UNIT – V

Applets – Concepts of Applets, differences between applets and applications, life cycle of an applet,
types of applets, creating applets, passing parameters to applets. Swing – Introduction, limitations
of
AWT, MVC architecture, components, containers, exploring swing- JApplet, JFrame and JComponent,
Icons and Labels, text fields, buttons – The JButton class, Check boxes, Radio buttons, Combo boxes,
Tabbed Panes, Scroll Panes, Trees, and Tables.
JAVA APPLET
 Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the dynamic
content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side.
 Applets are used to make the website more dynamic and entertaining.
 An applet is embedded in an HTML page using the APPLET or OBJECT tag and hosted on a web
server.
Important points
 All applets are sub-classes of java.applet.Applet class.
 Applets are not stand-alone programs. Instead, they run within either a web browser or an applet
viewer. JDK provides a standard applet viewer tool called applet viewer.
 In general, execution of an applet does not begin at main() method.
 Output of an applet window is not performed by System.out.println(). Rather it is handled with
various AWT methods, such as drawString().
HIERARCHY OF APPLET

As displayed in the above diagram, Applet class extends Panel. Panel class extends Container which
is
the subclass of Component.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN APPLETS AND APPLICATIONS

Parameters

Java Application

Java Applet

Definition

Applications are just like a Java

program that can be executed
independently without using the
web browser.

Applets are small Java programs that are

designed to be included with the HTML web
document. They require a Java-enabled web
browser for execution.
main() method

The application program requires a

main() method for its execution.

The applet does not require the main()

method for its execution instead init()
method is required.

Compilation

The “javac” command is used to

compile application programs,
which are then executed using the
“java” command.

Applet programs are compiled with the

“javac” command and run using either the
“appletviewer” command or the web
browser.

File access

Java application programs have full

access to the local file system and
network.

Applets don’t have local disk and network

access.

Access level

Applications can access all kinds of

resources available on the system.

Applets can only access browser-specific

services. They don’t have access to the local
system.

Installation

First and foremost, the installation

of a Java application on the local
computer is required.

The Java applet does not need to be

installed beforehand.

Execution
Applications can execute the
programs from the local system.

Applets cannot execute programs from the

local machine.

Program

An application program is needed

to perform some tasks directly for
the user.

An applet program is needed to perform

small tasks or part of them.

Run

It cannot run on its own; it needs

JRE to execute.

It cannot start on its own, but it can be

executed using a Java-enabled web
browser.

Connection
with servers

Connectivity with other servers is

possible.

It is unable to connect to other servers.

Read and Write

Operation

It supports the reading and writing

of files on the local computer.

It does not support the reading and writing

of files on the local computer.

Security

Application can access the system’s

data and resources without any
security limitations.

Executed in a more restricted environment

with tighter security. They can only use
services that are exclusive to their browser.

Restrictions

Java applications are self-

contained and require no
additional security because they
are trusted.

Applet programs cannot run on their own,

necessitating the maximum level of
security.

LIFE CYCLE OF AN APPLET

1. Applet is initialized.
2. Applet is started.
3. Applet is painted.
4. Applet is stopped.
5. Applet is destroyed.

Lifecycle methods for Applet

The java.applet.Applet class provides 4 life cycle methods and java.awt.Component
class provides 1
life cycle method for an applet.
java.applet.Applet class
For creating any applet java.applet.Applet class must be inherited. It provides 4 life cycle
methods of
applet.
1. public void init(): is used to initialized the Applet. It is invoked only once.
2. public void start(): is invoked after the init() method or browser is maximized. It is used to
start
the Applet.
3. public void stop(): is used to stop the Applet. It is invoked when Applet is stop or browser is
minimized.
4. public void destroy(): is used to destroy the Applet. It is invoked only once.
java.awt.Component class
The Component class provides 1 life cycle method of applet.
1. public void paint(Graphics g): is used to paint the Applet. It provides Graphics class
object that
can be used for drawing oval, rectangle, arc etc.
CREATING APPLETS
How To Run an Applet?
There are two ways to run an applet
1. By html file.
2. By appletViewer tool (for testing purpose).
1. By html file
To execute the applet by html file, create an applet and compile it. After that create an html file and
place the applet code in html file. Now click the html file.
Example
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class First extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("A simple Applet",20,20);
}
}
myapplet.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code="First.class" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
Output

2. By appletViewer tool
To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, create an applet that contains applet tag in comment
and
compile it. After that run it by: appletviewer First.java. Now Html file is not required but it is for
testing
purpose only.
Example
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class First extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("welcome to applet",150,150);
}
}
/*
<applet code="First.class" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
*/
To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in command prompt:
c:\>javac First.java
c:\>appletviewer First.java
TYPES OF APPLETS IN JAVA
 A special type of Java program that runs in a Web browser is referred to as Applet.
 It has less response time because it works on the client-side.
 It is much secured executed by the browser under any of the platforms such as Windows, Linux
and
Mac OS etc.
 There are two types of applets that a web page can contain.
1. Local Applet
2. Remote Applet

1. Local Applet
 Local Applet is written on our own, and then we will embed it into web pages.
 Local Applet is developed locally and stored in the local system.
 A web page doesn't need the get the information from the internet when it finds the local Applet in
the system.
 It is specified or defined by the file name or pathname.
 There are two attributes used in defining an applet, i.e., the codebase that specifies the path name
and code that defined the name of the file that contains Applet's code.
Specifying Local applet
<applet
codebase = "tictactoe"
code = "FaceApplet.class"
width = 120
height = 120>
</applet>
Example
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class FaceApplet extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g){
g.setColor(Color.red);
g.drawString("Welcome", 50, 50);
g.drawLine(20, 30, 20, 300);
g.drawRect(70, 100, 30, 30);
g.fillRect(170, 100, 30, 30);
g.drawOval(70, 200, 30, 30);
g.setColor(Color.pink);
g.fillOval(170, 200, 30, 30);
g.drawArc(90, 150, 30, 30, 30, 270);
g.fillArc(270, 150, 30, 30, 0, 180);
}
}

Execute the above code by using the following commands:

2. Remote Applet
 A remote applet is designed and developed by another developer.
 It is located or available on a remote computer that is connected to the internet.
 In order to run the applet stored in the remote computer, our system is connected to the internet
then we can download run it.
 In order to locate and load a remote applet, we must know the applet's address on the web that is
referred to as Uniform Recourse Locator(URL).

Specifying Remote applet

<applet
codebase = "http://www.myconnect.com/applets/"
code = "FaceApplet.class"
width = 120
height =120>
</applet>

PARAMETER IN APPLET
We can get any information from the HTML file as a parameter. For this purpose, Applet class
provides
a method named getParameter().
Syntax:
public String getParameter(String parameterName)
Example of using parameter in Applet
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class UseParam extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
String str=getParameter("msg");
g.drawString(str,50, 50);
}
}
myapplet.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code="UseParam.class" width="300" height="300">
<param name="msg" value="Welcome to applet">
</applet>
</body>
</html>

SWING INTRODUCTION
 Java Swing is used to create window-based applications. It is built on the top of AWT (Abstract
Windowing Toolkit) API and entirely written in java.
 Unlike AWT, Java Swing provides platform-independent and lightweight components.
 The javax.swing package provides classes for java swing API such as JButton, JTextField, JTextArea,
JRadioButton, JCheckbox, JMenu, JColorChooser etc.
LIMITATIONS OF AWT
 The buttons of AWT does not support pictures.
 It is heavyweight in nature.
 Two very important components trees and tables are not present.
 Extensibility is not possible as it is platform dependent
MVC ARCHITECTURE
The MVC design pattern consists of three modules model, view and
controller.
Model
 The model represents the state (data) and business logic of the application.
 For example-in case of a check box, the model contains a field which indicates whether the box is
checked or unchecked.
View
 The view module is responsible to display data i.e. it represents the presentation.
 The view determines how a component has displayed on the screen, including any aspects of view
that are affected by the current state of the model.
Controller
 The controller determines how the component will react to the user.
 The controller module acts as an interface between view and model.
 It intercepts all the requests i.e. receives input and commands to Model / View to change
accordingly.

HIERARCHY OF JAVA SWING CLASSES

COMPONENT CLASS
 A component is an object having a graphical representation that can be displayed on the screen
and
that can interact with the user.
 Examples of components are the buttons, checkboxes, and scrollbars of a typical graphical user
interface.
The methods of Component class are widely used in java swing that are
given below.

Method

Description

public void add(Component c)

add a component on another component.

public void setSize(int width,int height)

sets size of the component.

public void setLayout(LayoutManager m)

sets the layout manager for the component.

public void setVisible(boolean b)

sets the visibility of the component. It is by default
false.

CONTAINER
 The Container is a component that can contain another components like buttons, textfields, labels
etc.
 The classes that extends Container class are known as container such as Frame, Dialog and Panel.
WINDOW
 The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars.
 You must use frame, dialog or another window for creating a window.
JPANEL
 The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar and menu bars.
 It can have other components like button, textfield etc.
JDIALOG
 The JDialog control represents a top level window with a border and a title used to take some
form
of input from the user.
 It inherits the Dialog class.
 Unlike JFrame, it doesn't have maximize and minimize buttons.

JFrame
The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other
components
like button, textfield etc.
There are two ways to create a frame:
1. By creating the object of Frame class (association)
2. By extending Frame class (inheritance)
1. By creating the object of Frame class (association)
import javax.swing.*;
public class FirstSwingExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
JFrame f=new JFrame();
JButton b=new JButton("click");
f.add(b);
f.setSize(400,500);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
2. By extending Frame class (inheritance)
We can also inherit the JFrame class, so there is no need to create the instance of JFrame class
explicitly.
EXAMPLE
import javax.swing.*;
public class Simple2 extends JFrame
{
Simple2()
{
JButton b=new JButton("click");
add(b);
setSize(400,500);
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new Simple2();
}
}
Output

SWING COMPONENTS
JButton
 The JButton class is used to create a labeled button that has platform independent
implementation.
 The application result in some action when the button is pushed.
 It inherits AbstractButton class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class ButtonExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
JFrame f=new JFrame("Button Example");
JButton b=new JButton("Click Here");
f.add(b);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:
JLabel
 The object of JLabel class is a component for placing text in a container.
 It is used to display a single line of read only text.
 The text can be changed by an application but a user cannot edit it directly.
 It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
class LabelExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("Label Example");
JLabel l1=new JLabel("First Label.");
t1.setBounds(50,100, 200,30);
JLabel l2=new JLabel("Second Label.");
t1.setBounds(50,100, 200,30);
f.add(l1);
f.add(l2);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output

JTextField
 The object of a JTextField class is a text component that allows the editing of a single line text.
 It inherits JTextComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
class TextFieldExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("TextField Example");
JTextField t1,t2;
t1=new JTextField("Welcome to Java Swings");
t1.setBounds(50,100, 200,30);
t2=new JTextField("Swing Tutorial");
t2.setBounds(50,150, 200,30);
f.add(t1);
f.add(t2);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:

JTextArea
The object of a JTextArea class is a multiline region that displays text. It allows the editing of
multiple
line text. It inherits JTextComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class TextAreaExample
{
TextAreaExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame();
JTextArea area=new JTextArea("Welcome to javatpoint");
f.add(area);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new TextAreaExample();
}
}
Output

JCheckBox
 The JCheckBox class is used to create a checkbox. It is used to turn an option on (true) or off
(false).
 Clicking on a CheckBox changes its state from "on" to "off" or from "off" to "on ".It
inherits JToggleButton class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class CheckBoxExample
{
CheckBoxExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("CheckBox Example");
JCheckBox checkBox1 = new JCheckBox("C++");
checkBox1.setBounds(100,100, 50,50);
JCheckBox checkBox2 = new JCheckBox("Java", true);
checkBox2.setBounds(100,150, 50,50);
f.add(checkBox1);
f.add(checkBox2);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new CheckBoxExample();
}
}
Output

JRadioButton
 The JRadioButton class is used to create a radio button. It is used to choose one option from
multiple
options. It is widely used in exam systems or quiz.
 It should be added in ButtonGroup to select one radio button only.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class RadioButtonExample
{
JFrame f;
RadioButtonExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
JRadioButton r1=new JRadioButton("A) Male");
JRadioButton r2=new JRadioButton("B) Female");
r1.setBounds(75,50,100,30);
ButtonGroup bg=new ButtonGroup();
bg.add(r1);
bg.add(r2);
f.add(r1);
f.add(r2);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new RadioButtonExample();
}
}
Output
JComboBox
 The object of Choice class is used to show popup menu of choices.
 Choice selected by user is shown on the top of a menu.
 It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class ComboBoxExample
{
JFrame f;
ComboBoxExample()
{
f=new JFrame("ComboBox Example");
String country[]={"India","Aus","U.S.A","England","Newzealand"};
JComboBox cb=new JComboBox(country);
f.add(cb);
f.setSize(400,500);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new ComboBoxExample();
}
}
Output

JTable
 The JTable class is used to display data in tabular form.
 It is composed of rows and columns.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class TableExample
{
JFrame f;
TableExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
String data[][]={ {"101","Amit","670000"}, {"102","Jai","780000"}, {"101","Sachin","700000"}};
String column[]={"ID","NAME","SALARY"};
JTable jt=new JTable(data,column);
JScrollPane sp=new JScrollPane(jt);
f.add(sp);
f.setSize(300,400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new TableExample();
}
}
Output

JTree
 The JTree class is used to display the tree structured data or hierarchical data.
 JTree is a complex component. It has a 'root node' at the top most which is a parent for all nodes in
the tree. It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.tree.DefaultMutableTreeNode;
public class TreeExample
{
JFrame f;
TreeExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
DefaultMutableTreeNode style=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Style");
DefaultMutableTreeNode color=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("color");
DefaultMutableTreeNode font=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("font");
style.add(color);
style.add(font);
DefaultMutableTreeNode red=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("red");
DefaultMutableTreeNode blue=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("blue");
DefaultMutableTreeNode black=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("black");
DefaultMutableTreeNode green=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("green");
color.add(red); color.add(blue); color.add(black); color.add(green);
JTree jt=new JTree(style);
f.add(jt);
f.setSize(200,200);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new TreeExample();
}
}
Output:

JTabbedPane
The JTabbedPane class is used to switch between a group of components by clicking on a tab with a
given title or icon. It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class TabbedPaneExample
{
JFrame f;
TabbedPaneExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
JTextArea ta=new JTextArea(200,200);
JPanel p1=new JPanel();
p1.add(ta);
JPanel p2=new JPanel();
JPanel p3=new JPanel();
JTabbedPane tp=new JTabbedPane();
tp.setBounds(50,50,200,200);
tp.add("main",p1);
tp.add("visit",p2);
tp.add("help",p3);
f.add(tp);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new TabbedPaneExample();
}
}
Output:
JScrollPane
A JscrollPane is used to make scrollable view of a component. When screen size is limited, we use a
scroll pane to display a large component or a component whose size can change dynamically.
Example
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import javax.swing.JtextArea;
public class JScrollPaneExample
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private static void createAndShowGUI()
{
final JFrame frame = new JFrame("Scroll Pane Example");
frame.setSize(500, 500);
frame.setVisible(true);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
frame.getContentPane().setLayout(new FlowLayout());
JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea(20, 20);
JScrollPane scrollableTextArea = new JScrollPane(textArea);
scrollableTextArea.setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy(JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS);
scrollableTextArea.setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS);
frame.getContentPane().add(scrollableTextArea);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable()
{
public void run()
{
createAndShowGUI();
}
});
}
}
Output: