GROUP #6

FEROLINO, JERICHO
FRANCIA, RICHELLE
FULGENCIO, FELICITY
GALLARPE, VERLYN FAYE
GAYOLA, CRISTINE, N.
 TRUTH TABLES, EQUIVALENT
STATEMENTS AND TAUTOLOGIES

What is the truth table?

A truth table shows all the possible input
combinations and their corresponding outputs
for a logical expression.

MS. GALLARPE PART

Alternative Method for the
Construction of a Truth Table A "tree
diagram" approach is another way to
build a truth table. In this approach,
you systematically explore all possible
combinations of truth values for each
proposition by branching out from each
possible result.

MS. GALLARPE PART

Equivalent Statements

Equivalent statements are

statements that have the same
meaning or truth value as
another statement.
MS. FULGENCIO PART
 TYPES OF EQUIVALENT
STATEMENT

1. Logical Equivalence: Two statements are logically

equivalent if they have the same truth value for all
possible combinations of truth values.
2. Algebraic Equivalence: Two algebraic expressions
are equivalent if they have the same value for all
possible values of the variables.
3.Geometric Equivalence: Two geometric shapes are
equivalent if they have the same size and shape.
MS. FULGENCIO PART
 EXAMPLE STATEMENT AND TRUTH
TABLE

Statement 1: "It is raining and the streets are wet.’’

Statement 2: "If it is raining, then the streets are wet."

Truth Table: | Raining | Streets Wet | Statement 1 | Statement 2

| | --- | --- | --- | --- |

|T|T|T|T|
|T|F|F|F| From the truth table, we can see that Statement 1 and Statement 2 do
|F|T|F|T| not have the same truth values for all possible combinations of truth
|F|F|F|T| values. Therefore, they are not logically equivalent.

MS. FULGENCIO PART

 THE CONDITIONAL AND THE
BICONDITIONAL STATEMENT
Conditional Statement
A conditional statement (also known as an implication) is a statement of
the form "If ( P ), then ( Q )", which is often written as p → q. Here, ( P )
is called the antecedent (or hypothesis), and ( Q ) is called the
consequent (or conclusion).
Biconditional Statement
A biconditional statement is a statement of the form " ( P ) if and only
if ( Q )", which is often written as p ↔ q. This means that both ( P )
and ( Q ) are true or false.
MS. GAYOLA PART
 IDENTIFY THE ANTECEDENT
CONSEQUENT OF CONDITIONAL

1. If I study for at least 6 hours, then I will get an

A on the test.
2. If I get the job, I will buy a new car
3. If you can dream it, you can do it.
4. If I finish my homework, then I can watch a movie
5. If I wake up early, then I will have time for
breakfast.
MS. GAYOLA PART
 SOLUTIONS

If I study for at least 6 hours, then I will get an A on the test.

Antecedent: I study for at least 6 hours
Consequent: I will get an A on the test
If I get the job, I will buy a new car
Antecedent: I get the job
Consequent: I will buy a new car

If you can dream it, you can do it.

Antecedent: You can dream it
Consequent: You can do it
MS. GAYOLA PART
 SOLUTIONS

If I finish my homework, then I can watch a movie

Antecedent: I finish my homework
Consequent: I can watch a movie

If I wake up early, then I will have time for breakfast.

Antecedent: I wake up early

Consequent: I will have time for breakfast

MS. GAYOLA PART

TABLE OF TRUTH VALUE OF
CONDITIONAL

The conditional p → q
is false If p is true and
q is false. it is true in
all other cases.

MS. FRANCIA PART

 FIND THE TRUTH VALUE OF
CONDITIONAL

1. If 2 is an integer, then 2 is a rational number.

2. If the animal has 4 feet, then it’s a cat.
3. If ( a + b = 0 ) (P), then ( a = -b ) (Q)
4. If a triangle has three sides of equal length
(P), then it is an equilateral triangle (Q)
5. If Tuesday follows Monday, then April follows
the march.
MS. GAYOLA PART
 SOLUTIONS

If 2 is an integer, then 2 is a rational number.

Antecedent: 2 is an integer (True)
Consequent: 2 is a rational number (True)
Truth Value: True

If the animal has 4 feet, then it’s a cat.

Antecedent: The animal has 4 feet (True, but not all 4-footed animals are cats)
Consequent: It’s a cat (False, since there are other 4-footed animals)
Truth Value: False

If ( a + b = 0 ) (P), then ( a = -b ) (Q)

Antecedent: (a + b = 0) (True if (a) and (b) are such that their sum is zero)
Consequent: (a = -b) (True, since if (a + b = 0), then (a) must equal (-b))
Truth Value: True
MS. GAYOLA PART
 SOLUTIONS

If a triangle has three sides of equal length (P), then it is an

equilateral triangle (Q)
Antecedent: A triangle has three sides of equal length (True)
Consequent: It is an equilateral triangle (True, by definition)
Truth Value: True

If Tuesday follows Monday, then April follows the march.

Antecedent: Tuesday follows Monday (True)
Consequent: April follows March (True)
Truth Value: True
MS. GAYOLA PART
 THE CONDITIONAL AND
RELATED STATEMENT

Equivalent Forms of the Conditional

Every conditional statement can be stated in many
equivalent forms. It seems that it is unnecessary to
state the antecedent before the consequent. For
instance, the conditional "If I live in Boston, then I
must live in Massachusetts" can also be noted as I
must live in Massachusetts if I live in Boston.
MR. FEROLINO PART
Table 5.11 lists some of the various forms that may be used to
write a conditional statement

MR. FEROLINO PART

EXAMPLE:
Write a Statement in an Equivalent Form Write each of the following in "If p,
then q" form
a. The number is an even number provided that it is divisible by 2.
b. Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday

SOLUTIONS:
a. The statement, "The number is an even number provided that it is divisible
by 2." is in "g provided that p" form. The antecedent is "it is divisible by 2," and
the consequent is "the number is an even number." Thus its "If p, then q" form
is If it is divisible by 2, then the number is an even number.
b. The statement, "Today is Friday, only if yesterday was Thursday," is in "p
only if " form. The antecedent is "today is Friday." The consequent is
"yesterday was Thorsday." Its "If p, then q" form is If today is Friday, then
yesterday was Thursday.
MR. FEROLINO PART
 SYMBOLIC ARGUMENTS

Arguments- In this section we consider methods of analyzing arguments to

determine whether they are watid or invalid. For instance, consider the
following argument.

If Aristotle was human, then Aristotle was mortal. Aristotle was human.
Therefore. Aristotle was mortal. To determine whether the above argument is
a valid argumes... we must first define the terms argument and valid argument.
An Argument and a Valid Argument An argument consists of a set of
staternents called premises and another statement called the conclusion. An
argument is valid if the conclusion is true whenever all the premises are
assumed to be true. An argument is invalid if it is not a valid argument.
MR. FEROLINO PART
In the argument about Aristotle, the two premises and the conclusion are
shown below. I is customary to place a horizontal line between the
premises and the conclusion.
First Premise: If Aristotle was human, then Aristotle was mortal.
Second Premise: Aristotle was human.
Conclusion: Therefore, Aristotle was mortal.
Arguments can be written in symbolic form. For instance, if we let &
represent the statement "Aristotle was human" and represent the
statement "Aristotle was mortal." then the argument can be expressed as
‘’h-m’’ ‘’m’’
The three dots are a symbol for "therefore."
EXAMPLE Write an Argument in Symbolic Form
Write the following argument in symbolic form.
The fish is fresh or I will not crder it. The fish is fresh. Therefore I will order
it. MR. FEROLINO PART
SOLUTION
Let f represent the statement "The fish is fresh." Let o
represent the statement "I will order it." The symbolic
form of the argument is.

MR. FEROLINO PART

THANK YOU!