Daka Tmeou piod - L
a mkage aqadn.

Lot Aek
loe Seaun no. Is attdod to hat mislnfenmahon
sabstainad.
s Altenahnq biakord- Stauna no. is O ax .

Delap Data
D aed Ack. T o paven alay, add seq no to ae
ek ao.
 rana inoloo Buetote Cflos teobre Puotoeola

Pxeblem wl Stop& wadt wa not alng Ra channel oply

Soncey ruuhple tuomay

No.d tnauobe uns baed on ndas S'ae
Eacht inaumb ad- S Sane no,
Mpody Setd Ack

Cwwwnt Wdow
Sun bwn
At

GneGack N
hndos A whtow is a buffon hat is ued to kup a tefy d

A&uomu to homdle wen & do tlow tonbol.

N ts H window size.

T ha Ack of u tuon s no uatto ved wiw an aod me

pubd, ad ron m e t n n window a bamani tted.

Seauwneno will be lo- n-1))

Gwren haling

s no Ack Huuboa i4 s u
wwts den Ack.
ahivePepeak
Go Back N Hu whole
Qost ,

Sela cHe lup eaA Pxotaca.

sopp ed. To pe vw we wo

- Size ts also
c en window

So 1 manks v o eeelved onu Qmd hu fona muhtten

tompao o puvfou ens
Aacel do not alcept e
do net 4°qme no whteh is noa a
wndow.
A
wefal wn nolsy thannal.
+s atficult to tmlimant.
TCP
Nehoon k Layue

P 9elocol doe most of wou.

Tntem Senen
Switth
Paudn y
o Isp

PC
Routen- mulkple Tskufacas, allous mtple r
wons.

Trkennartwonkde 02.11, 36, EHunat)

Adda Addnus

Scai bLAtg Usma Hlanacky ton Nekweas )

Barmdauw ldh n t e

Suaqmanahen a-ambly.
data l*m host to o t
lay wontu a kamzmds slon of on

19
lotered at distaant wes

foentien Rou g
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en fatenkwon
unael
Segmamle uffen&oPacke.

switth Daah layn dvle e

Keukn
Neek luy en

Rapeadn Phystealayn.
tte tofologts
Hob Lonetts mel iple
upeaken )
dhi go
Baud ge Dd e l layn.
2 mutwo u togettu
pasge ton nece
Gul-us
 Jinui Swilkhing_ Ne Packe 8uwttchlng
In Compwus Thuo tentep
Cincu &wltehing N.ted
Ot
lulan vwtworh.
U s e d In Tlephorat
Remove (onnethon
lsablkh u u e ,

Packet &wi tehi ng N

Vnual Ua culs Datagram

dutGrchon addny Somte auo l
Packas have

mulHple
xouk mh be poscibe.
avelld.
To Dsuven teonga tten tn pam
no. fo pac Vats to ordon hom
u eanu

dtnahon.
A patks
Nindua JUn i pah
Daa
Dacagan
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D D
Sundun ocve Sendun Aac ern

lanruten 3ep Runod Nasauand

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a ck s have das n n addu

tomdl ard
du4let adlun ay o
fauy ae au

Buol y &envte is Qual o ene

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otuto ngto
uelkle tack of addas
Addnas am lachen
WAT CNeoa
baed on vae P addhus
Paud'veke 1P addaua
o.0.0.0 o 10.255.255.255

C l sB 42..0.0 to 192.31. 255. 255

161.0.0 to 192. 63. L55. 255

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nduor
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t Pvake 1P addnus.
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ainkedns ma9plng
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is
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on
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a
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apph
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addea of Ho
n

2 55.0.0. o
clas A
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clas C 155 15s.25S.

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255-255.255.2
(1000oo)
s vy ose wose 2 addg
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il) alass tud 1:

Paobloms
elat t2Ap's 16 mll
ela 62 CRA 65

wont Imdllion addhua u

Sa we s I Fils tn nuihun
addhut ox kaked oa

no mough
we e CipR
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beum doni in bi
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4a o. 1o.123
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nbi4s 2-n bis
Total Avauleble 10' wk nus subnt mak »d 2 32-n

32- -2

42.169.D.1 142.108..19
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publ1P 42.18.1o. 190
3bi bos
'

Swith. addrus
deuna
 bu ulukion Paotete (Ae®)
gu MAC addus
ol a dwlco n LA
Dge o
w ih given addhu

1.u.. 55. o.) Intnna

Suwiteh
way
Rosn
142.16t.0,3
121400.2

To qe Hu MAC addny kange macine he andn oeca

A.P. msag 4s inkunaddake nalghbevu, AHng MA
Special om

addy
ae Senda P
tork
Sendn MAc

uHmdon MAC

DutHnukn 1

avue ARP ARP)

divd machin n LAN uut 1P adh hon
e gjatuw Meukur's ARP table.

Dev Su
Bradocs NAC Nuds
 1xanspork Layey

Yo temputen
o-0 San v
Enkon

wlas LAN

Whelsss LAN

end ho end CommumeatHen n Poes to Psuocas tommien

onnechon odaded
blt4h
Flouw tortno
ongeston ooidome omd tonbel
SotkePropams belong Lremsyo.nlay
TCPs UDP

Sanen
Rouheg algoui Hhres Backeuands

- SRech

--

Auderreu 4tors

n
s a u t ha
to avwye
whlch e
Ma puh ?t howae
is how
nuwen
Hooueh He
fustoro,
ts md nud by uoutog
 * oukn g
aMoSS Aukonum
Protocels Used bn
xeioon Moutng
Sstems
wMn am
Aub
no gtou 2gm.
Paotorels Used
ntndon adouay

Traniaa xakeay Paob

Crtoden .P Oisame RIP
Anmen
Un stae
I1SLOizsh» Al,
Dynammie
huHe Roubeg Tntan, tendas

mamud tuuehen ot
EwHwng

mall whweak

How de we datda He -logt of Jinkg?

Bamduwd4

Vewed dalay
Hop count
Pah tost
Load
Maximun Tranen
ss lon Urst

bans eRouhng Algesi thm

8heud wnany dallvo
Cdicln wilig n o bandidh
3howd not tonv e a noda.

3 h e l d homdla a dhomg ea we
Csle tony enq ee
Reub go doun
ouk goa dloon
N e seuken alad

lest danga
 Distente Veb* RouH

he
oldut outing mhod ( Used in
onpanat)
Bayed on nan -

fort Shoah Pah Algo

Coun nfiny Paoblem l vmy slow tonv ngenso ln caje od au lu
JJet we nbw n a ouigina toum. An od pxototad Hhut
lmolean's Rouing Infeamakion Puotoc (e1). A vsweon

(omp ko n late, uelbw Jn wmuaio

dmd uyage
oveahead.

tenouahonaly bett

E h noda maindaln veckon ot

past Dis Ne hop
A distom omd s hop fon

2 e dutnatons.
puiodtay n eon
Tha nod
to ruighbuns.

Atn eteiving astonmte vecton

a ada slmoly wpdade shu
Sad o l l alou. Uslant L i nudad

k hmde Rs tirg
Baaed on Dysba

H wo Phaea

Intbamahon od ndhbsuns.
O Hlood
kuuin
E w neda Muns Dijstsa
oMun nede.
nuighbon
Intomaen t vy

wed In poct ce.

widy
 3endi irko aho melva
looddng
rewone.

ha complete aphs

Runs 01JLS TAA Algo.

f ed
Open Shos thet Pnobea mos

Semce no&sounce add J4agln

vmene on oahng
neg heun dou'n indo', dor'tnd

Adds n
Rout n(Li
Cnd t.sh Chemge
 App)ication Layor
PoplWlehen (u, sauio.)
BarsPoad Te?,vDP
TP

UOP Daalik
HT SSH, SMTO
wnauhpe
Physlea

Clien Swikh wenuh (o

ISP

ppdab i h App Headn

T ro al Poard
h adm
uondsn

omahAhomgems (0NS)

Resvs
Suittb
Pxevtdu by ISP

y2.com S }P adds ons)

Protoce
DRLPDynomc Host on h'aunelon Bhng to h n t
B e a l c conbi'sncAbn.

ds don aukomaead

Cuwileh
- pup Sn