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4.1 Notes

Chapter 4 covers exponential and logarithmic functions, focusing on evaluating and graphing exponential functions with various bases, including the natural base e. It also discusses the application of exponential functions in modeling real-world scenarios, such as population growth and financial calculations using compound interest formulas. Examples and exercises are provided to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

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9 views15 pages

4.1 Notes

Chapter 4 covers exponential and logarithmic functions, focusing on evaluating and graphing exponential functions with various bases, including the natural base e. It also discusses the application of exponential functions in modeling real-world scenarios, such as population growth and financial calculations using compound interest formulas. Examples and exercises are provided to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

Uploaded by

hunterjohn7564
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions

4.1 Notes
Exponential Functions

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 1


Objectives:

• Evaluate exponential functions.


• Graph exponential functions.
• Evaluate functions with base e.
• Use compound interest formulas.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 2


Definition of the Exponential Function

The exponential function f with base b is defined by


f ( x) = b x or y = b x

where b is a positive constant other than 1 (b > 0 and


b  1) and x is any real number.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 3


Example: Evaluating an Exponential Function

The exponential function f ( x) = 42.2(1.56) x models the


average amount spent, f(x), in dollars, at a shopping
mall after x hours. What is the average amount spent, to
the nearest dollar, after three hours at a shopping mall?

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 4


Example: Graphing an Exponential Function

Graph: f ( x) = 3 x

x f ( x) = 3x

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 5


Example: Transformations Involving Exponential
Functions

x −1
Use the graph of f ( x ) = 3 x
to obtain the graph of g ( x ) = 3

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 6


Characteristics of Exponential Functions of the Form
f ( x) = b x

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 7


The Natural Base e

n
The number e is defined as the value that 1 + 1 
 
 n
approaches as n gets larger and larger. As n → 
the approximate value of e to nine decimal places is
e  2.718281827
The irrational number, e, approximately 2.72, is called
the natural base. The function f ( x) = e x is called the
natural exponential function.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 8


Example: Evaluating Functions with Base e

The exponential function f ( x) = 1066e0.042 x models the


gray wolf population of the Western Great Lakes, f(x), x
years after 1978. Project the gray wolf’s population in
the recovery area in 2012.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 9


Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 10
Formulas for Compound Interest

After t years, the balance, A, in an account with


principal P and annual interest rate r (in decimal form)
is given by the following formulas:
1. For n compounding periods per year:
nt
 r
A = P 1 + 
 n
2. For continuous compounding:

A = Pert

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 11


Example: Using Compound Interest Formulas

A sum of $10,000 is invested at an annual rate of 8%.


Find the balance in the account after 5 years subject to
quarterly compounding.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 12


Example: Using Compound Interest Formulas

A sum of $10,000 is invested at an annual rate of 8%.


Find the balance in the account after 5 years subject to
continuous compounding.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 13


Checkpoint 1

You decide to invest $8000 for 6 years and you have a


choice between two accounts. The first pays 7% per
year, compounded monthly. The second pays 6.85%
per year, compounded continuously. Find the
accumulated amount for both.

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 14


Checkpoint Answers

CP 1 A = 12,160.84
A = 12,066.60

Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

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