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Collection of Data

The document discusses various methods of data collection, focusing on primary and secondary data, and the merits and demerits of each method. It highlights indirect oral investigation, local sources, enumerator methods, and the importance of evaluating secondary data for reliability and accuracy. Additionally, it covers sampling techniques such as stratified and systematic sampling, detailing their advantages and disadvantages.

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11 views39 pages

Collection of Data

The document discusses various methods of data collection, focusing on primary and secondary data, and the merits and demerits of each method. It highlights indirect oral investigation, local sources, enumerator methods, and the importance of evaluating secondary data for reliability and accuracy. Additionally, it covers sampling techniques such as stratified and systematic sampling, detailing their advantages and disadvantages.

Uploaded by

ipodathome251
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Collection of Data

Chapter -2
Difference btw
Primary and
Secondary data
Indirect Oral Investigation

It is the method by which information is obtained not from the persons regarding whom the
information is needed. It is collected orally from other persons who are expected to possess
the necessary information. Merits and demerits of this method are given below

(a) Merits
•Wide coverage
•Expert opinion
•Simple
•Less expensive
•Free from bias

(b) Demerits
•Less accurate
•Doubtful conclusions
•Biased
Information from Local Sources or
Correspondents

Under this method, the investigator appoints local persons or correspondents at different
places.

(a) Merits
•Economical
•Wide coverage
•Continuity
•Suitable for special purpose

(b) Demerits
•Loss of originality
•Lack of uniformity
•Personal bias
•Less accurate
•Delay in collection
Enumerator’s Methods

Under this method enumerator himself fills the schedules after seeking information from the
informants.

This method is mostly used when

 field of investigation is large.


 the investigation need specialised and skilled investigation.
 the investigators are well versed in the local language and cultural norms of the informants.
Secondary Data Types of Sources of Secondary Data

Published Sources of Secondary Data


•Local government articles as well as publications from the federal and
state governments, have been published.
Secondary data •Statistical summaries, census records, and other reports produced by
are information various government agencies
that has been •Foreign countries’ official declarations and publications
passed down from •Chambers of commerce, financial institutions, trade groups, and other
one generation to organisations’ publications and reports
the next. These •Periodicals, magazines, and journals
are not taken
from the source. Unpublished Sources of Secondary Data
•Teachers, academics, and professionals undertake research projects.
•Private and commercial companies keep track of their records.
Precautions
before
using
Secondary
Data
The following points
should be kept in Is the data suitable Is the data
Is the data reliable?
mind before using for investigations? adequate?
Secondary Data:

To evaluate the reliability, applicability, and sufficiency of the data, the following points
are to be kept in mind:

1. Capacity of the Collecting Organization:


It is crucial to investigate the credibility of the entity that collected the data in the first
place. The information should only be utilized if it was gathered by competent, qualified,
and unbiased investigators.

2. Purpose and Scope:


While collecting the data, the purpose of data collection and the extent of the
investigation should bespecified. Data should only be utilized if the present study’s
objective and scope match the earlier study’s objective and scope. Moreover, the
suitability of data can be decided for the present study by investigating the nature,
homogeneity, unit, terms, etc., of the secondary data.
3. Collection Method:
It is important to note how the original researcher collected the data. The technique used must
be appropriate for the type of study. The sampling process may be biased depending on the
mechanism of sample selection. Before using secondary data, all things should be determined.

4. Accuracy:
The data should be verified for accuracy while using secondary data. It is crucial to use fair data
to avoid biases and prejudices, which can lead to false conclusions. The data should be rejected
if they don’t meet the required level of accuracy.

5. Time and Condition of Collection:


It is also necessary to consider the duration of the investigation as well as the conditions of the
investigation while using secondary data.

6. Definition of Unit:
The unit of measurement employed while collecting data for the first time must be the same as
adopted in the present study. In case of a difference between units of measurement of initial
data and the present study, data must be modified before further use.
Suitability of Census

Widely diverse Requirement of


High degree of
Small population item in the intensive
accuracy and
size population examination of
reliability
(heterogeneous) different items.
Suitability of Sample Survey

Intensive
Size of Similar item in High degree of
examination of
population is the population accuracy is not
different items
very large (homogeneous) needed
are not required
Random Sampling
Convenience sampling
Quota Sampling
d. Stratified random sampling

In this method, the universe or the entire population is divided into ‘strata’, i.e., a number of homogenous groups. Then
from each ‘stratum’ or group, a certain number of items are taken at random.

● Example: To select two monitors randomly in a class of 40 students. First of all students are divided into two
homogeneous groups, i.e., boys and girls and then each one is selected from them randomly.

Merits

The sample taken is more representative of the universe.

It is easier to organise and administer because the universe is subdivided.

It ensures greater accuracy because each group contains uniform items.

Demerits

It is not possible if information about the population or ‘strata’ is not available.

If stratification is not done properly, the purpose will not be served.


e. Systematic sampling
● It is also known as quasi-random sampling.

● Under this method, the whole population is arranged ‘alphabetically’, ‘geographically’, ‘numerically’, or in some other systematic
order.
● Then every ‘nth’ item is selected as a sample item. Where ‘n’ stands for any number.

● Like, every even or odd item.

● For better results, a list of items should be completely random and the first items should be selected using a simple random sampling
method.
Merits

It is a very simple method and generally, the results are satisfactory.

Re-checking can be done quickly.

It requires the same amount of time and effort.

Demerits

It is possible only if the complete list of items is available.

It is feasible only if the units are systematically arranged.

There are chances of biasness.

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