Overview of Microcomputer

Structure and Operation

Course Teacher:
Md. Obaidur Rahman, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur.

Course ID: CSE - 4503

Course Title: Microprocessors and Assembly Language
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE),
Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur.
Lecture References:
 Book:
 Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and Hardware,
Author: Douglas V. Hall
 Lecture Materials:
 E4160: Introduction of Microprocessors.

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Block Diagram of a Simple Microcomputer
Components of Microcomputer:
 CPU
 Memory
 Input / Output circuitry
 System Buses:
 Address bus
 Data bus
 Control bus
Address bus

ROM RAM I/O I/O

CPU interface devices

Data bus Control

bus

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CPU - Central Processing Unit
 It controls the operation of computer
 The CPU fetches binary-coded instructions from memory
 Decodes the instructions into a series of simple actions
 Carries out these actions in a sequence of steps
 Important components: IP (Instruction Pointer),
General purpose registers and Control bus signal
generating circuits

Pentium D dual core processors

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Memory
 It stores the binary codes for the sequence of instructions
and binary coded data. Example: ROM, RAM and Magnetic
disks
 RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands
it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never
changes, so the CPU can only read from it.
 ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up
instructions.
 In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power
to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data
indefinitely.
 In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the
BIOS that orchestrates loading the computer's operating
system from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the
computer is turned on or reset.

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I/O Unit
 Input/output (I/O), refers to the communication
between an information processing system (such as a
computer), and the outside world possibly a human, or
another information processing system.
 Inputs are the signals or data received by the system,
and outputs are the signals or data sent from it
 Devices that provide input or output to the computer
are called peripherals like the keyboard and mouse,
and output devices such as the display and printer
Hard disk drives, floppy disk drives and optical disc
drives serve as both input and output devices.
 Computer networking is another form of I/O.

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System Bus
 The microcomputer’s system bus contains three buses,
address, data, and control bus
 When a memory or an I/O chip receives data from the
microprocessor, it is called a WRITE operation, and data
is written into a selected memory location or an I/O
port (register).
 When a memory or an I/O chip sends data to the
microprocessor, it is called a READ operation, and
data is read from a selected memory location or an I/O
port.

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Address Bus
 It is a Unidirectional bus.
 Information transfer takes place from the MP to the
memory or I/O elements.
 Typically 16, 20, 24, 32 or 36 bits long.
 On these lines the CPU sends out the address of the
memory location or I/O port that is to be written to or
read from
 The number of locations that the CPU can address is
determined by the number of address lines
For example :
1. microprocessor with 16 address pins can generate 216 = 65,536 bytes
2. microprocessor with 20 address pins can generate 220 = 10,48,576 bytes
3. microprocessor with 32 address pins can generate 232 = 4,294,964,296 bytes
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Data Bus
 It is a bidirectional bus
 Data can flow in both directions, that is, to or from the
microprocessor.
 The size of the data bus varies from one microprocessor
to another.
 Usually matches the word length of the microprocessor
 Usually a multiple of 8
 We talk of 4-bit (nibble), 8-bit, 16-bit , 32-bit and 64-bit
processors which refers to the normal word length of
the microprocessor

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Control Bus
 It consists of a number of signals that are used to
synchronize operation of the individual microcomputer
elements.
 Consists of potentially many signals. Typically:-
 Read
 Write
 Could be single signal - Read/notWrite line
 Interrupt control
 Bus control signals for DMA (Direct Memory Access)

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Fetching & Execution Cycles
 Fetching Cycles
 The fetch cycle takes the instruction required from memory,
stores it in the instruction register, and
 moves the program counter on one so that it points to the
next instruction.
 Execute cycle
 The actual actions which occur during the execute cycle of
an instruction.
 depend on both the instruction itself and the addressing
mode specified to be used to access the data that may be
required.

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Fetching an Instruction
 Step 1
Instruction Pointer (IP) or a program counter is register,
that holds the address of the next instruction to be fetch.

0F

F0

0D

C1

10

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Fetching an Instruction
 Step 2

0F

F0

0D

C1

10

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Fetching an Instruction
 Step 3

0F

F0

0D

C1

10

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Fetching an Instruction
 Step 4

0F

F0

0D

C1

10

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Fetching an Instruction
 Step 5

0F

F0

0D

C1

10

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Fetching an Instruction

 Step 6

0F

F0

0D

C1
0F
10

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Execution of a Three Instruction Program
 1. Input a value from a keyboard connected to the port at
address 05h
 2. Add 7h to the value read in
 3. Output the result to a display connected to the port at
address 02h
Memory Contents Contents Operation
Address (Binary) (Hex)
0100h 11100100 E4 Input From
0101h 00000101 05 Port 05h
0102h 00000100 04 ADD
0103h 00000111 07 07h
0104h 11100110 E6 Output To
0105h 00000010 02 Port 02h
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Thank You !!

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