LEJ 보성고 2학년 2학기 중간 교과서 Final Test

Facing a challenge, we make a choice and work [difficult/hard/hardly], doing our best.
= As/When we face a challenge, …, as/while we do our best.

Our success or failure [get/gets] evaluated(=assessed/graded) in terms of(~측면에서) the end result.
*gets evaluated = is evaluated // end result = final result

For example, [to fail/failing] a course(강좌) at school, we get a capital "F" for our grade, [stands/standing] for "Fail."
*failing a course = when we fail // standing for = which stands for = and it stands for

*…standing for “Fail” = …representing “Fail” = …symbolizing “Fail” =…indicating “Fail”

[It/That] does not matter how [many/much] effort we have put(3V) in our studies.
*It does not matter = It is not important = It does not count = It is not relevant

What matters is that our work did not meet(=satisfy) the standards.
*What matters = What is important = What’s important = What counts

It sends a message [which/that](동격) with regard to the grade, we achieved nothing(=didn’t achieve anything).
*It = 우리가 학교에서 낙제를 할 때 성적으로 대문자 “F”를 받는다는 것 // with regard to = in terms of = regarding = when it comes to

[Behind the grading system] is(1V) what is called a "fixed(고정된=stationary/dynamic) mindset."

Think for a minute. What if we got(가정법) a grade of "Not yet" instead of "Fail"?

In that case(Fail 대신 Not yet 성적을 받을 경우), we [will/would] understand that we are on a learning curve(학습 곡선).

The grade, instead of defeating(패배시키다) us, [will/would] encourage(5V) us to try(1V) again, since(=because/as) it(=the grade
of “Not yet”) implies(=suggests) (that) we will eventually meet with success, although(=though) we are not yet there(=there
yet). *meet with: ~을 얻다/겪다 // meet(3V): 만나다/충족하다 (여기에선 의미상 meet with가 맞음)

Behind the "Not yet," there is an alternative(대안적인) attitude toward(=towards) success and failure.
*Behind the "Not yet," 이렇게 콤마가 찍혀서 도치 안 걸린 것. 변형하면… Behind the "Not yet" is an alternative attitude toward success and failure.

It(=The alternative attitude toward success and failure) is called a "growth mindset." The growth mindset focuses on the
possibility of improvement(=enhancement/betterment). That(향상의 가능성에 초점을 두는 것) is a powerful motivator(동기 유발 요인).
“I don’t want to look [alike/like] a failure(실패자).” vs “I’m comfortable (with) [to make/making] mistakes.”

The two mindsets(=the fixed and the growth mindsets) have critical differences in the ways (that/in which/how) they cope(=deal) with
challenges. In one study, students [gave/were given] problems that(=which) were hard(=difficult/challenging) for them.
Some(=Some of the students) reacted in a surprisingly positive way, [said/saying] (that) they [love/loved](시제일치) a challenge.
*…, saying = …, as/while they were saying = …, and they said

They were the [one/ones] with the growth mindset. They knew (that) their abilities could be developed and they
enjoyed the [process/result]. Other students, however, felt (that) they were in serious trouble. With the fixed mindset,
they thought (that) their intelligence was [testing/being tested] and (they thought that) they would fail.
*With the fixed mindset = Because/As/Since they had the fixed mindset

*their intelligence was being tested = [the study was] / [the researchers were] testing their intelligence

What happened next? The students with(=who had) the fixed mindset looked(=searched) [at/for] someone who did(1V)
[even/very] worse [as/than] they [did/were] so that they could feel(=in order to feel) [good/well] about themselves.
They also said (that) they would probably cheat (at) the next time, instead of studying more.
In short, they ran away from their failure, [learned/learning] nothing [from/of] it.
*=…and they learned nothing from it = not learning anything from it = and they didn’t learn anything from it

The students with(=who had) the growth mindset, however, were not afraid to confront the problem and correct it.
*afraid to confront the problem and correct it = afraid of confronting the problem and correcting it

Unlike the former(전자), the latter(후자) gained knowledge and experience from the challenges and, as a result, grew(1V)
intellectually.
*the former = the students with the fixed mindset // the latter = the students with the growth mindset

*…and, as a result, grew intellectually. = …growing intellectually as a result.

In the world of sports, mindsets often make [and/or] break champions. Billy Beane was a natural(타고난 사람) at
baseball, but he lacked(=didn’t have) the mindset of a champion and did not know how to(=how he should/could) fail. He
believed that his natural talent was all(=everything) (that) he needed. He did not realize (that) he also had to make a
huge effort (in order) to [success/succeed]. When a batting slump came, he became afraid of entering(=to enter) the
batter's box(타자석) and [embarrassed/was embarrassed] after every "out." He played worse and worse, but he was
still good enough to move(=so good that he moved) up to the big leagues. Billy, however, was trapped by his huge
talent [because/because of] the [fixed/growth] mindset and failed as [an amateur/a professional] athlete. In the
end, he learned his lesson(교훈) and became a successful baseball executive(경영자). His failure taught him that being
a champion was not about talent but about his effort in the [process/result].
The growth mindset, [similar to/in contrast to] Billy's experience, values(=treasures/prizes) effort [over/than] natural
talent. The real champions are not the ones (who are) [bearing/born] with extraordinary talent [and/but] those who
persist(=persevere/endure) and never give up. (As she is) Often called the best woman soccer player [ever playing/to ever
play] the game, Mia Hamm said (that) she [always asked/was always asked], "Mia, what is the most important quality
of a good soccer player?"
= …she was always asked what the most important quality of a good soccer player was/is[시제 일치로는 was가 맞지만 말하는 순간에도 사실로 간주되면
현재시제 가능]

With no(=Without any) hesitation(=reluctance), she answered, "[Mental/Physical] toughness." When she was fighting
against(전치사 against 없어도 의미상 크게 바뀌진 않음) the best players in the world, even when she was tired or injured, she did
not let any of it [to affect/affect] her focus(=concentration). She had to practice and (she had to) put in enormous effort.
*fight vs fight against: fight는 fight 자체에 초점을 두는 반면 fight against는 against의 목적어에 초점을 둠

In terms of(=When it comes to/Regarding/With regard to) the growth mindset, success is constantly being reevaluated(재평가).
People with(=who have) the growth mindset find success in doing their best, learning, and improving. They do not
mind [to lose/losing], as long as(=so far as) they see improvement or they feel (that) they have done as well as they
possibly could have (done). If they lose, they work [harder/more hardly]. This idea of success is central to the growth
mindset. If you have a growth mindset, even when you achieve success, you think (that) you are not perfect(=flawless)
yet and push [you/yourself] harder.
*This idea of success = The idea of finding success in doing one’s best, learning, and improving, not minding losing as long as one sees improvement or
one feels that one has done as well as one possibly could have, which makes one work harder when one loses.

For those with the fixed mindset, success is about establishing their [inferiority/superiority] over others. Lee Iacocca,
former(전직) CEO of an American car company, confessed after retiring(=after he retired) that he failed because he was
so proud that he did not promote(=foster) innovations. He only wanted to enjoy the privilege(특권) of being at the
top. The fixed mindset blocked(stopped/prevented/forbade/kept) him from pursuing innovations, so his company could
not improve [it/itself]. *…so proud that he did not promote innovations. = too proud to promote innovations.

If you have a fixed mindset, you will be satisfied(=content) with a victory and (you will) try no more(=not try anymore). You
will be trapped(=stuck) in the joy of now, neglecting(=as you neglect=as you are neglecting) the power of "not yet."
*...you will be satisfied with a victory and try no more. = …you will be satisfied with a victory and no more will you try.

How can we develop a growth mindset? Here are some things we can do.
First, value the effort, not the consequence. Do not depend on talent. Instead, focus on the process. Praise
[you/yourself], regardless of(=irrelevant of) the outcome, when you do your own best.
Second, believe in the power of "not yet." When you feel frustrated with an unsuccessful outcome, tell
[you/yourself] "Not yet," instead of "I can't." Your fixed mindset voice might say, "Maybe you don't have the
talent," or "You'll be known [as/for/by] a failure." Then reply with a firm(굳건한) growth mindset voice: "I'm not sure
(that/if/whether) I can do it now, but I think I can learn how to do it with time and effort."
Last, be [positive/positively]. Anticipating(=Expecting) success brings about(초래하다) persistence(=endurance/perseverance), and
persistence brings about positive outcomes. Whenever(=Any/Every time) you feel (that) you might be slipping back into
a fixed mindset, make [a conscious/an unconscious] decision to break free of it(고정적 마음가짐으로 다시 빠져들고 있는 느낌).

Small Actions, Big Difference

We tend(=are likely) to think (that) only a special person can make a big difference in the world. We are
just(=only/merely/simply) [special/extraordinary/ordinary](=normal/regular) people, so changing the world is someone else's
job, not ours(=our job). *= …so changing the world is not our job, but someone else’s.

Sometimes, however, it(비인칭) takes an act as small(형용사) as giving a pencil to a child to make(만들기 위해서) a difference
in someone's life. Here is a true story about a young man [who/whom] has changed many children's lives.

It(=The story) all started with giving a pencil.

When Adam Braun was a child, his father would(=used to) constantly(=continuously/incessantly/persistently) remind him, "We
Brauns(우리 Braun씨들은) [are/is] different." His father himself(강조/생략) showed examples of how to be(=how he

might/should/could be) different. For example, he did not give(4V) his children cash for(=because of/due to/owing to) good
grades and (he) spent half of the family's holiday budget(예산) on charity(자선). It was [natural/strange] that Adam
followed his father's examples and tried to make a difference to his surroundings. That(앞 문장) was [because/why]
he was always interested in people. He wanted to know what people thought, what they valued, and what they
wanted. Out of(=From) a burning desire(=aspiration) to see the world, he took a college program in which(=where)
students travel around the world and become(=grow) acquainted(=familiarized/close/intimate) with other cultures.

*travel 하고 become 은 시제 일치가 이뤄지지 않았는데 글 쓰는 시점에도 계속하여 영향을 주는 사실이기 때문. 즉, 이 프로그램은 여전히 운영 중.

While [other/others] on the tour collected gifts at each place (that/which) they visited [=wherever they visited], Adam did
something [different/differently]. He wanted to know the people [who/whom] lived in that place, so he decided
(that) he would(시제일치) ask one child per country, "If you could have(가정법) anything in the world, what would(가정법)
you want most(=the most)?" *…what would you want the most = …what would you most want = …what would you the most want

He was surprised at the answers (that/which) he received — never(=not) a computer, a TV, or a car, [and/but] "to
dance," "a book," or "[for/of] my mother [being/to be] [good/well](형용사/healthy)." One of the answers in particular
surprised him and eventually led(5V) him to change the course(진로) of his life. "A pencil." It(연필이라는 답) was a reply
from a boy in India. He wanted an education, (동격) a chance [becoming/to become] [different/differently].
[Realizing/Realized](=As he realized) [that/what] he could(시제일치) change a child's life and open a world of possibilities
with something as small(형용사) as a pencil, Adam began carrying a pack of pencils and giving them to children
along the way. Whenever(=Every/Each/Any time) he gave out pencils(=pencils out), the children seemed to come [alive/live],
(as they were) delighted(=happy/glad) to have a chance to learn. *…it seemed that the children came alive…

*…began carrying a pack of pencils and giving them… → …began to carry a pack of pencils and (to) give them… !!!둘 다 동명사 or 둘 다 부정사!!!

That(앞 2문장 내용) was the start of Adam's plan to build schools for people who want(글 쓰는 시점에서도 사실) to get an
education but who cannot afford [it/one]. Charity should be not about just(=only) giving(1V/베풀다) to the poor and
[to create/creating] a cruel(=brutal/vicious) cycle of dependence but (also) about enabling(3V/능력을 주다/empowering) them,
Adam thought(삽입절). *= Charity should not just be about… = Charity should be not just about…

While (he was) working on Wall Street after college, Adam [set/sets] up Pencils of Promise(=set Pencils of Promise up), (동격)

a nonprofit organization that(=which) aims(글 쓰는 시점에서도 사실) [building/to build] schools and (to) support teachers in
[developing/developed] countries. His first project was to build(=building) a school in Laos, (동격) one of the countries
(that/which) he [has/had] visited during his college program.

First of all, Adam needed adequate(=enough/sufficient) funding and volunteers. His fundraising(모금) efforts included
some fresh(=novel/original) ideas and the [active/passive] participation of his friends. For example, he turned his
birthday party into a charity event and collected donations at the party instead of birthday presents. (At)

[Another/Other] time, he asked(5V) his friends to make a music video to publicize(홍보하다/promote) a Halloween party
(which was) [holding/held] as a fundraiser(모금 행사). All of the donations [will/would](시제일치) go to the construction of
schools. Eventually, people began to ask(=asking // 4V) Adam how [could they/they could] get involved with Pencils of
Promise.

*involved with vs involved in: involved with 는 “어떤 방식으로(직접/간접)” 참여하는 것을 나타내는 반면 involved in 의 경우 “직접” 참여하는 뉘앙스.
“participate in” 도 뉘앙스라 여기서는 후자, 즉 involved with 와 같음. 그러나 지문 아래 부분에 “involved in” 이란 표현이 비슷한 맥락에서 등장하기 때
문에 어법상으로 바꿔 쓸 수 있다고 일단 생각!

When Adam and Pencils of Promise started building(=to build) their first school in Laos, the Lao government
promised [sending/to send] teachers to the school after [its/their] completion. The local villagers promised to
contribute(1V/기여하다) to its construction. Because(=As/Since) they had [a little/little/a few/few] money, they instead
supplied(=provided) raw materials and labor. When Adam saw two elderly ladies [to carry/carrying](=carry) a heavy
piece of wood, he went over to try to tell(4V) them (that) they might(시제일치) hurt [them/themselves]. They smiled and
said something to Adam. The translator told(4V) Adam that they [have/had] been waiting (for) their whole(=entire)
lives for this opportunity to have a school.
One day, during the construction period, three [little shy/shy little] girls [approached/approached at] Adam to say
hello. He could recognize the joy(=joyous looks) on their faces. They were really happy to have the opportunity to go
to school. Adam recorded the girls on his video recorder, and the video spread quickly on social media,
leading(=which led/and it led) to comments and emails from friends and strangers alike(부사) asking(3V) how they could
get involved in giving this joy(학교를 다닐 수 있는 기회의 기쁨) to children across the world.

As [a/the] number of schools grew, it was becoming difficult [for/of] Adam to put his energy into [both/either]
his job [and/or] his work for Pencils of Promise. That was [because/why] he began to consider(=considering) [to
quit/quitting] his job. It was not easy, of course. He had a good reputation(평판) at work, and was about to
[promote/be promoted]. It was clear(=obvious/unambiguous) that his company would(시제일치) have no problem (in) [to
find/finding] someone else to replace him if he quit(직설법 과거/가정법 X). Pencils of Promise, however, would(시제일치) not
succeed if it did(직설법 과거/가정법 X) not get his full attention. After [many/much] thought, he decided to follow his
inner voice and (he) [left/leave] his job. *thought = reflection = pondering = contemplation = deliberation

*his inner voice = 회사는 그가 그만두더라도 그를 대신할 다른 사람을 찾는 데에 전혀 문제가 없을 것이 분명했지만, Pencils of Promise는 그의 온전한
관심이 없다면 성공하지 못할 것이었으므로 회사를 떠나 Pencils of Promise에 전념해야 한다는 내면의 목소리

Between 2009 and 2015, Adam's Pencils of Promise [built/has built] more than three hundred schools. It has
become(현재 기준) a huge project in which(=where) thousands of volunteers participate(=get involved) in many ways. To
this day, it continues to build schools, support teachers, and provide scholarships(장학금) to children, giving(=which
gives/as it gives)[4형식] local children and communities opportunities to be [different/differently] and make a difference
to the world.

*= …it continues building schools, supporting teachers, and providing scholarships to children, giving…

continue 뒤에 toV / 동명사 둘 다 가능하지만 중요한 건 병렬, 즉 전부 toV 아니면 전부 동명사

The Beauty of the Korean ARTISTIC TRADITION

Moderator(사회자): (I) Welcome (you) [for/to] our show. Today, we're going to talk about the artistic tradition of Korea. We
[invite/have invited](현재 초청한 상태) special guests with(=who have) [expert/expertise](=specialized knowledge) in this matter, (동격) the
museum curator(전시 책임자) Choi Sora, the [architecture/architect] Yu Min, and the hanbok master Kim Hyejin. (I) Thank you all
[for/to] joining us. Ms. Choi, what [do you think](삽입절) are the most important qualities that(=which) define(=characterize) the
traditional Korean arts?
Harmony with Nature

Choi Sora (Curator): I believe (that) the beauty of the Korean artistic tradition [lays/lies] in a combination(=an integration/incorporation) of [its
naturalness(자연스러움)] and [its origin(기원) in our ancestors' genuine(=sincere/authentic) love of nature]. Koreans have always sought [to
live/living] in harmony(=harmoniously) with nature. This love of nature is expressed not only in works of art but also in the daily lives
of all Koreans. *lies in = consists in

Yu Min (Architect): I agree. Traditional Korean gardens are a good example. While(=Whereas) Chinese and Japanese gardens focus on
the beauty of a [high/highly] fabricated(=artificial/made up) landscape, Korean gardens use [a little/little] in the way of(~라고 할 만한 것에 있
어) artificial(=fabricated) decoration. This(앞 문장, 즉 굉장히 인위적인 풍경의 아름다움에 초점을 맞추는 중국/일본의 정원과는 다르게 한국 정원은 인공적인 장식이라고 할 만한 것을 거
의 사용하지 않는다는 것) reflects(=reveals) Koreans' wish to be united(to unite 가능) with nature. For example, the walls of Soswaewon in
Damyang [was/were] built(5V 수동) to let the natural stream [to flow/flow/flowing] down the rocks so as not(=in order not) to spoil the
landscape. As a result(=Consequently), it(막연한 상황의 it) looks [alike/like/likely] the garden is an original(=a natural) part of the surrounding
nature. *…so as not to spoil… = …so that they(=the walls) do not spoil…

Moderator: Soswaewon is certainly a wonderful example of a typical(atypical/exceptional/special/extraordinary) Korean garden.

Yu Min (Architect): There are many(=many examples). Among them, Changdeokgung is known [as/for/by] its effort to
accommodate(수용하다) the natural world in its [place/palace] garden. The palace buildings go(1V) so [good/well] with
the [high/low] [heels/hills], valleys, and thick forests [which/that] it is difficult to tell the natural space [from/with]
the artificial palace buildings. For these reasons, in 1997, it [has been/was] [designating/designated] as a UNESCO
World Heritage Site. The deliberating committee(심의 위원회) praised(=complimented/complimented) Changdeokgung
[high/highly] [for/to] the unique beauty of its creative and free layout(배치/arrangement/placement) depicting(=that depicts)

harmony with nature.

*tell A from B = A와 B를 구분하다 = distinguish/know/discriminate/discern A from B [***discern의 경우 discern between A and B / discern A and B 가능]

-> …it is difficult to tell/distinguish/know/discriminate/discern the natural space from the artificial palace building.

-> …difficult to discern the natural space and the artificial palace building. = …difficult to discern between the natural space and the artificial palace building.

Moderator: I remember [to visit/visiting] Huwon, (동격) the rear(뒤쪽의/hind) garden of Changdeokgung. I was there for
only a short while before I felt (that) I was becoming one with nature and (before I) found an inner peace.

= Only after a short while of being there did I feel I was becoming one with nature and did I find an inner peace.

= Soon after I was there, I felt I was becoming one with nature and found an inner peace.
Gentle Curved Lines

Choi Sora (Curator): I'd like to point out that [gentle/steep] curved lines also characterize the Korean sense of
beauty. The white porcelain(자기) of the Joseon Dynasty(왕조) is a fine(=an excellent) example. In contrast with Chinese
porcelain, with its [bald/bold] [curved/straight] lines and [gentle/extreme] curves, Joseon porcelain expresses gentler
curves that(=which) remind us [about/from/of] the Korean landscape.

*…gentle curved lines also characterize the Korean sense of beauty. = …the Korean sense of beauty is also characterized by gentle curved lines.

Yu Min (Architect): In fact, the curved line is also one of the key(=important) [feature/features] of traditional Korean
architecture. For example, nothing speaks better [for/to] the beauty of a hanok [as/than] the line of its roof. Its
design is meant(5V 수동) to run(2V) parallel to(나란히 뻗다) the curves of the mountain behind it. It looks rhythmic(율동적인)
and lively(생기있는/vibrant) as if(=as though) it [is/were/was/had been] the shape of a crane(학) [to fold/folding] its wings
when it is about to [land/landing]. This naturally curved line conveys(=expresses/relays/reveals) stability and is
[comforting/comforted] to the eye(=visually). *to the eye는 추상적인 시각 인식을 나타내서 eyes보다 어울림.

*nothing speaks better to the beauty of a hanok than the line of its roof. = 그 어떤 것도 한옥 지붕의 선보다 한옥의 아름다움에 대해 말해주진 못한다.

= the line of hanok’s roof speaks best to the beauty of it = = the line of its roof speaks best to the beauty of hanok

= nothing describes the beauty of a hanok better than the line of its roof = the line of hanok’s(its) roof best describes the beauty of a hanok(it)

Kim Hyejin (Hanbok Master): We can also see curved lines in hanbok. When discussing(=When we discuss) (전치사 X)

hanbok, the beauty of its flowing lines cannot be stressed enough. This(=The beauty of hanok’s flowing lines) is the
attribute(특성) that(=which) differentiates hanbok from other East Asian traditional costumes, such as the Chinese
chipao or the Japanese kimono. The jeogori is especially rich(풍부한) in subtle(미묘한) curves, as (it is) [showing/shown]
in the collar(깃) and the sleeves(소매). Korean hanbok incorporates(=combines/mixes/integrates) both straight and curved
lines, [that/which] [is/are] combined(5V 수동) to create a sense of naturally flowing harmony.

*the beauty of its flowing lines cannot be stressed enough = we cannot stress the beauty of its flowing lines enough = 아무리 강조해도 부족할 정도로 중요

Moderator: Whenever(=Any/Every/Each time) I wear hanbok, I am pleased(pleasing/content/happy/satisfied) because the

Kim Hyejin (Hanbok Master): Hanbok has a very simple shape when (it is) [lain/laid/lay][5V 수동] out [flat/flatly]. When (it

is) [wearing/worn], however, it creates a lot of soft lines following(=that follow) the natural curves of our body. Its unique
flowing lines reveal [them/themselves] best(=the best) when the wearer moves.
Simplicity

Moderator: In addition to(=On top of/Besides/Beside) harmony with nature and gentle curves, is there anything else
that(=which) is a major attribute(특성) of the Korean artistic tradition?

Choi Sora (Curator): Simplicity is [other/another] main characteristic of our traditional sense of beauty. Many Korean
artworks are designed(5V 수동) to [baldly/boldly] leave out(=omit/exclude) details and (to) focus [at/on] the bigger picture.
This simple approach, (when it is) combined with exceptional(=outstanding/excellent) craftsmanship(장인의 솜씨/손재주), resulted
[from/in] excellent works of art. One notable(주목할만한) example is the moon jar(달항아리) of the [late/lately] Joseon
Dynasty. The moon jar, [that/which] is a [Tangible/Intangible] Cultural Property of Korea, is a plain(=simple) white jar
with no(=without) pattern or decoration. In fact, most of the artworks from the late Joseon Dynasty are simple in
appearance(=appearance-wise), [like/likely](=probably) due to(=because of/owing to) the influence of Confucianism(유교),
[that/which] advocated(=supported/championed/opposed) moderation(중용/extremism).

Moderator: (I) Thank you(=the guests) for your valuable comments and opinions. Now, it's time to wrap up(=finish/end)
the discussion. We've learned that the beauty of the Korean artistic tradition is characterized by harmony with
nature, gentle curved lines, and simplicity. Let us [to continue/continue] the effort to [persevere/preserve] the
beautiful artistic traditions of our country.

*= …harmony with nature, gentle curved lines, and simplicity characterize the beauty of the Korean artistic tradition