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The document promotes an ebook titled 'Raspbian OS Programming with the Raspberry Pi: IoT Projects with Wolfram, Mathematica, and Scratch' by Agus Kurniawan, available for download at textbookfull.com. It includes various resources and links to additional ebooks related to Raspberry Pi programming and IoT projects. The document also provides an overview of the book's content, including chapters on Raspbian OS, programming environments, and computational mathematics.

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TECHNOLOGY IN AC TION™

Raspbian OS
Programming with
the Raspberry Pi
IoT Projects with Wolfram,
Mathematica, and Scratch

Agus Kurniawan
Raspbian OS
Programming with the
Raspberry Pi
IoT Projects with Wolfram,
Mathematica, and Scratch

Agus Kurniawan
Raspbian OS Programming with the Raspberry Pi: IoT Projects with
Wolfram, Mathematica, and Scratch
Agus Kurniawan
Depok, Indonesia

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-4211-7 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-4212-4


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4212-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018964829

Copyright © 2019 by Agus Kurniawan


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part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
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The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if
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they are subject to proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of
publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal
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express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
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Printed on acid-free paper
Table of Contents
About the Author���������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix
About the Technical Reviewer�������������������������������������������������������������xi
Acknowledgments�����������������������������������������������������������������������������xiii
Introduction����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv

Chapter 1: Introduction to Raspberry Pi�����������������������������������������������1


1.1What Is Raspberry Pi?�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2
1.2Reviewing the Raspberry Pi Board Models�����������������������������������������������������3
1.3Introducing the Raspbian OS��������������������������������������������������������������������������5
1.4Setting Up Raspbian OS on Raspberry Pi Boards��������������������������������������������7
1.5Headless Raspbian SSH Network Setup���������������������������������������������������������8
1.6 Expanding Storage����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������10
1.7Configuring a WiFi Network��������������������������������������������������������������������������12
1.8Exploring the Raspbian OS Desktop and Terminal����������������������������������������13
1.9Configuring the VNC Server��������������������������������������������������������������������������16
1.9.1Installing the VNC Server����������������������������������������������������������������������17
1.9.2Enabling the VNC Server�����������������������������������������������������������������������17
1.9.3Configuring Boot Options for the Desktop��������������������������������������������19
1.9.4 Testing the Server���������������������������������������������������������������������������������21
1.10Powering Off the Raspbian�������������������������������������������������������������������������24
1.11 Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25

iii
Table of Contents

Chapter 2: The Raspbian OS Command Line���������������������������������������27


2.1Introducing Raspbian Shells�������������������������������������������������������������������������28
2.2The Basic Raspbian Shell������������������������������������������������������������������������������30
2.2.1Rebooting Raspbian OS������������������������������������������������������������������������30
2.2.2 Shutting Down��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30
2.2.3 Configuring the Timezone���������������������������������������������������������������������31
2.2.4Configuring the Keyboard���������������������������������������������������������������������33
2.3 Manipulating Files and Directories���������������������������������������������������������������34
2.3.1Getting the Current Working Directory��������������������������������������������������34
2.3.2Listing Files and Directories�����������������������������������������������������������������34
2.3.3Understanding the ls Parameters���������������������������������������������������������37
2.3.4Changing the Current Working Directory����������������������������������������������38
2.3.5Creating a Directory������������������������������������������������������������������������������42
2.3.6Removing Files and Directories������������������������������������������������������������44
2.3.7Copying Files and Directories���������������������������������������������������������������46
2.3.8Moving Files and Directories����������������������������������������������������������������50
2.3.9Creating Symbolic Links�����������������������������������������������������������������������52
2.4 Redirection����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������53
2.4.1 Standard Output�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������53
2.4.2 Standard Input��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������54
2.4.3 Standard Error��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55
2.4.4 Pipelines�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������56
2.5 Permissions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57
2.5.1 Understanding Permissions������������������������������������������������������������������57
2.5.2 chmod���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61
2.5.3 chown���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63

iv
Table of Contents

2.6 Manipulating Processes��������������������������������������������������������������������������������64


2.6.1 ps����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������64
2.6.2 top��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������68
2.6.3 Killing Processes����������������������������������������������������������������������������������70
2.6.4 Viewing Memory�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������71
2.7 Media Storage�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72
2.7.1Displaying Free Disk Space������������������������������������������������������������������72
2.7.2 mount���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������73
2.7.3 umount�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������77
2.8 Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������77

Chapter 3: Programming on Raspbian OS������������������������������������������79


3.1Understand the Programming Model in Raspbian OS�����������������������������������79
3.2Setting Up the Programming Environment���������������������������������������������������83
3.3 Python Programming������������������������������������������������������������������������������������83
3.3.1Python 3 (IDLE)�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������84
3.3.2 Thonny Python IDE��������������������������������������������������������������������������������85
3.3.3Python Shell from Remote SSH������������������������������������������������������������88
3.3.4 What’s Next?�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������90
3.4 Node.js Programming�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������90
3.5 C/C++ Programming�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������94
3.6 Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������96

Chapter 4: Computational Mathematics with the Wolfram


Language and Mathematica���������������������������������������������������������������97
4.1Introducing Wolfram Language and Mathematica����������������������������������������98
4.2Setting Up Wolfram and Mathematica��������������������������������������������������������101
4.3Developing a Hello World Program��������������������������������������������������������������102

v
Table of Contents

4.4 Basic Programming�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������103


4.4.1Data Types and Declaring Variables���������������������������������������������������104
4.4.2 Arithmetic Operators��������������������������������������������������������������������������105
4.4.3Relational and Logical Operators��������������������������������������������������������106
4.4.4 Conditional Statements����������������������������������������������������������������������108
4.4.5 Looping�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������111
4.4.6 Adding Comments������������������������������������������������������������������������������116
4.4.7 Functions��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������117
4.5 Computational Mathematics�����������������������������������������������������������������������119
4.5.1 Calculus����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������119
4.5.2 Matrix�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������132
4.5.3 Quadratic Equations���������������������������������������������������������������������������137
4.5.4 Linear Equations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������138
4.6 Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������140

Chapter 5: Visual Programming with Scratch����������������������������������141


5.1Introducing Visual Programming and Scratch���������������������������������������������142
5.2 Setting Up Scratch��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������143
5.3Developing a Hello Program������������������������������������������������������������������������143
5.3.1Creating a Project�������������������������������������������������������������������������������143
5.3.2Building a Scratch Program����������������������������������������������������������������145
5.3.3Running the Program�������������������������������������������������������������������������148
5.3.4Saving a Program Into a File��������������������������������������������������������������149
5.4 Working with Sprites�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������150
5.5Working with the Background���������������������������������������������������������������������155

vi
Table of Contents

5.6 Working with Motion�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������159


5.6.1Coordinate System and Direction�������������������������������������������������������160
5.6.2Demo 1: Movement�����������������������������������������������������������������������������162
5.6.3Demo 2: Direction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������163
5.7Working with Control Blocks�����������������������������������������������������������������������165
5.7.1Building a Decision�����������������������������������������������������������������������������165
5.7.2 Looping�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������173
5.8 Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������175

Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������177

vii
About the Author
Agus Kurniawan is a lecturer, researcher, IT consultant, and an author. He
has 17 years of experience in various software and hardware development
projects, delivering materials in training and workshops, and technical
writing. He has been awarded the Microsoft Most Valuable Professional
(MVP) award 14 years in a row.
His topic interests are software engineering, embedded system,
networking, and security system. He has been working as lecturer and
researcher at the Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia.
Currently, he is pursuing a PhD in computer science at the Freie
Universität Berlin, Germany. He can be reached on his blog at
http://blog.aguskurniawan.net and Twitter at ­@agusk2010.

ix
About the Technical Reviewer
Massimo Nardone has more than 22 years of experiences in security, web/
mobile development, cloud, and IT architecture. His true IT passions are
security and Android.
He has been programming and teaching how to program with Android,
Perl, PHP, Java, VB, Python, C/C++, and MySQL for more than 20 years.
He holds a Master of Science degree in Computing Science from the
University of Salerno, Italy.
He has worked as a Project Manager, Software Engineer, Research
Engineer, Chief Security Architect, Information Security Manager, PCI/
SCADA Auditor, and Senior Lead IT Security/Cloud/SCADA Architect for
many years.
Technical skills include: Security, Android, Cloud, Java, MySQL,
Drupal, Cobol, Perl, web and mobile development, MongoDB, D3, Joomla,
Couchbase, C/C++, WebGL, Python, Pro Rails, Django CMS, Jekyll,
Scratch, etc.
He currently works as Chief Information Security Office (CISO) for
Cargotec Oyj.

xi
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Apress for all their help in making this book
possible. Specifically, we would like to thank Aaron Black, our acquisitions
editor, and Jessica Vakili, our coordinating editor, for helping us complete
the Raspbian book.
Special thanks to our development editor, James Markham, and
technical reviewers, Chaim Krause and Massimo Nardone, for all of their
suggestions during the editorial review process that helped make this a
great book.
We would also like to thank the Raspberry Pi and Raspbian
communities anywhere in the world for contributing and making learning
Raspberry Pi with Raspbian easy.
Last but not least, a thank you to my wife, Ela and my children, Thariq
and Zahra, for their great support while I completed this book.

xiii
Introduction
Raspberry Pi is a mini computer that you can operate as a normal
computer. The Raspberry Pi board is one of recommended development
boards with IoT platforms. There are many features on the Raspbian OS
and Raspberry Pi boards that you can use to build IoT programs in various
scenarios. Raspberry Pi is designed to enable you to scale its capabilities
through GPIO pins that are suitable for your business and research needs.
Raspbian OS Programming with the Raspberry Pi is a quick reference
to build programs on top of the Raspbian OS on a Raspberry Pi board.
You’ll start by learning Raspbian shells to develop programs. You will go
through a step-by-step guide with project samples to learn the ins and outs
of the Raspbian OS development. You will also learn about the Wolfram
language, Mathematica, and Scratch.

Who This Book Is For


This book is designed for anyone who wants to get started with Raspberry
Pi and Raspbian. Readers do not need knowledge of the Linux OS or of
embedded systems.

How This Book Is Organized


This book is designed with a step-by-step approach. You will learn how
to set up Raspbian on a Raspberry Pi board. You will also learn how to
develop programs on Raspbian. This book explains how to work with
Wolfram, Mathematica, and Scratch. Some scenario problems are
provided so you can practice during the learning process.

xv
Introduction

 equired Software, Materials,


R
and Equipment
In general, you need a Raspberry Pi 3 board and a microSD card with
Raspbian OS installed. All required software in this book is installed with
the Raspbian OS.

xvi
CHAPTER 1

Introduction
to Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi is a development board that can be applied to build IoT
applications. Various sensors and actuator devices can be attached to the
board. In this chapter, we explore Raspberry Pi and cover its models.
We also learn how to set up the board for the first time.
The following list of topics is covered in this chapter:

• Learn about the Raspberry Pi

• Review the Raspberry Pi models

• Learn about the Raspbian OS

• Set up Raspbian OS on a Raspberry Pi board


• Perform headless Raspbian SSH network setup

• Configure a WiFi network

• Explore the Raspbian OS desktop

• Configure the VNC server

• Learn to power off the Raspbian

© Agus Kurniawan 2019 1


A. Kurniawan, Raspbian OS Programming with the Raspberry Pi,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-4212-4_1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

1.1 What Is Raspberry Pi?


Raspberry Pi is a mini computer that you can operate as a normal
computer. This board was developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation in
the UK. Currently, Raspberry Pi runs on the top of an ARM processor.
Raspberry Pi is not a PC, so we couldn’t expect more in computation.
Raspberry Pi is designed to be small in size to perform some processes.
The small form size of the Raspberry Pi form has advantages. We can put
sensor and actuator devices on the Raspberry Pi board and then perform
measurement and sensing.
The first Raspberry Pi Model B board was released in February 2012.
The latest model is the Raspberry Pi 3 B+ board and it was released in
March 2018. You can see this board in Figure 1-1. This board can run an
operating system to perform computations.

Figure 1-1. Raspberry Pi 3 B+ board

The Raspberry Pi board usually exposes GPIO pins, to which we can


attach sensors or actuator devices. Some Raspberry Pi models also provide
network stacks such as Ethernet, WiFi, and Bluetooth. Raspberry Pi can
also be connected to monitor through an HDMI connector.

2
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Various operating systems can be applied to Raspberry Pi boards. A list


of supported operating systems for Raspberry Pi can be found at this site:
https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/. Raspbian OS is the official
operating system of the Raspberry Pi. This book focuses on Raspbian OS
for implementation and evaluation.

1.2 R
 eviewing the Raspberry Pi Board
Models
There are several Raspberry Pi models that we can use to perform specific
purposes. The latest model as I am writing this book is Raspberry Pi 3
Model B+. This board consists of Broadcom BCM2837B0, Cortex-A53
(ARMv8) 64-bit SoC @ 1.4GHz, with 1GB LPDDR2 SDRAM. The board
also provides Ethernet, WiFi, and Bluetooth 4.2 (BLE). You can see the
Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+ board in Figure 1-1. For further information
about Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+, see https://www.raspberrypi.org/
products/raspberry-pi-3-model-b-plus/.
If you have concerns about hardware size, Raspberry Pi Foundation
has an even smaller version, which is half the size of a credit card. It is
called the Raspberry Pi Zero. There are two models—Raspberry Pi Zero and
Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless. The first model was released in November 2015.
The last model that has a WiFi module was released in February 2017. Both
models run Broadcom BCM2835 MCU with 512MB RAM. You can see the
Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless board form in Figure 1-2.

3
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Figure 1-2. Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless board

You also can see and compare several Raspberry Pi models based on
processor, RAM, and network module availability in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1. Raspberry Pi Model Comparison


Raspberry Pi Model Processor RAM Network Modules

Raspberry Pi 3 B+ Broadcom BCM2837B0 1GB Ethernet, WiFi, BLE


Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless Broadcom BCM2835 512MB WiFi
Raspberry Pi 3 Broadcom BCM2837 1GB Ethernet, WiFi, BLE
Raspberry Pi Zero Broadcom BCM2835 512MB -
Raspberry Pi 2 Broadcom BCM2836 1GB Ethernet
Raspberry Pi A+ Broadcom BCM2835 256MB -
Raspberry Pi B Broadcom BCM2835 512MB Ethernet

4
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Technically, all the Raspberry Pi models that are shown in Table 1-1
are designed for personal makers and hobbyists. There are limited GPIO
pins on each Raspberry Pi model. If you need more GPIO pins on the
board, you can extend it using GPIO extender modules. The Raspberry Pi
Foundation also released the Raspberry Pi model for industry purposes. It
is called the Raspberry Pi Compute Module. Currently, the latest model is
Raspberry Pi Compute Module V3.
Raspberry Pi Compute Module V3 board hosts 120 GPIO pins, an
HDMI port, a USB port, two camera ports, and two display ports. You
can see the board form in Figure 1-3. For further information about the
Raspberry Pi Compute Module V3, visit the official website at ­http://
socialcompare.com/en/comparison/raspberrypi-models-comparison.

Figure 1-3. Raspberry Pi Compute Module v3

1.3 Introducing the Raspbian OS


Raspbian is an operating system-based Debian optimized for the
Raspberry Pi hardware. When the Raspberry Pi board is released, Raspbian
OS becomes the official OS for Raspberry Pi boards. Raspbian OS is an
open source operating system that was initiated by Mike Thompson
and Peter Green. The official Raspbian project can be found on this site:
https://www.raspbian.org/.

5
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

If you have experience using Debian and Ubuntu Linux, you should be
familiar with Raspbian OS since this OS is built based on Debian Linux and
optimized on a Raspberry Pi board with ARMv6 CPU.
This book uses Raspbian OS for testing and evaluation. You can
download the Raspbian image file at https://www.raspberrypi.org/
downloads. Currently, Raspbian provides desktop and lite versions. You
can see the download image in Figure 1-4. The Raspbian desktop version is
running Raspbian OS with an installed desktop runtime. The Raspbian lite
version is designed for light usage. It means you will obtain the Terminal
runtime.

Figure 1-4. Download the Raspbian OS image

Next, I show you how to set up Raspbian OS on the Raspberry Pi 3 board.

6
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

1.4 S
 etting Up Raspbian OS on Raspberry
Pi Boards
The Raspberry Pi models don’t have internal storage unless you’re using
the Raspberry Pi Compute Module. You should attach external storage,
such as an SD card or a microSD card. The new Raspberry Pi board model
uses microSD for external storage.
I recommended that you use a microSD card that’s 16GB. You can
install some libraries, frameworks, and tools for your personal and
business needs. In this section, I’m going to show you how to set up
Raspbian OS on a Raspberry Pi 3 board.
First, download the Raspbian OS image. You can download it at
https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads. For demo purposes, I chose
the Raspbian Stretch with desktop, as shown in Figure 1-4. To flash the
Raspbian image into the microSD card, you can use Etcher. It’s free and
available for Windows, Mac, and Linux. You can see the Etcher application
in Figure 1-5. Download it from https://etcher.io, based on your
platform, and then install it.

Figure 1-5. Etcher application

7
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

The Etcher application is easy to use. You can just select your Raspbian
image and target the drive of the microSD card on your computer. Some
computers don’t have microSD card readers, so you need an SDcard
reader. Then put your microSD card into the reader.
After completing the flashing Raspbian step, you can plug your
keyboard, mouse, and monitor into the Raspberry Pi board.
Details about Raspbian installation on the Raspberry Pi board can be
found in the official guideline manual at https://www.raspberrypi.org/
documentation/installation/installing-images/README.md.

1.5 Headless Raspbian SSH Network Setup


Sometimes you won’t want to use a keyboard or monitor to manage
the Raspbian network. We can perform a headless Raspbian network
in this case. In this scenario, the Raspberry Pi board will be connected
to a network via Ethernet. You’ll want to enable an SSH service on the
Raspberry Pi without configuring your keyboard and monitor.
First, load your Raspbian microSD card into your computer. You
should see a Raspbian drive. Now you want to enable SSH on Raspbian.
You can create a file, called ssh without a file extension, with blank
content. Put this file into the Raspbian drive. You can see it in Figure 1-6.
After you’re done, you should plug the Raspbian microSD card into the
Raspberry Pi board. Plug your LAN cable into the Raspberry Pi Ethernet
connector. After that, turn on your Raspberry Pi board.

8
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Figure 1-6. Adding an ssh file into Raspbian disk

Wait several minutes to ensure Raspbian has started. You should get
your Raspbian IP address from your router. Now open the SSH
client application. For Windows, you can use the PuTTY application at
https://www.putty.org. For Linux and Mac, you can use the Terminal.
For instance, the Raspbian IP address is 192.168.1.21 and the username is
pi. Then type this command.

$ ssh [email protected]

9
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

You should be able to access the Raspbian Terminal remotely. You can
see an example of remote SSH in Figure 1-7.

Figure 1-7. Connecting to Raspbian via SSH

1.6 Expanding Storage


Before you install any libraries, frameworks, or tools, I recommend that
you expand the Raspbian disk. You can open Raspbian Terminal from the
desktop or by using remote SSH. Type this command.

$ sudo raspi-config

10
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

You should see the form shown in Figure 1-8.

Figure 1-8. Select Advanced Options

From the main menu (see Figure 1-8), you can select the Advanced
Options menu. Then, you should see the form that is shown in Figure 1-9.
Select the Expand Filesystem option. After that, you will obtain
confirmation. If you’re done, Raspbian will expand your disk.

11
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Figure 1-9. Expand the filesystem

1.7 Configuring a WiFi Network


Raspberry Pi 3 has a built-in WiFi network. You can connect this WiFI to
existing WiFi networks. If you are working on the Raspbian Desktop, you
can see the WiFi icon on the top right. Figure 1-10 shows an arrow pointing
to the connect WiFi option.

12
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Figure 1-10. Connect to existing WiFi

After you select one of the WiFi SSIDs, you probably will be asked for
the SSID pin. Fill in the SSID pin and then your Raspbian will connect to
the network.

1.8 E xploring the Raspbian OS Desktop


and Terminal
The Raspbian OS desktop has a look and feel like other operating systems.
Some applications have been installed for you, such as the Chrome
browser, Wolfram, Mathematica. A form of the Raspbian OS can be seen in
Figure 1-11.

13
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Figure 1-11. Raspbian Scratch OS desktop on Raspberry Pi 3

14
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

If you click on the Raspberry Pi logo on the top-left, you should see a
main menu, as shown in Figure 1-12. You can see a list of applications and
the managing systems.

Figure 1-12. Main menu on Raspbian desktop OS

For instance, open a browser from the Internet menu. You can surf the
Internet as you do in a normal browser. Raspbian installed Chromium as
its default browser application. You can see this browser in Figure 1-13.

15
Chapter 1 Introduction to Raspberry Pi

Figure 1-13. Opening a browser for Internet access

1.9 Configuring the VNC Server


You will probably access Raspbian desktop remotely, so you don’t need
to use the keyboard and monitor to access the Raspbian desktop. In
this section, we install the VNC server. An Internet network is required
to perform this task. Make sure your Raspberry Pi has connected to the
Internet via a LAN or a WiFi network.
To do this, you will perform these steps:

1. Install the VNC server.


2. Enable the VNC server.

3. Configure the boot option for desktop.


4. Test with the VNC viewer.

Each task is presented in detail in the following sections.

16
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Vppe, adj. up, risen, 149/8.

Vppe, adv. up, 13/8.

Vpwarde, adv. upward, 16/17.

Vse, pr. pl. are accustomed, 21/29.

Vtter, adj. compar. outer, 138/12.

Vttermoste, adj. superl. most outward, 4/41.

Waincloutes, s. pl. pieces of iron for strengthening the axle-tree of a waggon,


5/19. On clouts, see J. E. T. Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture, i. 546.

Wained, pp. weaned, 135/14.

Waked, pp. awake, 146/1.

Wallettes, s. pl. wallets, 141/69.

Walnutshell, s. walnut-shell, 94/4.

Walnuttes, s. pl. walnuts, 136/4, 140/4.

Want, v. to lack, 79/12; wante, pr. s. subj. be lacking, 164/27.

Warde, s. management; harde of warde, harde to manage, 79/4.

Wardens, s. pl. large baking pears, 136/2.

Warden-tree, s. a pear-tree, bearing large baking pears, 137/3.

Wardropes, s. pl. wardrobes, 151/2.

Ware, s. ware, merchandise, bargain, 118/4.

Ware, v. to spend, 123/23. See Gloss. B. 15 (E. D. S.), p. 72; Gloss. B. 2, p. 42.
Warke, s. work, 6/9, 21/26; warkes, pl. prol. 22, 143/11.

Warrybredes, s. pl. worms just under the skin, 63/1. “Wary-breeds, or Warnel-
worms, worms on the backs of cattle within their skin;” Bailey’s Dict. vol. i. ed.
1735. Cf. “Warbot, a worme, escarbot;” Palsgrave.

Wartes, s. pl. warts, 118/2.

Washen, pp. washed, 122/15; wasshen, 51/2.

Waspes, s. pl. wasps, 122/47.

Water-bowes, s. pl. smaller boughs or shoots of a tree (probably from their


containing much sap), 129/17.

Water-forowed, pp. drained by making furrows, 13/6, 33/5.

Wauerynge, pres. part. wavering, 165/42.

Waxen, pp. grown, 156/36.

Wayne, s. a wain, waggon, 5/6.

Wayne, v. wean, 39/5.

Wayne-rope, s. a cart-rope, 5/6.

Wayters, s. pl. waiters, 152/11.

Weare, v. exhaust, 14/16.

Weate, s. wet, moisture, 124/22.

Wedders, s. pl. wether-sheep, 53/5.

Wede, v. weed, 21/2.

Wedes, s. pl. weeds, 146/37.


Wedynge-hoke, s. weeding-hook, 21/7.

Weike, adj. weak, 53/9. Icel. veikr.

Were, pt. s. subj. would be, 121/2.

Weter, adj. compar. wetter, 14/3.

Wether, weather, 18/29.

Wethy, s. a willow, 126/3, 130/5, 138/31.

Wethy-wode, s. withy-wood, willow-wood, 24/8. [Not osier.]

Weyke, adv. weak, 66/10. See Weike.

What-someuer, whatsoever, 168/10.

Whelpe, s. a young dog, 41/17.

Whereas, adv. where that, where, 6/15.

Whether, adj. which of the two, 40/20, 144/19.

Whyted, pp. (= thwited), cut, whittled down into shape, 5/25. Cf. whittle =
thwittle, a knife; from thwite, to cut.

Whyte-thorne, s. whitethorn, 124/4, 126/4, 137/12.

Whyte wheate, s. a kind of wheat, 34/23.

Wiedes, s. pl. weeds, 16/25.

Winowed, pp. winnowed, 146/56.

Winter-corne, s. winter-corn (such as wheat or rye), 8/13.

Withall, with it, 146/15.


Withe, s. withy, 15/13; withee, a twig of willow, 24/15. See Togwith and Wethy.

Withed, pp. bound, wound, 15/41.

Wodde, wood, 3/39; woddes, pl. trees, 131/1.

Wode euyll, s. wood-evil; a disease in sheep, 50/2.

Wolde, pt. s. and pl. ought to (lit. would), 3/31; should, ought, 15/35; must,
15/45; should, 21/20, 122/36, 140/6.

Woll, s. wool, 42/3, 146/77.

Woll-wynder, s. wool-winder, 52/7.

Wonders, adv. wondrously, prol. 24. (This afterwards became an adj., and was
turned into the Mod. E. wondrous.) See below.

Wonders, adj. wonderful, 11/11.

Wormes, s. pl. worms, 103/1.

Wouen, pp. woven, 146/43.

Wounden, pp. wound, 146/43.

Wowed, pp. wooed, 146/109.

Wrapped, pp. (probably) warped, drawn out into a warp, 146/43. Spelt warped in
ed. 1598.

Wrethynge-temes, s. pl. part of the harness for oxen, 5/4. To wrethe is to twist; a
team is ‘an ox-chain, passing from yoke to yoke;’ E. D. S. Gloss. B. 2, p. 40.

Wryncles, s. pl. wrinkles, 100/7.

Wrynge, v. to wring, 146/85.


Wrynkeled, pp. wrinkled, 34/43.

Wrythen, pp. wreathed, twisted, 31/15, 64/6.

Wyddre, v. wither, 21/17, 31/17; wyddred, pp. 25/6.

Wyddrynge, s. withering, 23/8.

Wydes, s. pl. the name of a kind of apple, 130/4.

Wyght, adj. active, swift, 76/4.

Wymble, s. an auger, 24/8.

Wyndgalles, s. pl. wind-galls, swellings or blisters above a horse’s fetlock, 99/1.


“Windgalls are little blebs or soft swellings on each side of the fetlock;” G.
Markham, Husbandry, b. i. c. 57.

Wyndrowes, s. pl. rows of grass in hay-making, 25/11.

Yeane, v. produce (as a ewe), 37/26.

Yelde, v. yield, 10/9.

Yere, s. pl. years, 67/9.

Ylle, adj. ill, bad, 54/11.

Yokes, s. pl. frames of wood to couple oxen for drawing, 5/3.

Yomen, s. pl. keepers, 151/1; yomenne, yeomen, 152/11; yomenne or yomen,


pawns (in chess), prol. 20, prol. 30.

Yorke, York, 17/22.

Yorkeshyre, Yorkshire, 2/26.

Yren, s. iron, 2/2, 3/49; yrens, pl. 3/54.


Yren-gray, adj. iron-gray, 68/75.

Ysaye, Isaiah, 164/3.

Yues, s. pl. ivies, 132/4.

Zelcester = Ʒelcester, i.e. Ilchester, 2/9, 27/17.


Stephen Austin and Sons, Printers, Hertford.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
All changes noted in the ERRATA (pg xxxi, after the Introduction) have been
applied to the etext, except for the page header (Headline) change which is not
applicable for this ebook.
Footnote [28] is referenced twice from page 55.
Numerical values in the original (1534) text are in roman format, usually inside
periods as ‘.xxiv.’, but this is not consistent. Some numbers of the form ‘xxiv.’
and ‘.xxiv’ and ‘xxiv’ have been left unchanged.
Pg 3: page number ‘16’ for entry ‘7.’ moved from the first line of its text to the
last line to be consistent with other entries.
Pg 4: ‘fol. 32.’ replaced by ‘fol. xxxii.’ in entry ‘50.’.
Pg 33: ‘M e-hills’ (in Sidenote) replaced by ‘Mole-hills’.
Pg 76: ‘she wyl not not labour’ replaced by ‘she wyl not labour’.
Pg 101: Pilcrow symbol ¶ inserted after ‘149.’.
Pg 110: ‘Nichil retinet’ has not been changed, but perhaps should be ‘Nihil
retinet’.
Pg 120: ‘Ecclus.’ (in Sidenote) replaced by ‘Eccles.’.
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