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Basenlp

The document provides an overview of various natural language processing (NLP) techniques including tokenization, Bag of Words, Word2Vec, TF-IDF, stemming, lemmatization, and stop words removal, along with their real-world applications. It includes code snippets demonstrating how to implement these techniques using Python libraries such as NLTK and Gensim. The document also presents a sample dataset of product reviews to illustrate the processes.

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6 views5 pages

Basenlp

The document provides an overview of various natural language processing (NLP) techniques including tokenization, Bag of Words, Word2Vec, TF-IDF, stemming, lemmatization, and stop words removal, along with their real-world applications. It includes code snippets demonstrating how to implement these techniques using Python libraries such as NLTK and Gensim. The document also presents a sample dataset of product reviews to illustrate the processes.

Uploaded by

gauthamsivathan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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wakqx3zrl

March 9, 2025

0.1 Importing Required Dependencies


[20]: import nltk
from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer, TfidfVectorizer
import gensim
import numpy as np
from nltk.stem import PorterStemmer, WordNetLemmatizer
from nltk.corpus import stopwords

0.2 Sample dataset


[5]: reviews = [
"I love this product amazing quality",
"Terrible product poor quality",
"I love the amazing service"
]

0.3 Tokenization
Tokenization is the process of breaking text into smaller pieces, such as words or sentences.
Real-world use case: Used in search engines to split queries into words for matching relevant
documents.
[13]: tokenized_reviews = [word_tokenize(review.lower()) for review in reviews]
for i, tokens in enumerate(tokenized_reviews):
print(f"Review {i+1}: {tokens}")

Review 1: ['i', 'love', 'this', 'product', 'amazing', 'quality']


Review 2: ['terrible', 'product', 'poor', 'quality']
Review 3: ['i', 'love', 'the', 'amazing', 'service']

0.4 Bag of Words (BoW)


BoW represents text data as a vector of word counts.
Real-world use case: Used in spam detection, sentiment analysis, and document classification.

1
[14]: vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
bow_matrix = vectorizer.fit_transform(reviews)
print("Vocabulary:", vectorizer.get_feature_names_out())
print("BoW Matrix:\n", bow_matrix.toarray())

Vocabulary: ['amazing' 'love' 'poor' 'product' 'quality' 'service' 'terrible'


'the'
'this']
BoW Matrix:
[[1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1]
[0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0]
[1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0]]

0.5 Word2Vec
Word2Vec converts words into vector representations based on context.
Real-world use case: Used in chatbots, recommendation systems, and search engines.
[15]: model = gensim.models.Word2Vec(tokenized_reviews, vector_size=10, window=2,␣
↪min_count=1, sg=1)

print("Vector for 'love':", model.wv['love'])


print("Vector for 'quality':", model.wv['quality'])

Vector for 'love': [-0.07511634 -0.00929911 0.09538099 -0.07319422 -0.02333676


-0.01937682
0.0807754 -0.05930967 0.00045279 -0.0475374 ]
Vector for 'quality': [-0.00536227 0.00236431 0.0510335 0.09009273
-0.0930295 -0.07116809
0.06458873 0.08972988 -0.05015428 -0.03763372]

0.6 Avg Word2Vec


This approach averages all word vectors in a sentence to get a single vector.
Real-world use case: Used in document similarity, text clustering, and recommendation systems.
[18]: def get_avg_word2vec(tokens, model):
vectors = [model.wv[word] for word in tokens if word in model.wv]
return np.mean(vectors, axis=0) if vectors else np.zeros(model.vector_size)

avg_vectors = [get_avg_word2vec(tokens, model) for tokens in tokenized_reviews]


for i, vec in enumerate(avg_vectors):
print(f"Review {i+1} Average Vector: {vec[:3]}...") # Showing first 3␣
↪dimensions

Review 1 Average Vector: [-0.00220742 0.0134073 0.01929608]…


Review 2 Average Vector: [0.02844399 0.04120733 0.03952274]…
Review 3 Average Vector: [-0.03893989 0.01472283 -0.02407057]…

2
0.7 TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency)
TF-IDF gives importance to words that appear frequently in a document but not across all docu-
ments.
Real-world use case: Used in search engines, document ranking, and keyword extraction.
[19]: tfidf_vectorizer = TfidfVectorizer()
tfidf_matrix = tfidf_vectorizer.fit_transform(reviews)
print("Vocabulary:", tfidf_vectorizer.get_feature_names_out())
print("TF-IDF Matrix:\n", tfidf_matrix.toarray())

Vocabulary: ['amazing' 'love' 'poor' 'product' 'quality' 'service' 'terrible'


'the'
'this']
TF-IDF Matrix:
[[0.41779577 0.41779577 0. 0.41779577 0.41779577 0.
0. 0. 0.54935123]
[0. 0. 0.5628291 0.42804604 0.42804604 0.
0.5628291 0. 0. ]
[0.42804604 0.42804604 0. 0. 0. 0.5628291
0. 0.5628291 0. ]]

0.8 Stemming (Porter Stemmer)


Stemming reduces words to their root form by chopping off suffixes. It doesn’t always produce real
words but is faster than lemmatization.
Use Case: Stemming is used in search engines (reducing words to base form improves matching).

[28]: print('REVIEWS')
print(reviews)
print(' ')
print('Stemmed Output:' )
ps = PorterStemmer()
stemmed_reviews = [[ps.stem(token) for token in tokens] for tokens in␣
↪tokenized_reviews]

for i, stemmed in enumerate(stemmed_reviews):


print(f"Review {i+1} stemmed: {stemmed}")

REVIEWS
['I love this product amazing quality', 'Terrible product poor quality', 'I love
the amazing service']

Stemmed Output:
Review 1 stemmed: ['i', 'love', 'thi', 'product', 'amaz', 'qualiti']
Review 2 stemmed: ['terribl', 'product', 'poor', 'qualiti']
Review 3 stemmed: ['i', 'love', 'the', 'amaz', 'servic']

3
0.9 Lemmatization
Lemmatization reduces words to their dictionary root form (lemma) using linguistic rules. It
considers the word’s meaning, making it more accurate than stemming.
Use Case: Lemmatization is used in chatbots, spell-checkers, and sentiment analysis.
[27]: print('REVIEWS')
print(reviews)
print(' ')
print('Lemmatized Output:' )

lemmatizer = WordNetLemmatizer()
lemmatized_reviews = [[lemmatizer.lemmatize(token) for token in tokens] for␣
↪tokens in tokenized_reviews]

for i, lemmatized in enumerate(lemmatized_reviews):


print(f"Review {i+1} lemmatized: {lemmatized}")

REVIEWS
['I love this product amazing quality', 'Terrible product poor quality', 'I love
the amazing service']

Lemmatized Output:
Review 1 lemmatized: ['i', 'love', 'this', 'product', 'amazing', 'quality']
Review 2 lemmatized: ['terrible', 'product', 'poor', 'quality']
Review 3 lemmatized: ['i', 'love', 'the', 'amazing', 'service']

0.10 Stop Words Removal


Stop words (e.g., “is”, “and”, “the”) are common words that don’t add meaning in NLP tasks. We
remove them to reduce noise.
Use Case: Stop word removal is used in text classification, sentiment analysis, and keyword extrac-
tion.
[30]: print('REVIEWS')
print(reviews)
print(' ')
print('Stop Words Removal Output:' )

stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))
filtered_reviews = [[token for token in tokens if token not in stop_words]
for tokens in tokenized_reviews]
for i, filtered in enumerate(filtered_reviews):
print(f"Review {i+1} without stop words: {filtered}")

REVIEWS
['I love this product amazing quality', 'Terrible product poor quality', 'I love
the amazing service']

4
Stop Words Removal Output:
Review 1 without stop words: ['love', 'product', 'amazing', 'quality']
Review 2 without stop words: ['terrible', 'product', 'poor', 'quality']
Review 3 without stop words: ['love', 'amazing', 'service']

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