Introduction

Microprocessors and Assembly Language

Course Teacher:
Md. Obaidur Rahman, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur.

Course ID: CSE - 4503

Course Title: Microprocessors and Assembly Language
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE),
Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur.
Topics to be Covered in this Course !!
 Microprocessor and Assembly Language:
 Microprocessors and Microcomputers
 Evaluation of Microprocessors Applications
 Intel 8086 Microprocessor: internal architecture, register
structure, programming model, addressing modes,
instruction set
 Assembly language programming
 Coprocessors.
 An overview of Intel 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486 and
Pentium microprocessors
 RISC and CISC processors.

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Recommended Texts
 Microprocessor, architecture, programming & application with
the 8085, Author: Gaonkar
 Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and Hardware,
Author: Douglas V. Hall
 Assembly Language Programming and Organization of the
IBM PC, Author: Ytha Yu, Charles Marut

 Additionally !! Lecture materials will be provided.

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Does Earlier Knowledge Require ??
 You should have the knowledge about –
 Number Systems.
 Basics of “Digital Logic Design” course.
 Basics of “Computer Organization and Architecture”
course.
 “Basic Programming”.

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Lecture References:
 Book:
 Microprocessors and Interfacing: Programming and Hardware,
Author: Douglas V. Hall (Chapter-2)
 Lecture Materials:
 ECP2036: Microprocessor and Interfacing.
 Web Materials:
 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 http://www.cpu-world.com/Arch/8085.html
 http://www.ehow.com/way_5230222_8085-microprocessor-
tutorial.html

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Concept of Computer

Computer Data Processing

Data Storage

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Major Components of Computer

CPU Memory
Addresses
Code + Data
Registers Data
PC ALU
Condition Instructions
Codes Stack

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Major Components of Computer

MEMORY
I/O
SYSTEM
BUS

Computer

CPU

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Concept about Microprocessor
 A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the
functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single
integrated circuit (IC). Die of an Intel 80486DX2
microprocessor (actual size: 12×6.75 mm)
in its packaging

CPU

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Central Processing Unit
 A central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes just called
Microprocessor (P), is a description of a class of logic
machines that can execute computer programs.

• This broad definition can easily be applied to many early

computers that existed long before the term "CPU" ever came
into widespread usage. However, the term itself and its
initialism have been in use in the computer industry at least
since the early 1960s.
• The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed
dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental
operation has remained much the same.

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 Central Processing Unit/Microprocessor (P)
To synchronize and control the
overall operation of the P system
Control Unit &
Instruction Decoder
To decode instruction and To perform the arithmetic and logical
operations within the CPU
pass the necessary control signals to CU

Arithmetic/Logic Unit A set of internal storage

locations within the CPU
To perform shift and rotate
operations that may either be Registers
arithmetic or logical in nature
• Control and Status Registers
• User-Variable Registers
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So .. What is Microprocessor?
 A microprocessor (abbreviated as µP or uP) is a Silicon Chip
that contains an electronic central processing unit (CPU). In
the world uP or CPU used interchangeably, which is made
from miniaturized transistors and other circuit elements on a
single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC).
 The integration of the whole CPU onto a single VLSI Chip
therefore greatly reduced the cost of processing capacity.
 Architectures of Microprocessors:
 8-bit designs  RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
 16-bit designs  CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
 32-bit designs  Special-purpose designs: Microcontrollers,
 64-bit designs Digital Signal Processors (DSP) and Graphics
 Multi-core designs Processing Units (GPU).

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List of Microprocessors
1971 - Intel 4004, 1st single chip CPU, 4-bit processor, 45 instructions
1972 - Intel 4040, enhanced 4004, 60 instructions
1972 - Intel 8008, 8-bit P
1972 - Texas Instrument TMS 1000, 1st single C, 4-bit
1974 - Intel 8080, successor to the 8008, used in Altair 8800
1975 - Motorola 6800, used MOS technology
1976 - Intel 8085, updated 8080, +5V power supply
1976 - Zilog Z80, improved 8080
1976 - TI TMS 9900, 1st 16-bit P
1978 - Zilog Z8000, Motorola 68000, 16-bit P
1978 - Intel 8086, 16-bit, IBM’s choice...

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History of Intel Era
• 1978: 8086 (16 bit architecture)
• 1980: 8087
• Floating point coprocessor is added
• 1982: 80286
• Increases address space to 24 bits
• 1985: 80386:
• 32 bits Address Space,
• Virtual Memory & new addressing modes
• Protected mode (OS support)
• 1989-95: 80486/Pentium/Pro
• Added a few instructions of base MMX

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History of Intel Era
• 1997: Pentium II
• 57 new “MMX” instructions are added,
• 1999: Pentium III:
• Out of Order, added another 70 Streaming SIMD Ext (SSE)
• 2001: Pentium 4
• Net burst, another 144 instructions (SSE2)
• 2003: PI4 HT, Trace Cache
• 2005: Centrino, low power
• 2007: Core architecture, Duo
• 2008: Atom, Quad core with HT….
• 2009 --- till now: Multi core (Large chip multiprocessor)

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Assembly Language
 Assembly language:
 Assembly language is used for most programming because it
is extremely difficult to program a microprocessor in its
native, that is hexadecimal machine language.
 Assembler:
 An assembler is a program that converts software written in
symbolic machine language (the source programme) into
hexadecimal machine language (object programme).
 The primary reason to use assembler is because
development and modification are always difficult in machine
language.

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Example of 8085 Assembly Language
Address Mnemonics Machine (Hex) Code

202A MVI A, 32H 3E

32 ;Copies 32H into accumulator
202C MVI B, 48H 06
48 ; Copies 48H into B register
202E ADD B 80 ;Adds B reg. content with Acc and
stores the result in Acc.
202F STA [41 FF] D3
01 ;Stores the Acc (the sum) into the
memory location 41 FF.
2031 HLT 76 ; Stops the program
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Another Example of 8085 Assembly
Language
Address Instruction

2020 MVI B, 24 ; Copies 24 into B register

2022 INR B ; Increment B reg content by 1
2023 MOV A, B ; Copies B register into Acc.
2025 SUB B ; Subtracts B reg content from
Acc and stores the result in
Acc.
2026 STA [5F FF] ; Stores the Acc content into
the memory location 5F FF.
2028 HLT ; Stops the program

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Solve It !!
MVI A, 24H // load Reg ACC with 24H
MVI B , 56H // load Reg B with 56H
ADD B // ACC= ACC+B
OUT 01H // Display ACC contents on port 01H
HLT // End the program

OUTPUT ??

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Example of 8086 Assembly Language

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Thank You !!

Good Luck with the course 

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