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Pre-Writing Techniques:
Pre-writing techniques are methods used to generate and organize ideas before starting to
write. These techniques help writers to:
1. Clarify their thoughts and ideas
2. Develop a clear purpose and thesis statement
3. Organize their ideas in a logical and coherent manner
4. Create an outline or structure for their writing

Common Pre-Writing Techniques:

1. Brainstorming: Generating a list of ideas and keywords related to the topic.

2. Mind Mapping: Creating a visual map of ideas and concepts.
3. Free Writing: Writing freely without stopping or worrying about grammar or spelling.
4. Listing: Creating a list of ideas, keywords, or questions related to the topic.
5. Outlining: Creating a structured outline of the writing, including headings and subheadings.
6. Clustering: Grouping related ideas and concepts together.
7. Questioning: Asking questions related to the topic to generate ideas and clarify thoughts.

By using these pre-writing techniques, writers can develop a clear and focused approach to their
writing, ensuring a well-structured and effective final product.

Post-Writing Techniques:
Post-writing techniques are methods used to review, revise, and refine written work after the initial
draft is complete. These techniques help writers to:
1. Improve clarity and coherence
2. Enhance tone and style
3. Ensure accuracy and consistency
4. Strengthen arguments and ideas

Common Post-Writing Techniques

Revising Techniques:
1. Reverse Outlining: Creating an outline from the draft to ensure logical structure.
2. Cutting and Pasting: Rearranging sections or paragraphs to improve flow.
3. Adding Transitions: Using transitional words and phrases to connect ideas.

Editing Techniques:
1. Grammar and Spell Check: Reviewing for grammatical errors and spelling mistakes.
2. Punctuation Check: Reviewing for correct punctuation usage.
3. Consistency Check: Ensuring consistency in formatting, heading, and style.

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Proofreading Techniques:
1. Reading Aloud: Reading the text aloud to detect errors or awkward phrasing.
2. Using a Style Guide: Referencing a style guide (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) for formatting
and style.
3. Getting Feedback: Sharing the work with others to receive feedback and suggestions.

By using these post-writing techniques, writers can refine their work, ensure accuracy, and produce
a polished final product.

Standard and optional parts of a letter:

Standard Parts of a Letter:

1. Heading:
The heading includes your address and the date. It's usually placed in the top right corner of the
page. Make sure to include your street address, city, state, and zip code. The date should be the
day you're writing the letter.

2. Inside Address:
The inside address is the recipient's address. It's placed below the heading and should include the
recipient's name, street address, city, state, and zip code. Make sure to use the correct titles
(Mr./Ms./Mrs./Dr.) and spell the recipient's name correctly.

3. Salutation:
The salutation is a greeting that addresses the recipient. Common salutations include "Dear
[Name]," "To Whom It May Concern," and "Hello [Name]." Choose a salutation that's appropriate
for the recipient and the purpose of the letter.

4. Body:
The body is the main content of the letter. It should be clear, concise, and well-organized. Use
paragraphs to break up the text and make it easier to read. Make sure to include all the necessary
information and details.

5. Closing:
The closing is a polite way to end the letter. Common closings include "Sincerely," "Thank you,"
and "Best regards." Choose a closing that's appropriate for the recipient and the purpose of the
letter.

6. Signature:
The signature is your name signed above your printed name. It's a way to authenticate the letter
and show that you're the one who wrote it. Make sure to sign your name legibly and consistently.

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Optional Parts of a Letter:

1. Return Address:
The return address is your address in case the recipient needs to reply. It's usually placed in the top
left corner of the envelope or on the letter itself.

2. Reference:
A reference is a line or two explaining the purpose of the letter. It's often used in business letters
to provide context and clarify the reason for the letter.

3. Enclosures:
Enclosures are additional documents or materials included with the letter. They might include
receipts, contracts, or other supporting documents. Make sure to indicate what's included in the
enclosure.

4. CC:
CC stands for "carbon copy." It's a notation indicating who else received a copy of the letter. Use
CC when you need to send a copy of the letter to someone else.

5. Subject Line:
A subject line is a brief summary of the letter's purpose. It's often used in business letters to provide
a quick overview of the content.

6. Postscript:
A postscript (P.S.) is additional information or comments added after the signature. Use it
sparingly and only for important or relevant information.

Part of a Memo:

Header:
➢ Includes the company's name, date, and memo number (if applicable)
➢ Typically placed at the top of the page
➢ Provides context and helps with filing and organization

Opening Statement:
• A brief introduction that explains the purpose of the memo
• Should be concise and clear
• Sets the tone for the rest of the memo
• Examples: "I am writing to inform you...", "The purpose of this memo is to...".

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Background:
❖ Provides some background information that helps the reader understand the issue or topic
❖ Should be brief and relevant
❖ Helps to establish context and provide a framework for the main message
❖ Examples: "As you may recall...", "In response to recent events...".

Main Message:
▪ The most important part of the memo, where you clearly state the key point or decision
▪ Should be concise, clear, and direct
▪ Provides the main information or announcement
▪ Examples: "We are pleased to announce...", "The new policy will take effect...".

Call to Action or Closing:

➢ What you want the reader to do next, or a polite way to end the memo
➢ Should be clear and direct
➢ Provides a sense of completion and finality
➢ Examples: "Please respond by...", "If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to
contact me...".

Attachment:
• Any additional documents or files that support the main message
• Should be clearly labeled and relevant to the memo
• Provides additional information or evidence
• Examples: reports, spreadsheets, diagrams, or other relevant documents.

Layout of a Standard Memo Body:

1. Introduction: A brief overview of the purpose and context (1-2 paragraphs).

2. Key Points: Main ideas or facts that support the purpose (use bullet points or short
paragraphs).

3. Recommendations: Specific actions or decisions recommended (clear and concise).

4. Action Required: A clear statement of what action is required or recommended (including

deadlines and responsibilities).

5. Conclusion: A brief summary of the main points (optional).

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Parts of a CV (Curriculum Vitae):

Contact Information:
Your contact information should include your name, address, phone number, and email address.
Make sure your email address is professional. This information should be placed at the top of your
CV.

Professional Summary/Objective:
A professional summary or objective statement is a brief overview of your experience, skills, and
career goals. It should be tailored to the job you're applying for and highlight your unique strengths.
Keep it concise and focused.

Education:
Your education section should list your highest level of education first. Include the name of the
institution, degree earned, and dates attended. You can also include relevant courses, academic
achievements, or specializations.

Work Experience:
Your work experience section should list your previous work experience in reverse chronological
order. Include the job title, company name, dates employed, and a brief description of job
responsibilities and achievements.

Skills:
Your skills section should list your relevant skills, including language proficiency, computer skills,
and soft skills. Be specific and use keywords from the job description to help your CV pass through
applicant tracking systems.

Achievements:
Your achievements section should highlight any notable achievements, awards, or publications.
This can include academic achievements, work-related awards, or relevant projects.

Volunteer Experience:
Your volunteer experience section should list any relevant volunteer work or extracurricular
activities. This can demonstrate your skills, character, and commitment to a particular field or
cause.

References:
Your references section should include the contact information for people who can vouch for your
skills and experience. Typically, you should include 2-3 professional references, with their name,
job title, company, and contact information.

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What is Report Writing?

Report writing is the process of gathering and organizing information to present findings, results,
or recommendations in a clear and concise manner.

Purpose of Report Writing: The purpose of report writing is to:

1. Present information in a clear and organized way

2. Analyze data and draw conclusions
3. Make recommendations based on findings
4. Inform or persuade the reade

Long formal report writing and its parts:

What is Long Formal Report Writing?

Long formal report writing is a type of writing that presents information in a detailed and structured
format. It's typically used in business, academic, and technical settings to convey complex
information, research findings, or recommendations.

Parts of a Long Formal Report:

1. Title Page: Includes the title of the report, author's name, date, and organization.

2. Abstract: A brief summary (around 150-250 words) of the report's main points, conclusions,
and recommendations.

3. Table of Contents: A list of the report's sections and subsections, with page numbers.

4. Introduction: Provides background information, states the purpose and scope of the report,
and outlines the methodology used.

5. Literature Review: A critical analysis of existing research and studies related to the report's
topic.

6. Methodology: Describes the research design, methods, and procedures used to collect and
analyze data.

7. Results: Presents the findings of the research or investigation, often including tables, figures,
and graphs.

8. Discussion: Interprets the results, relates them to the literature review, and discusses the
implications.

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9. Conclusion: Summarizes the main findings, restates the recommendations, and provides a
final thought.

10. Recommendations: Offers specific suggestions for action, policy changes, or further
research.

11. References: Lists all sources cited in the report, following a consistent citation style.

12. Appendices: Includes supplementary materials, such as raw data, extra figures or tables,
and detailed descriptions of methodologies.

What is a Short Report?

A short report is a concise document that provides information, analysis, and recommendations on
a specific topic or issue. It is typically shorter than a formal report, usually no more than 2-3 pages.

Essential Parts of a Short Report:

1. Title Page: Includes the title of the report, the author's name, and the date.

2. Introduction: Provides background information, states the purpose of the report, and
outlines the scope of the investigation.

3. Body: Presents the findings, analysis, and discussion of the topic. This section should be clear,
concise, and well-organized.

4. Conclusion: Summarizes the main findings and recommendations. This section should
provide a clear summary of the report's key points.

5. Recommendations: Outlines specific actions or decisions that should be taken based on the
report's findings.

6. References: Lists the sources cited in the report, formatted according to a specific citation
style.

7. Appendices: Includes any additional information that supports the report, such as charts,
tables, or raw data.

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Tips for Writing a Short Report:

1. Keep it concise: Focus on the most important information and avoid unnecessary details.
2. Use clear language: Avoid technical jargon and use simple language to communicate
complex ideas.
3. Use headings and subheadings: Organize the report with clear headings and subheadings
to make it easy to follow.
4. Use visual aids: Incorporate charts, tables, and graphs to help illustrate key points and make
the report more engaging.

What is a Memo Report?

A memo report is a brief document that provides information, analysis, or recommendations on a
specific topic or issue. It is usually written in a concise and informal style, and is often used for
internal communication within an organization.

Characteristics of a Memo Report:

1. Brief and to the point: Memo reports are typically short, ranging from a few paragraphs
to a few pages.
2. Informal tone: Memo reports are written in a conversational tone, without the formal
language and structure of a traditional report.
3. Focused on a specific issue: Memo reports address a specific topic or problem, and
provide analysis, recommendations, or solutions.
4. Used for internal communication: Memo reports are often used to communicate with
colleagues, managers, or other stakeholders within an organization.

Purpose of a Memo Report:

1. To inform or update: Memo reports can be used to share information, provide updates, or
notify others of changes or developments.
2. To analyze or evaluate: Memo reports can be used to analyze a problem, evaluate a
situation, or assess the impact of a decision.
3. To recommend or propose: Memo reports can be used to propose solutions,
recommend action, or suggest changes.
Example of memo reports:
A manager might write a memo report to:
➢ Inform employees of a new company policy
➢ Analyze sales data and recommend marketing strategies
➢ Propose a solution to a production problem

Overall, memo reports are a useful tool for communicating quickly and effectively within an
organization.

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What is Thesis Writing?

Thesis writing is the process of researching and writing a lengthy, formal document that presents
an original argument or claim. It's typically required for academic degrees, such as Master's or
Ph.D.s.

Essential Parts of a Thesis:

1. Title Page: Includes the title of the thesis, the author's name, and the degree being pursued.

2. Abstract: A brief summary (around 250-300 words) of the thesis, including the research
question, methodology, and main findings.

3. Introduction: Provides background information, states the research question, and outlines
the purpose and scope of the study.

4. Literature Review: A critical analysis of existing research on the topic, highlighting gaps
and areas for further investigation.

5. Methodology: Describes the research design, methods, and procedures used to collect and
analyze data.
6. Results: Presents the findings of the study, including any data, statistics, or visual aids.
7. Discussion: Interprets the results, relates them to the broader literature, and discusses
implications and limitations.
8. Conclusion: Summarizes the main findings, reiterates the research question, and provides
recommendations for future research.
9. References: Lists all sources cited in the thesis, formatted according to a specific citation
style.
10. Appendices: Includes any additional materials that support the thesis, such as raw data.
Extra figures or tables, or detailed descriptions of methodologies.

Tips for Writing a Thesis:

1. Start early: Give yourself plenty of time to research, write, and revise.
2. Develop a clear research question: Focus your study on a specific, manageable topic.
3. Create an outline: Organize your ideas and structure your thesis before beginning to write.
4. Use proper citation and referencing: Avoid plagiarism and give credit to other authors'
work.
5. Get feedback and revise: Share your work with others and be open to constructive
criticism and suggestions for improvement.

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What is Assignment Writing?

Assignment writing is a type of academic writing where students are given a task or question to
research and answer. It's a way for students to demonstrate their understanding of a subject, think
critically, and develop their writing skills.

Essential Parts of Assignment Writing:

1. Title Page: Includes the title of the assignment, student's name, and other relevant details.

2. Introduction: Introduces the topic, provides background information, and states the purpose
of the assignment.

3. Body: Presents the main arguments, ideas, and evidence to support the answer. This section
should be well-organized and clearly written.

4. Conclusion: Summarizes the main points, reiterates the answer, and provides final thoughts.

5. References: Lists the sources cited in the assignment, formatted according to a specific
citation style.

6. Appendices: Includes any additional information that supports the assignment, such as
charts, tables, or raw data.

Other Important Elements:

1. Clear structure: Use headings, subheadings, and paragraphs to organize the assignment.
2. Critical thinking: Analyze and evaluate the information, rather than just presenting it.
3. Evidence-based arguments: Use credible sources to support your arguments and ideas.
4. Proper citation: Acknowledge the sources you've used to avoid plagiarism.
5. Editing and proofreading: Check for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors before
submitting.

Tips for Writing a Great Assignment:

1. Understand the question: Make sure you know what's being asked before starting.
2. Plan your time: Break down the assignment into manageable tasks and deadlines.
3. Research thoroughly: Use credible sources to gather information and evidence.
4. Write clearly and concisely: Avoid using jargon or overly complex language.
5. Get feedback: Ask your instructor or peers to review your work and provide feedback.

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Interview is and the steps to measure before an interview:

What is an Interview?
An interview is a conversation between two or more people. It's usually between an employer and
a job applicant. The goal is to assess the applicant's qualifications and fit for a job.
Steps to Measure Before an Interview:

1. Research the Company:

Learn about the company's mission, values, and products. Understand their goals and challenges.
This will help you ask informed questions.

2. Review the Job Description:

Study the job requirements and match them with your skills. Make a list of your relevant
experiences and qualifications.

3. Update Your Resume:

Make sure your resume is current and tailored to the job. Highlight your achievements and skills
that match the job requirements.

4. Prepare Your References:

Have a list of professional references ready. Include their name, job title, company, and contact
information.

5. Practice Your Responses:

Prepare answers to common interview questions. Use the STAR method to structure your
responses. Practice with a friend or family member.

6. Prepare Questions to Ask:

Come up with questions to ask the interviewer. Ask about the company culture, team, and
opportunities for growth.

7. Plan Your Outfit and Logistics:

Choose a professional outfit and plan how you'll get to the interview. Make sure you have all
necessary documents and materials.

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Explain of the steps measured in an interview:

1. Introduction and Icebreaker:

The interviewer introduces themselves and breaks the ice with small talk. This is an opportunity
for you to build rapport and establish a positive tone.

2. Background and Experience:

The interviewer asks questions about your education, work experience, and relevant skills. Be
prepared to talk about your achievements and qualifications.

3. Job-Specific Questions:
The interviewer asks questions related to the job requirements and responsibilities. Show how your
skills and experiences align with the job.

4. Behavioral Questions:
The interviewer asks behavioral questions that assess your problem-solving skills, teamwork, and
adaptability. Use the STAR method to structure your responses.

5. Scenario-Based Questions:
The interviewer presents hypothetical scenarios related to the job. Show how you would handle
the situation and what actions you would take.

6. Questions to Ask the Interviewer:

The interviewer asks if you have any questions. Prepare thoughtful questions about the company,
team, and opportunities for growth.

7. Closing and Next Steps:

The interviewer summarizes the conversation and outlines the next steps. Ask about the timeline
for a decision and express your enthusiasm for the opportunity.

Prepared: Faheem Written by: Imran_Khan

All Notes Available For BS Program
WhatsApp No: 03146059959

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