MODULE 0

Calculus 1
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑒𝑤

Objectives of the Module

At the end of this module, the students

should be able to

 Acquire a meaningful introduction

to Differential Calculus.

 Review the concept of functions.

 Review trigonometric functions and

their graphs.
OVERVIEW

Functions are used to model real life situations, the very reason why Differential Calculus is
used to study the nature of functions, the characteristics of functions at certain points. One such
characteristic is given by the slope which indicates the rate of change.
Given two points (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)) and (𝑥 + ∆𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)) where 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

Rate of Change =
(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑥

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

Rate of Change =
∆𝑥

What will happen to the rate of change as ∆𝑥 approaches 0?

The slope that is determined is the slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point (𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥)).
Such slope is the instantaneous rate of change which is

𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑙𝑖𝑚
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

This is nothing but the FIRST DERIVATIVE 𝑓′ (𝑥) of the function 𝑓(𝑥)

3
4
 REVIEW

I. Identify the function type if a function.

Write L for linear, Q for quadratic, A for other algebraic functions, E for
exponential, Lo for logarithmic, T for trigonometric and X for non -function.

_______1. 𝑦 = 2𝑥

_______2. 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 10

1
_______3. 𝑦 = − 4

_______4. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥

_______5. 𝑥 = 9

_______6. 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥

_______7. 𝑦 = sin 𝑥

_______8. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3

_______9. 𝑥 = 4𝑦 2

_______10. 𝑦 = log 𝑥

_______11. 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

_______12. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3

_______13. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥

_______14. 𝑦 = 𝑥

_______15. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2
 II. Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Find the value of the given function at the given points.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 9
a. 𝑓(0) d. 𝑓(7)
b. 𝑓(2) e. 𝑓(−2)
c. 𝑓(−3)
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥
1
a. 𝑓(3) d. 𝑓( )
2

b. 𝑓(−1) e. 𝑓(−2)
c. 𝑓(0)
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥
a. 𝑓(1) d. 𝑓(3)
b. 𝑓(−1) e. 𝑓(−3)
c. 𝑓(2)
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥
a. 𝑓(0) d. 𝑓(4)
b. 𝑓(−1) e. 𝑓(−4)
c. 𝑓(1)
𝑥+4
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−4
a. 𝑓(0) d. 𝑓(−4)
b. 𝑓(2) e. 𝑓(4)
c. 𝑓(−2)
𝑥2 −25
6. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 +5
a. 𝑓(0) d. 𝑓(5)
b.𝑓(−1) e. 𝑓(−5)
c. 𝑓(3)
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 with 𝑥 in radians
𝜋
a. 𝑓(0) d. 𝑓(3 )
𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑓( ) e. 𝑓 ( )
6 2
𝜋
c.𝑓(4 )
8. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan𝑥 (𝑥 in radians)
𝜋
a. 𝑓( ) d. 𝑓(𝜋)
2
𝜋 5𝜋
b. 𝑓(4 ) e. 𝑓( 6 )
c. 𝑓(0)
III. Graph / Paste the graph of the trigonometric functions: 𝑦 = sin𝑥, 𝑦 = cos 𝑥, 𝑦 = tan 𝑥,
𝑦 = cot 𝑥, 𝑦 = sec 𝑥, and 𝑦 = csc 𝑥

Review once more …

An easy way to remember the trigonometric functions of special angles is based on the
following theorem:

In a 30-60-90 triangle, the side opposite the 30° angle

measures ½ the length of the hypotenuse.

1 2 3 √3
The third side is found to be √ 12 − (2) = √ 4 =
2

Similarly, the trigonometric functions of 45° can be found using the isosceles right triangle

Use the following table to remember the trigonometric functions of special angles

𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽

30° 1 √3 √3
2 2 3
45° √2 √2
2 2 1

60° √3 1
√3
2 2
MODULE 1
Calculus 1
Basic Formulas

Objectives of the Module

At the end of this module, the

students should be able to

 Derive the basic formulas

for the derivatives of
functions.

 Use the Four-Step Formula

to solve for the first
derivative.
 PRE-TEST

Multiple choice
1. Which of the following is NOT a linear function?
a. 𝑦 = −6
b. 𝑥 = 4
c. 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 5
d. 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 12
2. Which of the following is NOT a quadratic function?
a. 𝑦 = 10𝑥 2 − 5
b. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 7
c. 𝑥 = 4𝑦 2
d. 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 + 1
3. Which of the following is TRUE?
I. Linear functions have the same slope at any point.
II. Quadratic functions have different slopes at different points.
a. 𝐼 only b. 𝐼𝐼 only c. both true d. neither
4. Which of the following is an exponential function?
a. 𝑦 = 10𝑥
b. 𝑦 = 10𝑥
c. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥
d. 𝑦 = 𝑥 10
5. Which of the following functions has a slope of 0 at any point?
a. 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥
b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3
c. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2
d. 𝑦 − 1 = 0
 1.0 The First Derivative

Using the concept of the instantaneous rate of change, the first derivative 𝑓´(𝑥) of any
function is thus obtained:
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓´(𝑥) = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
Using the Four-Step Rule, 𝑓´(𝑥) is determined for any point (𝑥, 𝑦) on the line or curve of 𝑓(𝑥).
Step 1 Solve for 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
Step 2 Subtract 𝑓(𝑥) from the results of Step 1 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥 +∆𝑥)−𝑓 (𝑥)
Step 3
∆𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 +∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
Step 4 Take the lim ∆𝑥
∆𝑥→0

Illustrations:
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = −4 a linear function
( )
a. 𝑓 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 = −4
b. 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = −4 − (−4)
=0
𝑓 (𝑥+∆𝑥) −𝑓(𝑥) 0
c. ∆𝑥
= ∆𝑥 = 0
d. lim 0 = 0
∆𝑥 →0
Note: the limit of a constant a is the constant a
Therefore: 𝑓´(𝑥) = 0
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 a linear function
a. 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = 3(𝑥 + ∆𝑥)
= 3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥
b. 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 + 3∆𝑥) − 3𝑥
= 3∆𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥+∆𝑥) −𝑓(𝑥) 3∆𝑥
c. = =3
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
d. lim 3 = 3
∆𝑥 →0
Therefore: 𝑓´(𝑥) = 3
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 a quadratic function
a. 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) 2
= 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 ⋅ ∆𝑥 + (∆𝑥)2
b. 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(∆𝑥) + (∆𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2
= 2𝑥(∆𝑥) + (∆𝑥) 2
𝑓 (𝑥+∆𝑥) −𝑓(𝑥) 2𝑥( ∆𝑥)+(∆𝑥) 2
c. =
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥

= 2𝑥 + ∆𝑥
d. lim (2𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = 2𝑥
∆𝑥→0

Therefore: 𝑓´(𝑥) = 2𝑥
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
a. 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = (𝑥 + ∆𝑥) 3
= 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 (∆𝑥) + 3𝑥(∆𝑥)2 + (∆𝑥)3
b. 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 (∆𝑥) + 3𝑥 (∆𝑥)2 + (∆𝑥)3 ] − 𝑥 3
= 3𝑥 2 (∆𝑥) + 3𝑥(∆𝑥)2 + (∆𝑥)3
𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥) 3𝑥2 (∆𝑥)+3𝑥(∆𝑥) 2+(∆𝑥) 3
c. =
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 (∆𝑥) + (∆𝑥) 2
d. lim [3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥(∆𝑥) + (∆𝑥)2 ] = 3𝑥 2
∆𝑥→0
1
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 −1
1
a. 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) = 𝑥+∆𝑥
1 1
b. 𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −
𝑥+∆𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 −(𝑥+∆𝑥)
= (𝑥+∆𝑥)(𝑥)
−∆𝑥
= 𝑥 (𝑥+∆𝑥)
−∆𝑥
𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥 (𝑥+∆𝑥)
c. ∆𝑥
= ∆𝑥
−∆𝑥 1
= 𝑥(𝑥+∆𝑥) ⋅ ∆𝑥
−1
= 𝑥 (𝑥+∆𝑥)
−1 −1
d. lim 𝑥 (𝑥+∆𝑥)
= 𝑥2
∆𝑥→0
−1
𝑓´(𝑥) =
𝑥2
Activity 1a

Using the Four-Step Rule, fill up the following table

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇´(𝒙)
𝟏
𝒇 (𝒙) = −
𝟐

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟎

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟓

𝒇 (𝒙) = 𝒙

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟗

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙

𝒇 (𝒙) = −𝟐𝒙

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙

𝒇 (𝒙) = −𝟕𝒙

What is the derivative of a constant function?

What is the derivative of a linear function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 ?

Activity 1b
Using the notation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦´ = 𝑓´(𝑥), fill up the following table

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇´(𝒙)

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟒

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟖

𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙−𝟏

𝒇(𝒙) = √𝒙

𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) =
𝒙𝟐

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟓

If 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 , what is 𝑦´?