JMJ

St. Michael Academy

OP-Siena School System
Catarman, Northern Samar 6400
Tel/Fax No.: (055) 500-9880
School Year: 2024-2025

“Passion for Truth & Compassion for Humanity”

Name: Grade & Section:

Subject Mathematics 10 Subject Teacher Christine P. Verzosa, LPT

Topic INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY OF COMPOUND EVENTS
Lesson Title Union and Intersection of events

PRAYER
Lord, thank you for all the blessing that You have given to me and my family. Thank you for making
me feel the love of my parents and friends. Lord, I am asking for your continuous support so that I will
be able to finish the tasks that I have to accomplish. I am praying also for a stronger mind and spirit
so that I will be able to surpass whatever trials I am facing right now and will be facing in the days to
come. All this I ask through Christ, our Lord. Amen

LESSON Introduction
Probability is a measure of how likely an event is to occur. It's the ratio of the number of favorable
outcomes to the number of possible outcomes.

Compound Events
A compound event is an event that involves the combination of two or more simple events. Compound
events can be classified into two categories:

Independent Events: The outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of another.
Dependent Events: The outcome of one event affects the outcome of another.

Learning targets

Learning Competency:
At the end of the lesson, I can:
• illustrates events, and union and intersection of events.
• illustrates the probability of a union of two events.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to:
1. Recall the concepts related to sets and probability of simple events,
2. Differentiate probability of simple events from compound events,
3. Find the probability of the union and the intersection of events,
4. Solve problems involving probability of compound events.
 LET’S EXPLORE!

Set is any well-defined collection of objects. The objects comprising the set are called
elements. The notation a ∈ A is used to denote that a is an element of set A.

1) The number of distinct elements in a set is called the cardinality

of the set. The symbol n(A) represents the number of elements of
set A. It is read as the “number of A” or the “cardinality of set A”.

2) If A and B are any two sets, the intersection of A and B, denoted

by A ∩ B, is the set consisting of all elements that belong to both A
and B. In symbol,
A ∩ B ={ x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B }
This notation is read as “A intersection B is
the set of x such that x is an element of A
and x is an element of B”.

3) The union of two sets A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of

all elements that belong to A or to B. Symbolically,
A ∪ B ={ x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B }
This notation is read as “A union B is the
set of x such that x is an element of A or x
is an element of B”.
4)The relationship among sets can be represented using a Venn
diagram.
Examples:

A∪B A∩B

Illustrative Example 1. If R is the set of colors in a rainbow and F is the set of colors in
the Philippine flag, a) name the elements of each set and b) their cardinality. Find the c)
union and d) intersection of these two sets.
a) Elements
R = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet}
F = {blue, red, white, yellow}
 b) Cardinality
n(R) = 7

n(F) = 4

Probability is a measure or estimation of how likely that an event will occur or

happen.

4) The probability of simple event is finding the probability of a single

event occurring.

5) In an experiment with outcomes that are equally likely to happen, the

probability of an event, E, is a ratio that compares the number of
favorable outcomes to the number of possible outcomes. In
symbols,

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

6) The notation P(E) is read as “the probability of an event E” or

simply the probability of E”.

Illustrative Example 2 : A glass jar contains 30 marbles of which 9 are red marbles, 8 are
blue marbles and the rest are green marbles. If a marble is drawn at a random, what is
the probability of obtaining a blue marble?
Solution:

Total number of marbles in the bag = 30

Number of blue marbles in the bag = 8

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

𝑃(𝐸) =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

8 4
𝑃(𝐸) = =
30 15
 MARCH 4, 2025
LET’S DO IT! Task Time Tracker
This task is good for 45 minutes
Time Started: _________ Time Finished: __________

ACTIVITY 1. ANSWER WHAT IS ASKED:

A) FIND THE NUMBER OF OUTCOMES OF THE SAMPLE SPACE OF EACH EVENT.

1. Tossing two coins simultaneously.

2. Rolling a fair die twice.

3. Drawing a card from a standard deck of cards

4. rolling a fair die followed by tossing a coin.

5. Tossing a coin followed by rolling a die then tossing the coin again.

B) LIST ALL THE ELEMENTS OF EACH SETS AND FIND ITS CARDINALITY.

1. D = {positive multiples of 3 less than 30}

2. E = {positive even prime numbers}

3. F = {distinct letters in the word PHILIPPINES}

4. H = {Odd numbers less than 20}

5. B = {distinct letters in the word MATHEMATICS}

6. C = {multiples of 5 from 1 to 100}

7. K = {factors of 121}
 8. P = {multiples of 3 from 1 to 20}

9. L = {colors of the rainbow}

10. N = {municipality of Northern Samar}

C) FIND THE PROBABILITY OF EACH EVENTS. (Show your solution)

1. Linda has 6 roses, 5 anthuriums, 9 daisies, and 10 dahlias in her flower vase. If she picks one
flower at random, what is the probability that she will pick a:
a. Rose?

b. Daisy?

2. Grade 10 - Prestige has 18 male and 24 female students. Suppose that the officers are
chosen at random, what is the probability of choosing a
a. Female as a president of this class?

b. Male as the vice-president of this class?

3. A bag has 12 black marbles, 5 blue marbles, and 14 red marbles. What is the probability of getting
a. A black marble?

b. A blue marble?

c. A red marbles?
 LET’S EXPLORE!

The probability of simple event involves a single event occurring and the
probability of compound events involves more than one event happening
together. Compound events are usually connected by the word “and” or “or”.

Example
a) Simple probability: The probability of getting a head when tossing
a coin once.
b) Compound probability: The probability of getting a head and an
even number when tossing a coin once and rolling a die once.

Always remember the following concept of probability.

If an event E has n(E) equally likely outcomes and S has n(S) equally likely
outcomes, the probability of event E, is

𝑛(𝐸)→ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸(𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠)

P(𝐸) = 𝑛(𝑠)→ 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 (𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

Because the number of favorable outcomes in an event must be less

than or equal to the number of outcomes in the sample space, the probability
of any event E, must be a number from 0 to 1. That is,

0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.

Hence, the probability of an impossible event is 0 and the probability

of a certain event is 1.

Solving the probability of compound events can be illustrated

using the concepts of union and intersection of events and the Venn
diagram.
• The union of events A and B, denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of all
outcomes in either A or B.
• The intersection of events A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set
of all outcomes shared by A and B.

Let’s have examples:

Illustrative Example 5. In an experiment of rolling a standard die once and

tossing a coin once, let E denote the event that an even number turns up and let
T denote the event that a tail turns up, respectively. Find the a) union and b)
intersection of these events.
sample space, S = {1H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T,6T}

E = {2H, 4H, 6H, 2T, 4T, 6T}

T = {1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 6T}
 E ∪T = {2H, 4H, 6H,1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 6T}
E ∩T = {2T, 4T, 6T}

LET’S DO THIS! MARCH 5, 2025

Task Time Tracker
This task is good for 45 minutes
Time Started: _________ Time Finished: __________

ACTIVITY 2. Identify the sample space S, the elements of M, N, M ∪ N and M ∩ N.

A) A family of three children is selected at random from a set of families with three
children each. Let M denote the family that exactly one child is a boy and N denote the
family that exactly two children have the same gender.

1. S = _________________________________________________

2. M = ________________________________________________

3. N = ________________________________________________

4. 𝑀⋃𝑁=_____________________________________________

5. 𝑀⋂𝑁=_____________________________________________

B) In an experiment of turning a spinner as shown at the right, let M denote the event that
the arrow will stop on an odd number and N denote the event that the arrow will stop
on numbers less than 6.

1. S = _________________________________________________

2. M = ________________________________________________

3. N = ________________________________________________

4. 𝑀⋃𝑁=_____________________________________________

5. 𝑀⋂𝑁=_____________________________________________
 This time, let’s have examples on solving probability of compound events.

EXAMPLE 1. A six-face die which contains numbers of dots from 1 to 6 is

rolled once. Find the probability of getting an:
a) even number or a multiple of 3.
b) even number and a multiple of 3.
Solution:
The experiment is rolling a die once, whose sample space, S, is
𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
𝑛(𝑆) = 6 → 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒
The elements of the two events are:
A = {2, 4, 6} Let A be the event of getting an even number.
B = {3, 6} Let B be the event of getting a multiple of 3.

a. Solve for P(A ∪ B) since problem a illustrates union of two events.

𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {2, 3, 4, 6} union of A and B

𝑛 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) = 4 number of favorable outcomes n(E)

𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) 4 2
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = = = substitute n (A ∪ B) by 4 and 𝑛(𝑆) by 6.
𝑛(𝑆) 6 3

2
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3 𝑖𝑠
3
b. Solve for 𝑃(𝐴 ⋂𝐵) since problem b illustrates intersection of two events.
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {6} intersection of A and B

𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1 number of favorable outcomes n(E)

𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 1
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = =
𝑛(𝑆) 6

1
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3 𝑖𝑠
6
 MARCH 6, 2025
LET’S DO THIS! Task Time Tracker
This task is good for 45 minutes
Time Started: _________ Time Finished: __________

ACTIVITY 3. Solve for the probability of Union and Intersection of events.

1. Number cards 1 through 30 are shuffled and placed on the table face down. One card is
chosen at random. What is the probability that the number chosen is:

A) a multiple of 3 or a multiple of 4?

B) a multiple of 3 and a multiple of 4?

C) an even number or an odd number?

D) an even number and an odd number?

E) a multiple of 5 or contains the digit 2?

F) a multiple of 3 and contains the digit 2?

ILLUSTRATING UNION AND INTERSECTION OF EVENTS USING VENN DIAGRAM.

EXAMPLE: Out of 250 tourists, 146 visited Korea (K), 108 visited Japan (J), 142
visited Hong Kong (H), 70 visited Korea and Japan, 71 visited Japan and Hong Kong, 82
visited Korea and Hong Kong and 46 visited Korea, Japan and Hong Kong.

J
K

40 24
13

46
36 25

35

31 H

SOLUTION:

The total number of elements in the sample space, 𝑆, is

n(S) = 40 + 24 + 13 + 36 + 46 + 25 + 35 + 31 = 250

𝑛(𝐾) 40+24+36+46 𝟕𝟑
a. 𝑃(𝐾) = = = 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑛(𝑆) 250

𝑛(𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝐾) 40 𝟒
b. 𝑃(𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝐾) = = 250 = 𝟐𝟓
𝑛(𝑆)

𝑛(𝐽⋃𝐻) 24+13+46+25+36+35 𝟏𝟕𝟗

c. 𝑃(𝐽⋃𝐻) = = = 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑛(𝑆) 250

𝑛(𝐾⋂𝐻) 46+36 82 𝟒𝟏
d. 𝑃(𝐾⋂𝐻) = = = 250 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑛(𝑆) 250

𝑛(𝐻 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐽) 36+35 𝟕𝟏

e. 𝑃(𝐻 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝐽) = = = 𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑛(𝑆) 250
 MARCH 7, 2025
LET’S DO THIS! Task Time Tracker
This task is good for 45 minutes
Time Started: _________ Time Finished: __________

ACTIVITY 4. Complete the Venn diagram and Solve for the probability of Union and Intersection
of the events being asked.

1. Out of 500 surveyed students, 225 liked pop music, 215 liked rock music,
175 liked country music, 90 liked pop and country music, 125 liked pop and
rock music, 110 liked rock and country music and 50 liked pop, rock, and
country music.

POP ROCK

COUNTRY

If a student is selected at random from this group, what is the probability of

choosing a student who liked

A) Country music?

B) rock music only?

C) pop and country music?

C) pop or rock music?

D) rock but not country?

E) pop or rock or country music?

F) pop and rock and country music?