Research Methodology and IPR

Module 1
• Research Methodology:
i. Meaning of Research
ii. Objectives of research
iii. Types of research
iv. Research approaches
v. Significance of research
vi. Research Process: Formulating research problem, Research
methods verses methodology, Research and scientific method
vi. Criteria of good research

• Defining the Research Problem:

i. What is a Research Problem?
ii. Selecting the Research Problem
iii. Necessity of Defining the Problem, Techniques Involved in
defining a problem
 Definitions of Research
Research in common Research is an art of The Advanced Learner’s
parlance refers to a scientific investigation. Dictionary of Current
search for knowledge. English lays down the
One can also define meaning of research as “a
research as a scientific careful investigation or
and systematic search inquiry specially through
for pertinent search for new facts in
information on a any branch of knowledge.
specific topic.

Redman and Mory Research as a

define research as a movement, a movement
“systematized effort to from the known to the
gain new knowledge. unknown. It is actually a
voyage of discovery
 Definitions of Research
According to Clifford Woody research D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the
comprises defining and redefining Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences
problems, formulating hypothesis or define research as “the manipulation of
suggested solutions; collecting, things, concepts or symbols for the
organizing and evaluating data; purpose of generalizing to extend,
making deductions and reaching correct or verify knowledge, whether
conclusions; and at last carefully that knowledge aids in construction of
testing the conclusions to determine theory or in the practice of an art.”
whether they fit the formulating
hypothesis.
The search for knowledge through ‘Research’ refers to the systematic
objective and systematic method of method consisting of enunciating the
finding solution to a problem is problem, formulating a hypothesis,
research. The systematic approach collecting the facts or data, analyzing
concerning generalization and the the facts and reaching certain
formulation of a theory is also conclusions either in the form of
research. solutions(s) towards the concerned
problem or in certain generalizations
for some theoretical formulation.
 Objectives of Research
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
(studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative
research studies)
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group(studies with this object in view are known as descriptive
research studies)

3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it

is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known
as diagnostic research studies)

4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such

studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies)
 Motivation to do Research
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical
problems initiates research
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work
4. Desire to be of service to society
5. Desire to get respectability
 Types of Research
• Research can be classified in various ways
based on its purpose, methods, and
environment.
• Understanding the different types of research is
crucial for designing effective studies and
drawing meaningful conclusions.
• This presentation will explore the key
distinctions between the major types of
research, providing a comprehensive overview
to guide researchers and decision-makers.
 Descriptive vs. Analytical Research

Descriptive Research Analytical Research

Descriptive research focuses on Analytical research goes a step further,

describing the current state of affairs, analyzing available facts and
often through surveys and fact-finding information to make critical
inquiries. The researcher has no control evaluations.
over the variables and simply reports The researcher uses existing data to
what is happening. This type of research uncover underlying causes and draw
is useful for understanding trends and conclusions.
patterns. This type of research is more focused on
Eg: Frequency of shopping, preferences understanding the "why" behind
of people. phenomena.
 Applied vs Fundamental Research
Applied Research Fundamental research

Applied research aims to find solutions Fundamental research, also known as

for immediate, practical problems basic or pure research, is concerned
facing society or organizations. It is with expanding the overall body of
focused on discovering information that scientific knowledge. It seeks to uncover
can be directly applied to real-world new theories and make generalizations,
challenges. rather than solving specific problems.
 Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research Qualitative Research
Quantitative research is based on the Qualitative research, on the other hand,
measurement of quantity or amount. It is concerned with qualitative
is applicable to phenomena that can be phenomena, such as investigating the
expressed in terms of quantity, such as reasons behind human behavior. It
statistics and numerical data. often uses in-depth interviews and
projective techniques to uncover
underlying motives and desires.
 Conceptual Vs Empirical
Conceptual Research Empirical Research
Conceptual research is related to Empirical research, on the other hand,
abstract ideas or theories. It is often relies on experience or observation. It is
used by philosophers and thinkers to data-driven and involves experiments
develop new concepts or reinterpret or observations to test hypotheses and
existing ones. draw conclusions.
 Other Types of Research
Time-based Environment-based
Research can be either one-time or Research can be conducted in a field
longitudinal, depending on the time setting, laboratory, or through
frame of the study. simulation, depending on the
environment.

Purpose-based Historical
Research can be exploratory, Historical research utilizes historical
formalized, clinical, or sources to study ideas and events of the
decision-oriented, depending on its past.
purpose.
 Significance of Research
• Research is crucial for progress and invention,
driven by inquiry and doubt
• It encourages scientific, inductive thinking and
logical organization
• Research has become more important in
applied economics, solving business and
government issues
• It serves as a foundation for government
policies, including budgeting and resource
allocation
• Research helps in formulating alternative
policies and assessing their potential impacts
 Significance of Research
• Research supports policy-making, even if
decision-making itself isn’t a direct part of research
• Government programs are closely linked to
economic conditions, requiring research for
effective solutions
• Research helps allocate national resources
effectively, covering various sectors like agriculture,
business, industry, and defense
• Collecting data on the nation's economic and social
structure is essential and involves complex research
efforts
• Government research has three phases:
investigating the economic structure, diagnosing
current events, and forecasting future
developments
 Significance of Research
• Research is crucial in solving business problems through
operations, market, and motivational research, aiding
decision-making. Market research helps businesses
formulate policies on purchasing, production, and sales
by understanding market trends and structure.
• Operations research uses mathematical and analytical
techniques to solve optimization problems in business,
like cost reduction and profit maximization.
• Business budgeting, sales forecasting, and production
planning are all grounded in research, replacing intuitive
decisions with scientific ones.
• Social science research seeks to understand human
interactions and provide practical solutions for
improving social relationships and addressing societal
issues.
 In addition to what has been stated above, the
significance of research can also be understood keeping
in view the following points

• To those students who are to write a master’s or

Ph.D. thesis, research may mean a careerism or a
way to attain a high position in the social structure;
• To professionals in research methodology, research
may mean a source of livelihood;
• To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean
the outlet for new ideas and insights;
• To literary men and women, research may mean the
development of new styles and creative work;
• To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean
the generalizations of new theories.
 Research methodology
when we talk of research methodology we not
only talk of the research methods but also
consider the logic behind the methods we use
in the context of our research study and
explain why we are using a particular
method or technique and why we are not
using others so that research results are
capable of being evaluated either by the
researcher himself or by others.
 Research method and Methodology
• Research methods may be understood as all those
methods/techniques that are used for conduction of
research. Research methods or techniques, thus, refer
to the methods the researchers use in performing
research operations.
• In other words, all those methods which are used by
the researcher during the course of studying his
research problem are termed as research methods
• Since the object of research, particularly the applied
research, it to arrive at a solution for a given
problem, the available data and the unknown
aspects of the problem have to be related to each
other to make a solution possible
 Research method and Methodology
Keeping this in view, research methods can be put into
the following three groups:
1. In the first group we include those methods which
are concerned with the collection of data. These
methods will be used where the data already
available are not sufficient to arrive at the required
solution;
2. The second group consists of those statistical
techniques which are used for establishing
relationships between the data and the unknowns;
3. The third group consists of those methods which
are used to evaluate the accuracy of the results
obtained.
 Research and Scientific Method
Research methodology is a way to systematically
solve the research problem. It may be
understood as a science of studying how
research is done scientifically.
In it we study the various steps that are generally
adopted by a researcher in studying his
research problem along with the logic behind
them.
It is necessary for the researcher to know not only
the research methods/techniques but also the
methodology
 Importance of Knowing How
Research is Done
• Knowledge of research methodology is essential for aspiring
researchers as it equips them with the tools and techniques
necessary for effective and objective research.
• Understanding research methods helps individuals develop
disciplined thinking and improves their ability to conduct and
evaluate research confidently.
• This knowledge is valuable in various fields like government,
business administration, and social work, where research
results inform decision-making.
• Learning research methodology offers an intellectual tool for
understanding and analyzing everyday experiences and
practical problems objectively.
• In a scientific age, familiarity with research methods enables
consumers of research results to critically evaluate their
validity and make informed, rational decisions.
Research Process
Formulating the Research Problem
• Research problems can be categorized into those related to states of
nature and relationships between variables.
• The first step in research is selecting and defining a specific problem.
• The formulation of a research problem involves understanding it
thoroughly and rephrasing it into analytical terms for clarity and
precision.
• Researchers should consult colleagues, experts, or guides to refine the
problem and define it in operational terms, especially in academic or
organizational settings.
• Reviewing both conceptual and empirical literature helps the
researcher become familiar with the problem and available data for
operational purposes.
• Defining the research problem unambiguously is critical as it guides
data collection, analysis methods, and the overall research direction,
ensuring relevance and accuracy.
 Extensive literature survey:
• After formulating the research problem, a brief summary
should be written down, especially for thesis submissions
requiring approval from relevant committees.
• A thorough literature survey is essential, utilizing abstracting
and indexing journals, as well as published and unpublished
bibliographies.
• Relevant academic journals, conference proceedings,
government reports, and books should be explored, depending
on the research topic.
• The literature review process often leads from one source to
another, building a comprehensive understanding of the
subject.
• Reviewing similar earlier studies is crucial, and having access
to a well-stocked library greatly aids this process.
 Development of working hypotheses
How does one go about developing working hypotheses? The
answer is by using the following approach.

(a) Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem, its
origin and the objectives in seeking a solution;
(b) Examination of data and records, if available, concerning the
problem for possible trends, peculiarities and other clues;
(c) Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on
similar problems; and
(d) Exploratory personal investigation which involves original
field interviews on a limited scale with interested parties and
individuals with a view to secure greater insight into the
practical aspects of the problem.
 Preparing the research design
The preparation of the research design, appropriate for a
particular research problem, involves usually the
consideration of the following:
(i) the means of obtaining the information;
(ii) the availability and skills of the researcher and his
staff (if any);
(iii) explanation of the way in which selected means of
obtaining information will be organized and the
reasoning leading to the selection;
(iv) the time available for research; and
(v) the cost factor relating to research, i.e., the finance
available for the purpose.
 Determining sample design
• Deliberate sampling
• Simple random sampling
• Systematic sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Quota sampling
• Cluster sampling and area sampling
• Multi-stage sampling
• Sequential sampling
 Determining sample design contd..
Deliberate sampling
• Deliberate sampling, also called purposive or non-probability
sampling, involves intentionally selecting specific units from the
population to form a representative sample.
• Convenience sampling occurs when population elements are chosen
based on ease of access, such as selecting a fixed number of petrol
stations to interview gasoline buyers.
• Convenience sampling can lead to biased results, especially when the
population is not homogeneous.
• In judgment sampling, the researcher uses their judgment to select
items they believe are representative of the population.
• An example of judgment sampling would be selecting a group of
college students to gather feedback on a new teaching method.
• Judgment sampling is commonly used in qualitative research,
particularly for developing hypotheses rather than generalizing to
larger populations.
 Determining sample design contd..
Simple random sampling
• This type of sampling, known as chance or probability
sampling, ensures that each item in the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
• In a finite population, every possible sample has the same
probability of being selected.
• For example, to select 300 items from a universe of 15,000, one
could use a lottery or random number tables.
• Random number tables assign a number to each item, and then
300 random numbers are selected systematically.
• If a selected number exceeds the population size, it is skipped,
and the next relevant number is chosen, ensuring a truly
random sample.
• In an infinite population, each item is selected with the same
probability, and successive selections are independent.
 Determining sample design contd..
Systematic sampling
• In some instances the most practical way of sampling is
to select every 15th name on a list, every 10th house on
one side of a street and so on.
• Sampling of this type is known as systematic sampling.
An element of randomness is usually introduced into this
kind of sampling by using random numbers to pick up
the unit with which to start.
• This procedure is useful when sampling frame is
available in the form of a list. In such a design the
selection process starts by picking some random point in
the list and then every nth element is selected until the
desired number is secured.
 Determining sample design contd..
Stratified sampling
• If the population from which a sample is to be drawn
does not constitute a homogeneous group, then stratified
sampling technique is applied so as to obtain a
representative sample.
• In this technique, the population is stratified into a
number of no overlapping subpopulations or strata and
sample items are selected from each stratum.
• If the items selected from each stratum is based on
simple random sampling the entire procedure, first
stratification and then simple random sampling, is
known as stratified random sampling
 Determining sample design contd..
Quota sampling
• In stratified sampling the cost of taking random samples
from individual strata is often so expensive that
interviewers are simply given quota to be filled from
different strata, the actual selection of items for sample
being left to the interviewer’s judgement. This is called
quota sampling.
• The size of the quota for each stratum is generally
proportionate to the size of that stratum in the
population.
• Quota sampling is thus an important form of
non-probability sampling. Quota samples generally
happen to be judgment samples rather than random
samples.
 Determining sample design contd..
Cluster sampling and area sampling
• Cluster sampling involves dividing the population into groups,
or clusters, and then selecting entire clusters rather than
individual elements.
• For example, a store with 15,000 credit card holders could
form 100 clusters of 150 customers each, and then randomly
select a few clusters for the sample.
• To achieve the same level of accuracy as simple random
sampling, the sample size in cluster sampling usually needs to
be larger.
• Cluster sampling may increase the risk of order bias and other
errors, which need to be considered in the research design.
• Despite potential biases, cluster sampling simplifies the
sampling process and improves the efficiency of fieldwork,
especially for personal interviews.
 Determining sample design contd..
Area sampling
Area sampling is quite close to cluster sampling and is often
talked about when the total geographical area of interest
happens to be big one.
• Under area sampling we first divide the total area into a
number of smaller non-overlapping areas, generally
called geographical clusters, then a number of these
smaller areas are randomly selected, and all units in
these small areas are included in the sample.
• Area sampling is specially helpful where we do not have
the list of the population concerned. It also makes the
field interviewing more efficient since interviewer can do
many interviews at each location.
 Determining sample design contd..
Multi stage sampling
• This is a further development of the idea of cluster
sampling. This technique is meant for big inquiries
extending to a considerably large geographical area
like an entire country.
• Under multi-stage sampling the first stage may be to
select large primary sampling units such as states,
then districts, then towns and finally certain
families within towns.
• If the technique of random-sampling is applied at
all stages, the sampling procedure is described as
multi-stage random sampling.
 Determining sample design contd..
• Sequential sampling: This is somewhat a
complex sample design where the ultimate
size of the sample is not fixed in advance but
is determined according to mathematical
decisions
• On the basis of information yielded as
survey progresses. This design is usually
adopted under acceptance sampling plan in
the context of statistical quality control
 Collecting the data
• Primary data can be collected either through
experiment or through survey.
• If the researcher conducts an experiment, he
observes some quantitative measurements,
or the data, with the help of which he
examines the truth contained in his
hypothesis.
• But in the case of a survey, data can be
collected by any one or more of the following
ways:
 Collecting the data
(i) By observation
(ii) Through personal interview
(iii) Through telephone interviews
(iv) By mailing of questionnaires
(v) Through schedules
 Execution of the project
• The execution of a research project is crucial for
collecting adequate and reliable data, and it should be
done systematically and within the timeline.
• If using structured questionnaires, coding the questions
and answers allows for efficient machine processing of
data.
• For data collected through interviews, proper selection
and training of interviewers is essential, with the help of
instruction manuals and regular field checks.
• The survey should be monitored for unanticipated
factors, and steps must be taken to maintain statistical
control, ensuring data accuracy.
• To address non-response, methods like creating a list of
non-respondents and taking a sub-sample for follow-up
with expert assistance can be effective.
 Hypothesis testing
• After analyzing the data, the researcher can test the
hypotheses formulated earlier to see if the facts
support or contradict them.
• Various statistical tests, such as the Chi-square test,
t-test, and F-test, are available for hypothesis
testing, depending on the nature of the research.
• The chosen test(s) will either lead to the acceptance
or rejection of the hypothesis.
• If no hypotheses were initially formulated,
generalizations based on the data can be stated as
new hypotheses for future testing.
• Hypothesis testing is a key step in confirming or
refining the research findings.
Generalizations and interpretation
• If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several
times, it may be possible for the researcher to
arrive at generalization, i.e., to build a theory.
As a matter of fact, the real value of research
lies in its ability to arrive at certain
generalizations.
• If the researcher had no hypothesis to start
with, he might seek to explain his findings on
the basis of some theory.
• It is known as interpretation. The process of
interpretation may quite often trigger off new
questions which in turn may lead to further
researches.
Preparation of the report or the thesis:
• The layout of the report should be as
follows: (i) the preliminary pages; (ii) the
main text, and (iii) the end matter.
• In its preliminary pages the report should
carry title and date followed by
acknowledgements and foreword. Then
there should be a table of contents followed
by a list of tables and list of graphs and
charts, if any, given in the report.
Preparation of the report or the thesis
The main text of the report should have the following parts:
(a) Introduction: It should contain a clear statement of the
objective of the research and an explanation of the
methodology adopted in accomplishing the research. The
scope of the study along with various limitations should
as well be stated in this part.
(b) Summary of findings: After introduction there would
appear a statement of findings and recommendations in
non-technical language. If the findings are extensive, they
should be summarized.
(c) Main report: The main body of the report should be
presented in logical sequence and broken-down into
readily identifiable sections.
(d) Conclusion: Towards the end of the main text, researcher
should again put down the results of his research clearly
and precisely. In fact, it is the final summing up.
Preparation of the report or the thesis
At the end of the report,
1. Appendices should be enlisted in respect of all technical
data. Bibliography, i.e., list of books, journals, reports,
etc., consulted, should also be given in the end. Index
should also be given specially in a published research
report.
2. Report should be written in a concise and objective style
in simple language avoiding vague expressions such as ‘it
seems,’ ‘there may be’, and the like.
3. Charts and illustrations in the main report should be used
only if they present the information more clearly and
forcibly.
4. Calculated ‘confidence limits’ must be mentioned and the
various constraints experienced in conducting research
operations may as well be stated
 Criteria of Good Research
1. The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common
concepts be used.
2. The research procedure used should be described in sufficient detail to
permit another researcher to repeat the research for further
advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained.
3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield
results that are as objective as possible.
4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural
design and estimate their effects upon the findings.
5. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its
significance and the methods of analysis used should be appropriate. The
validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully.
6. Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the
research and limited to those for which the data provide an adequate
basis.
7. Greater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is
experienced, has a good reputation in research and is a person of integrity
Problems Encountered by Researchers
in India
• The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of
research
• There is insufficient interaction
• There is the need for generating the confidence that
the information/data obtained from a business unit
will not be misused
• Research studies overlapping one another are
undertaken quite often for want of adequate
information
• There does not exist a code of conduct for researchers
and inter-university and interdepartmental
• Rivalries are also quite common.
Problems Encountered by Researchers
in India
• Many researchers in our country also face the
difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial
assistance, including computerial assistance
• Library management and functioning is not
satisfactory at many places and much of the time
and energy of researchers are spent in tracing
out the books, journals, reports, etc., rather than
in tracing out relevant material from them
• There is also the problem that many of our
libraries are not able to get copies of old and new
Acts/Rules, reports and other government
publications in time
Problems Encountered by Researchers
in India
• There is also the difficulty of timely
availability of published data from various
government and other agencies doing this
job in our country.
• There may, at times, take place the problem
of conceptualization and also problems
relating to the process of data collection and
related things.
 Questions
1. Briefly describe the different steps involved in a research process.
2. What do you mean by research? Explain its significance in modern times.
3. Distinguish between Research methods and Research methodology.
4. Describe the different types of research, clearly pointing out the
difference between an experiment and a survey.
5. Write short notes on:
i. Design of the research project;
ii. Ex post facto research;
iii. Motivation in research;
iv. Objectives of research;
v. Criteria of good research;
vi. Research and scientific method.
6. “Empirical research in India in particular creates so many problems for
the researchers”. State the problems that are usually faced by such
researchers.(Raj. Univ. EAFM., M. Phil. Exam., 1979)
 Questions contd..
7. “A research scholar has to work as a judge and derive the truth and
not as a pleader who is only eager to prove his case in favor of his
plaintiff.” Discuss the statement pointing out the objectives of research.
8. “Creative management, whether in public administration or private
industry, depends on methods of inquiry that maintain objectivity,
clarity, accuracy and consistency”. Discuss this statement and examine
the significance of research”.(Raj. Univ. EAFM., M. Phil. Exam., 1978)
9. “Research is much concerned with proper fact finding, analysis
and evaluation.” Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons in
support of your answer.
10. It is often said that there is not a proper link between some of the
activities under way in the world of academics and in most business
in our country. Account for this state of affairs and give suggestions for
improvement.
RM&IPR
Module-1
Part-2
 Defining Research Problem
❖ Meaning
❖ Selecting the research problem
❖ Need for defining the problem
❖ Technique for defining a Problem

2
Research problem-Meaning
• A research problem is a specific question, problem, or difficulty
that needs to be investigated or analysed.
• A research problem is a specific and well defined issue or
question that a researcher seeks to investigate through
research. It is the starting point of any research project, as it
sets the direction, scope, and purpose of the study.
• A research problem, is some difficulty which a researcher
experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical
setting and wants to obtain a solution for the same.

3
Research problem- components
• There must be some objective(s) to be attained at.
• There must be an Individual/A group which has some difficulty
or the problem.
• There must be alternative ways for obtaining the objectives(s)
one wishes to attain.
• There must be some environment(s) to which the difficulty
pertains

4
 Research problem –selection
• Following points must be considered:
❖ The importance of the subject , the qualifications and expertise &
training of a research , the costs involved, the time factor are must be
considered in selecting a problem.
❖ Topic which is overdone should not be normally chosen, as it will be
difficult task to draw new conclusion on that topic.
❖ Controversial subject should not normally be chosen.
❖ Too narrow or too vague problems should be avoided.
❖ The topic selected for re-search should be familiar & feasible so that
they related research materials or sources of research are within one’s
reach.
❖ The selection of a problem must be preceded by preliminary study. 5
Defining the problem-Need
“A problem clearly stated is a problem half solved”
A properly defined research problem will enable the researcher to be
on the track whereas an ill –defined problem may confuse the
researcher.
Step of highest importance.

6
Defining a problem -techniques
• State the problem in general way
• Understanding the nature or problem.
• Survey the available literature
• Developing the ideas through discussions
• Rephrasing the research problem.

7
 Continued..
•State the problem in a general way: Identify the broad issue or
question that you want to investigate.
•Understand the nature of the problem: Delve deeper into the
problem, exploring its scope, context, and potential implications.
•Survey the available literature: Review existing research, theories,
and studies related to your problem to gain insights and identify
knowledge gaps.
•Developing the ideas through discussions: Collaborate with others,
such as experts or peers, to discuss and refine your research ideas.
•Rephrasing the research problem: Based on your understanding and
discussions, refine the problem statement into a clear, focused, and
researchable question. 8
Research Methodology And IPR

Module-2

Research Design

Design of sampling survey

Data Collection
BMSIT&M, 2024-25
 MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection

and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance
to the research purpose with economy in procedure
Or
The research design is the conceptual structure within which
research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the
collection, measurement and analysis of data. As such the design
includes an outline of what the researcher will do from writing
the hypothesis and its operational implications to the final
analysis of data.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25 2
 Research design into the following parts:
(a) The sampling design which deals with the method of
selecting items to be observed for the given study
(b) The observational design which relates to the
conditions under which the observations are to be made
(c) The statistical design which concerns with the
question of how many items are to be observed and how
the information and data gathered are to be analyzed
(d) The operational design which deals with the
techniques by which the procedures specified in the
sampling, statistical and observational designs can be
carried out.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 We can state the important features of a
research design as under:
(i) It is a plan that specifies the sources and types of information
relevant to the research problem.
(ii) It is a strategy specifying which approach will be used for
gathering and analyzing the data.
(iii) It also includes the time and cost budgets since most studies
are done under these two constraints. In brief, research design
must, at least, contain—
(a) a clear statement of the research problem;
(b) procedures and techniques to be used for gathering
information;
(c) the population to be studied; and
(d) methods to be used in processing and analysing data

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is needed because it facilitates the
smooth sailing of the various research operations,
thereby making research as efficient as possible yielding
maximal information with minimal expenditure of
effort, time and money.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 FEATURES OF A GOOD DESIGN
A research design appropriate for a particular research
problem, usually involves the consideration of the
following factors:

(i) The means of obtaining information

(ii) The availability and skills of the researcher and his
staff, if any;
(iii) The objective of the problem to be studied
(iv) The nature of the problem to be studied
(v) The availability of time and money for the research
work
BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO
RESEARCH DESIGN
1.Dependent and independent variables: A concept which
can take on different quantitative values is called a
variable. As such the concepts like weight, height, income
are all examples of variables.
2. Extraneous variable: Independent variables that are not
related to the purpose of the study but may affect the
dependent variable are termed as extraneous variables.
Suppose the researcher wants to test the hypothesis that
there is a relationship between children’s gains in social
studies achievement and their self-concepts.
3. Control: One important characteristic of a good
research design is to minimize the influence or effect of
extraneous variable(s).

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
Continue
4. Confounded relationship: When the dependent variable
is not free from the influence of extraneous variable(s),
the relationship between the dependent and independent
variables is said to be confounded by an extraneous
variable(s).
5. Research hypothesis: When a prediction or a
hypothesized relationship is to be tested by scientific
methods, it is termed as research hypothesis.
6. Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-testing
research: When the purpose of research is to test a
research hypothesis, it is termed as hypothesis-testing
research. It can be of the experimental design or of the
non-experimental design.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS
• Research design in case of exploratory research
studies
• Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic
research studies
• Research design in case of hypothesis-testing
research studies

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

Professor Fisher has enumerated three principles

of experimental designs:

(1) The Principle of Replication.

(2) The Principle of Randomization.
(3) The Principle of Local Control.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Principle of Replication
• Principle of Replication the experiment should be repeated more than once. Thus,
each treatment is applied in many experimental units instead of one. By doing so
the statistical accuracy of the experiments is increased.
Example:
Suppose we are to examine the effect of two varieties of rice. For this purpose, we may
divide the field into two parts and grow one variety in one part and the other variety in
the other part. We can then compare the yield of the two parts and draw conclusion on
that basis. But if we are to apply the principle of replication to this experiment, then we
first divide the field into several parts, grow one variety in half of these parts and the
other variety in the remaining parts. We can then collect the data of yield of the two
varieties and draw conclusion by comparing the same. The result so obtained will be
more reliable in comparison to the conclusion we draw without applying the principle
of replication. The entire experiment can even be repeated several times for better
results.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Principle of Randomization
• Principle of Randomization provides protection, when we conduct an
experiment, against the effect of extraneous factors by randomization. In
other words, this principle indicates that we should design or plan the
experiment in such a way that the variations caused by extraneous factors
can all be combined under the general heading of “chance.”
For instance,
If we grow one variety of rice, say, in the first half of the parts of a field and
the other variety is grown in the other half, then it is just possible that the soil
fertility may be different in the first half in comparison to the other half. If this
is so, our results would not be realistic. In such a situation, we may assign the
variety of rice to be grown in different parts of the field on the basis of some
random sampling technique i.e., we may apply randomization principle and
protect ourselves against the effects of the extraneous factors (soil fertility
differences in the given case). As such, through the application of the principle
of randomization, we can have a better estimate of the experimental error.
BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Principle of Local Control
Principle of Local Control is another important principle of experimental designs. Under
it the extraneous factor, the known source of variability, is made to vary deliberately
over as wide a range as necessary and this needs to be done in such a way that the
variability it causes can be measured and hence eliminated from the experimental error.
This means that we should plan the experiment in a manner that we can perform a
two-way analysis of variance, in which the total variability of the data is divided into
three components attributed to treatments (varieties of rice in our case), the extraneous
factor (soil fertility in our case) and experimental error.

In other words, according to the principle of local control, we first divide the field into
several homogeneous parts, known as blocks, and then each such block is divided into
parts equal to the number of treatments. Then the treatments are randomly assigned to
these parts of a block. Dividing the field into several homogenous parts is known as
‘blocking’. In general, blocks are the levels at which we hold an extraneous factor fixed,
so that we can measure its contribution to the total variability of the data by means of a
two-way analysis of variance. In brief, through the principle of local control we can
eliminate the variability due to extraneous factor(s) from the experimental error
BMSIT, CSE-2024-25 13
 Important Experimental Designs
Important experiment designs are as follows:

(a) Informal experimental designs:

(i) Before-and-after without control design.
(ii) After-only with control design.
(iii) Before-and-after with control design.

(b) Formal experimental designs:

(i) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design).
(ii) Randomized block design (R.B. Design).
(iii) Latin square design (L.S. Design).
(iv) Factorial designs BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Conclusion for Research Design

There are several research design and the researcher must decide
in advance of collection and analysis of data as to which design
would prove to be more appropriate for his research project.
He/she must give due weight to various points such as the type of
universe and its nature, the objective of his/her study, the
resource list or the sampling frame, desired standard of accuracy
and the like when taking a decision in respect of the design for
his research project.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey.
Introduction to Sampling Surveys:
Sampling surveys are a key tool in research, where a subset of the population (a sample)
is studied to make inferences about the entire population.

Why Sampling?: It’s often impractical or impossible to study every member of a

population due to constraints like time, cost, and accessibility. Sampling offers a
manageable way to gather data while maintaining accuracy.

Importance of Sampling Design:

A well-designed sampling survey ensures that the results are representative of the whole
population.
The effectiveness of the research depends on how well the sample represents the larger
population and how accurately data is collected.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey.
Components of Sampling Survey:
• Sample Design: The framework or strategy used to select the sample from the
population. Includes decisions like the size of the sample, sampling method, and
selection criteria.
• Data Collection: The process of gathering information from the sample using
techniques such as surveys, interviews, or observations.
• Error Management: Identifying and controlling potential sources of error, both
sampling and non-sampling errors, to enhance the reliability of the results.

Why It Matters:
A well-structured sampling design ensures that research findings can be generalized to
the larger population with confidence, which is critical in decision-making processes in
various fields like business, healthcare, and social sciences.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey.
Objective of Sample Design:
•To provide accurate, reliable data about the population.
•Define clear objectives to guide the sampling process.
•Helps determine the methodology and scope of the study.

Size of the Sample:

What is Sample Size?:
• The sample size refers to the number of individuals or units selected from the
population to participate in the study.
• The size of the sample has a direct impact on the accuracy and reliability of the
results. A larger sample tends to provide more accurate estimates of the population
parameters.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey.
Importance of Determining the Correct Sample Size:
• Accuracy of Results: A properly calculated sample size minimizes sampling errors
and ensures the results can be generalized to the entire population.
• Feasibility and Cost: While larger samples provide more precise results, they are also
more costly and time-consuming. The goal is to find a balance between accuracy and
resource constraints.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey.
Factors Influencing Sample Size:
1. Population Size: The larger the population, the larger the sample needs to be to
maintain the same level of accuracy.
2. Variance in the Population: Higher variability within the population requires a
larger sample size to capture the range of responses.
3. Confidence Level: Researchers typically use a 95% or 99% confidence level, which
means that if the study were repeated multiple times, the results would fall within the
same range 95% or 99% of the time. Higher confidence levels require larger samples.
4. Margin of Error: Also known as the "confidence interval," it indicates the range
within which the true population parameter is expected to fall. A smaller margin of
error requires a larger sample size.
5. Type of Study: Studies focusing on qualitative research may use smaller sample
sizes, while quantitative studies often require larger samples for statistical
significance.
BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey.
Consequences of an Incorrect Sample Size:
• Too Small: Results may be unreliable, leading to incorrect conclusions due to high
variability and increased sampling error.
• Too Large: Wastes resources without a proportional increase in the accuracy of the
results.

Methods to Calculate Sample Size:

Various statistical formulas and software tools can help calculate the appropriate sample
size based on the above factors. A common approach is the use of standard sample size
formulas for different types of studies (e.g., surveys, experiments).

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Parameter of
Definition: Interest.
A parameter of interest refers to the specific characteristic or metric of the population that
the researcher aims to estimate or study, such as the population mean, proportion, or
variance.

Why It's Important:

The parameter of interest determines the focus of the research and guides the sampling
process. For example, in a survey on income levels, the parameter of interest might be the
average income (mean) of the population.

Role in Sample Design:

The choice of the parameter influences the choice of the sampling technique and size. For
example, estimating a mean may require different sampling techniques than estimating a
proportion. BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Parameter of Interest.
Examples of Parameters:
Mean (e.g., average age or income).
Proportion (e.g., percentage of people using a product).
Standard deviation or variance (e.g., variation in test scores).

Goal:
The goal is to accurately estimate this parameter for the population using data from the
sample.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey –
Selection of Proper Sample Design

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey -
Selection
What is Sample Design?:of Proper Sample Design
Sample design refers to the method used to select units from the population for study. It
determines how the sample will be chosen and how data will be collected from the sample.

Types of Sample Designs:

•Probability Sampling:
•Every element of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected.
•Examples:
•Simple Random Sampling: Every individual has an equal chance of being selected.
•Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into subgroups (strata), and samples are
taken from each subgroup to ensure representation.
Advantages: Minimizes bias and allows for generalization of results to the population.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Selection of Proper Sample
Design.
•Non-Probability Sampling:
•Not all elements of the population have a chance of being included.
•Examples:
Convenience Sampling: Choosing individuals who are easiest to reach.
Judgment Sampling: The researcher selects individuals based on subjective
judgment.
Advantages: Easier and quicker to implement, often used in exploratory research.
Limitations: Results may not be generalizable to the entire population.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey -
Selection
Criteria ofSample
for Selecting Proper Proper
Design: Sample Design
• Nature of Research: Quantitative studies often require probability sampling for
statistical validity, while qualitative studies may use non-probability methods for more
in-depth exploration.
• Cost and Time: Probability sampling methods can be more time-consuming and
expensive than non-probability methods.
• Accuracy Needed: If high accuracy and generalization are critical, probability
sampling is preferred.

Goal of Sample Design:

The goal is to select a sample that best represents the population while balancing
practical constraints such as time, cost, and effort.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Sampling Errors.
What are Sampling Errors?:
• Sampling error occurs when the sample selected does not perfectly represent the
population, leading to differences between the sample statistic and the actual
population parameter.
• These errors arise naturally due to the use of a subset of the population rather than
studying the entire population.
Types of Sampling Errors:
•Random Sampling Error:
• Occurs due to chance variations when a sample is drawn.
• Even with proper random sampling methods, there can still be differences between the
sample and population, simply because not every individual is included.
• This error decreases as the sample size increases.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Sampling Errors.
•Systematic Sampling Error:
• Caused by flaws in the sampling process.
• For example, if a sample is drawn from a biased subset of the population (e.g.,
sampling only urban areas for a nationwide study), the results will not reflect the true
population.
• This error does not decrease with an increase in sample size and must be addressed by
improving the sampling method.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Sampling Errors.
Impact of Sampling Errors:
Sampling errors affect the accuracy and reliability of research findings.

•Mitigating Sampling Errors:

• Increasing the sample size helps reduce random sampling error.
• Using proper, unbiased sampling techniques (such as probability sampling) helps
reduce systematic sampling error.

•Importance of Recognizing Sampling Errors:

• Researchers must understand the potential for error and plan to minimize it. Reporting
on these errors helps assess the reliability of the results and whether they can be
generalized to the broader population.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Non-Sampling

• What are Non-Sampling Errors?: Errors.

• Non-sampling errors occur not because of how the sample was selected but due to
problems in the data collection process, data processing, or response errors.
• These errors can occur even in a census where the entire population is surveyed.

• Types of Non-Sampling Errors:

Response Errors:
• Occurs when respondents provide incorrect or incomplete information.
• Causes: Misunderstanding questions, unwillingness to provide honest answers, or
errors in recording responses.
• Can be reduced by clear questionnaire design and proper interviewer training.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Non-Sampling Errors.
Non-Response Errors:
• Occurs when a significant portion of the sampled population fails to respond.
• This can result in biased findings if the characteristics of non-respondents differ from
those who do respond.
• Strategies to reduce non-response: Follow-up with non-respondents, offering
incentives, or providing multiple modes of participation.
Measurement Errors:
• Arise due to flaws in the measurement instrument, such as poorly designed surveys or
faulty data collection tools.
• Can be reduced by using standardized instruments and piloting the survey before full
implementation.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Non-Sampling Errors.
Processing Errors:
• These occur during data handling, such as errors in data entry, coding, or analysis.
• Mitigated by thorough data validation checks and using automated data entry systems
where possible.

Impact of Non-Sampling Errors:

• These errors can lead to biased or inaccurate results and are often more difficult to
detect than sampling errors.

Strategies to Reduce Non-Sampling Errors:

• Pretesting questionnaires and procedures to identify potential issues.
• Training data collectors and interviewers thoroughly.
• Implementing quality control measures during data entry and analysis.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Data
Collection:
Experiments:Experiments and Surveys.
• In an experiment, researchers manipulate one or more independent variables and
observe their effect on dependent variables.
• Purpose: To establish cause-and-effect relationships by controlling all other factors
that might influence the outcome.
• Process:
1 Define a hypothesis.
2 Manipulate a variable (e.g., treatment vs. control group).
3 Measure the effect on the outcome variable.
• Advantages: High internal validity due to control over variables; allows researchers to
make strong inferences about causality.
• Disadvantages: Artificial settings may not represent real-world situations, limiting
external validity (generalizability).

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Data Collection:
Experiments and Surveys.
Surveys:
Surveys collect information by asking respondents questions about their characteristics,
behaviors, attitudes, or opinions.
• Types of Surveys:
1 Cross-sectional: Collects data at a single point in time.
2 Longitudinal: Collects data from the same subjects over time.
• Modes of Conducting Surveys:
1 Face-to-Face: In-person interviews, which offer deeper insights but are
time-consuming and expensive.
2 Telephone/Online: Quicker and more cost-effective but may face low response
rates.
3 Mail: Traditional, but slow and often suffers from non-response issues.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Data Collection:
Experiments and Surveys.
Advantages:
• Can cover large populations quickly.
• Flexible in terms of content and format.
• Cost-effective, especially for online or telephone surveys.

Disadvantages:
• Prone to biases like non-response bias (people who don't participate may differ
significantly from those who do).
• The accuracy of the data depends on the quality of the survey design, especially the
wording of questions.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Data Collection:
Experiments and Surveys.
Comparison:
• Experiments provide higher control over variables, allowing researchers to draw
causal relationships, but they may lack real-world applicability.
• Surveys are better suited for gathering data from larger populations and for
understanding opinions, behaviors, or trends but may be limited in their ability to
determine causality.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Collection of
Primary Data: Observation
What is the Observation Method?:
Method.
• Involves directly watching and recording behaviors, actions, or events as they occur in
their natural environment.
• It is used when the researcher wants to gather real-time, unbiased data without relying
on the responses of subjects.

Types of Observation:
•Structured Observation:
• Predetermined categories and criteria are used to observe and record behaviors.
• More formal, and often used when specific behaviors or outcomes need to be tracked.
• Example: Counting how many times a product is picked up by customers in a store.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Collection of Primary Data:
Observation Method.
•Unstructured Observation:
• More open-ended, without predetermined categories.
• The observer records everything relevant without a strict focus, allowing for a broader
understanding.
• Example: Observing general customer behavior in a shopping mall to identify trends.

•Participant Observation:
• The observer becomes actively involved in the situation they are studying.
• Useful when the behavior of the group being studied changes when outsiders are
present.
• Example: A researcher joins a community group to observe their interaction patterns
from within.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Collection of Primary Data:
Observation Method.
•Non-Participant Observation:
• The observer remains detached and does not interact with the subjects.
• Minimizes the influence of the observer on the behavior of those being observed.
• Example: Watching shoppers in a store from a distance without interacting with them.

•Advantages of the Observation Method:

• Real-time Data: Allows for the collection of live, authentic behavior, avoiding biases
introduced by self-report methods (e.g., surveys).
• Contextual Information: Provides insights into the setting, environment, and context in
which behaviors occur, which might be missed through other methods.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Collection of Primary Data:
Observation Method.
•Disadvantages:
• Observer Bias: The observer's subjectivity can affect how behaviors are interpreted or
recorded.
• Time-Consuming: Observation, especially unstructured, can take a long time and may
require repeated visits.
• Limited Scope: Since it captures specific moments, it may not provide enough data for
generalization, especially in large populations.

•Applications:
• Widely used in fields like anthropology, marketing research (e.g., customer behavior
studies), education (e.g., classroom observation), and social sciences to gain deeper
insight into behavior and social interactions.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Collection of
•What is Secondary Data?: Secondary Data.
• Secondary data refers to data that has already been collected and published by other
researchers, organizations, or institutions. It is data that wasn’t specifically collected
for the current study but is instead repurposed for new analysis or insights.
•Sources of Secondary Data:
• Government Publications: Census data, economic surveys, statistical yearbooks, and
other government reports.
• Research Studies: Published journal articles, dissertations, and reports from previous
research.
• Business and Market Reports: Industry reports, company publications, financial
data.
• Media and Online Databases: News articles, reports from websites, academic
databases (e.g., JSTOR, PubMed).

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Collection of Secondary
Data.
•Advantages of Secondary Data:
• Time-Saving: Since the data is already available, it saves time that would otherwise
be spent on primary data collection.
• Cost-Effective: Using existing data eliminates the need for the expensive processes of
collecting new data.
• Larger Datasets: Often, secondary data can provide access to larger datasets than a
researcher could gather independently, enabling broader analysis.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Collection of Secondary
Data.
•Key Considerations When Using Secondary Data:
• Source Credibility: Ensure that the data is from a reputable, reliable source (e.g.,
official government reports, peer-reviewed academic journals).
• Data Fit: Evaluate whether the data is relevant to your research question and if it
covers the necessary time frame, geographic region, or population.
• Data Completeness: Check if the dataset provides comprehensive coverage of the
variables needed for analysis.
•Applications:
• Secondary data is widely used in fields like economics, marketing, education, and
healthcare. For example, a researcher might analyze census data to study population
trends or use financial data from company reports to assess market performance.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Collection of Secondary
Data.
•Disadvantages of Secondary Data:
• Relevance: The data may not be entirely aligned with the specific needs of the current
research project. The variables, definitions, or scope might differ from what’s
required.
• Outdated Data: Secondary data might not be up-to-date, especially in rapidly
changing fields like technology, economics, or public opinion.
• Accuracy and Reliability: There may be concerns about how the data was collected,
processed, and reported. Researchers must assess whether the source is credible and
whether the data is accurate.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Selection of
Appropriate Method for Data
Collection.
•Importance of Choosing the Right Data Collection Method:
• Selecting the most suitable method for data collection is crucial to ensure that the data
gathered is accurate, reliable, and relevant to the research objectives. The chosen
method should align with the nature of the research problem and the resources
available.
•Key Factors in Selecting Data Collection Methods:
•Nature of Research:
• Quantitative Research: Methods like surveys, experiments, or secondary data
analysis are typically used to gather numerical data that can be statistically analyzed.
• Qualitative Research: Interviews, focus groups, or observations are more suited for
exploratory studies where in-depth understanding of behaviors, opinions, or
experiences is needed.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Selection of Appropriate
Method for Data Collection.
•Objectives of the Study:
• If the goal is to understand cause-and-effect relationships, experiments or controlled
studies might be the best approach.
• If the goal is to gather descriptive data on opinions, behaviors, or trends across a large
population, surveys or questionnaires are effective.

•Time and Resource Constraints:

• Surveys and secondary data are more time- and cost-efficient for large-scale data
collection.
• Experiments and observations may be more resource-intensive but offer deeper
insights into specific variables or behaviors.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Selection of Appropriate
Method for Data Collection.
•Accuracy Required:
• Research requiring high accuracy, like scientific experiments or clinical trials, benefits
from controlled environments and well-designed experiments.
• For less precise needs, such as opinion polling or exploratory research, methods like
online surveys or interviews may suffice.

•Sample Size and Population:

• For large populations, surveys allow for broad data collection with minimal resources.
• For smaller, more specific groups, interviews or case studies provide deeper insight,
even with a smaller sample size.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
 Design of Sampling Survey - Selection of Appropriate
Method for Data Collection.
•Method Selection Examples:
• Surveys: Used when you need to gather information from a large number of
respondents about their behaviors, attitudes, or preferences.
• Experiments: Ideal when testing hypotheses in controlled environments to establish
cause-and-effect relationships.
• Interviews: Useful for qualitative research that seeks detailed, personal insights from
individuals.
• Observations: Best suited for studying behavior in natural settings where participants
may not be able to accurately report their actions.

Choosing the right data collection method depends on the balance between research
goals, accuracy, available time, and resources, ensuring that the method aligns with the
study's objectives and limitations.

BMSIT, CSE-2024-25
Interpretation and Report
Writing
Meaning of Interpretation
⚫ “Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from the
collected facts after an analytical and/or experimental study”.

⚫ Infact, it is a search for broader meaning of research findings

⚫ It is a also said to be a device through which the factors that
seem to explain what has been observed by researcher in the
course of the study can be better understood and it also
provides a theoretical conception which can serve as a
guide for further researches.
Reasons for required Interpretation
⚫ Usefulness and utility of research findings lie in
proper interpretation
⚫ Through interpretation researcher can understand the
abstract principle that works beneath his findings.
⚫ Researcher would be able to link with the other
studies.
⚫ Interpretation leads to the establishment of
explanatory concepts that can serve as a guide for
future research.
⚫ Researcher can better appreciate only
through interpretation why his findings
are what they are and can make others to
understand the real significance of his
research findings
Technique of Interpretation
⚫ Researcher must give reasonable explanations of the
relations which he has found and he must interpret the
lines of relationship in terms of the underlying
processes.
⚫ Extraneous information, if collected during the study,
must be considered while interpreting the final results
of research study, for it may prove to be a key factor
in understanding the problem under consideration.
⚫ Should consult someone having insight into to study and is
honest in pointing out omissions and errors in logical
argumentation before final interpretation.
⚫ All relevant factors affecting the problem must be
considered to avoid false generalization.
 Significance of Report Writing
⚫ Research task remains incomplete till the report with a
proper format has been presented and/or written.
⚫ Even the most brilliant hypothesis, highly well designed
and conducted research study, and the most striking
generalizations and findings are of little value unless
they are effectively communicated to others.
⚫ The purpose of research is not well
served unless the findings are made
known to others for sharing their
views and hence requires utmost care.
Different steps in Writing Report
⚫ Logical analysis of the subject matter
Preparation of the final outline
⚫ Preparation of the rough draft
⚫ Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft
⚫ Preparation of the final bibliography
⚫ Writing the final draft
Layout of the Research Report
⚫ Preliminary pages:
⚫ Title and date
⚫ Acknowledgement in the form of ‘Preface’ or ‘Foreword’
⚫ Table of contents
⚫ List of tables and figures
⚫ Abbreviations
⚫ Main Text:
⚫ Introduction
⚫ Literature survey
⚫ Research statement and the objectives
⚫ Research methodology (including sample design, method of
data collection)
⚫ Results
⚫ Implications of the results
⚫ Summary and conclusions
⚫ End Matter
⚫ (Bibliography, appendices, Index)
Types of Reports
⚫ Technical Report: is used whenever a full written
report of the study is required whether for record
keeping or for public dissemination.
⚫ Summary of Results
⚫ Nature of the study
⚫ Methods employed
⚫ Data
⚫ Analysis of data and presentation of findings
⚫ Conclusions
⚫ Bibliography
⚫ Technical appendices
⚫ Popular Report: is used if the research results have
policy implications. A general outline of a popular
report:
⚫ The findings and their implications
⚫ Recommendations for action
⚫ Objective of the study
⚫ Methods employed
⚫ Results
⚫ Technical appendices
Oral Presentation
⚫ “Oral presentation is useful as it provides
an opportunity for give-and-take decisions
which generally lead to a better
understanding of the findings and the
implications. But it lacks of any
permanent record concerning the research
details”.
⚫ Oral presentation is effective when
supplemented by various visual devices. Use of
slides, wall charts and blackboards is quite
helpful in contributing to clarity and in
reducing the boredom, if any.
Mechanics of Writing A Research Report
⚫ Size and physical design
⚫ Unruled paper 8 ½” * 11”
⚫ Margin of at least one and one & half inch from the left
⚫ Margins of one inch at the top and bottom
⚫ Layout and Procedure:
⚫ Depends on the objective and nature of the problem
⚫ Treatment of Quotations:
⚫ should be quotation marks and double space but if the
quotation is more than 4 lines then should be single spaced.
⚫ The footnotes
⚫ Footnotes are meant for cross references, citation of
authorities and sources, acknowledgement and explanation
of a point of view.
⚫ Footnote is not an end or a means of the display of
scholarship
⚫ Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page on which the
reference or quotation which they identify or supplement
ends.
⚫ Footnotes should be numbered usually begins with 1 in
each chapter
Precautions for writing Research Reports
⚫ A research report should not be dull; it should be such as to
sustain reader’s interest.
⚫ 2. Abstract terminology and technical terms should be avoided
in a research report. The report should be able to convey the
matter as simply as possible.
⚫ 3. Report must have a ready availability of the findings with
charts, graphs, statistical tables etc.
⚫ 4. The layout of the report should be well though out and must
be appropriate and in accordance with the objective of the
research problem.
⚫ The reports should be free from grammatical
mistakes and must be prepared strictly in
accordance with the techniques of composition
of report-writing such as the use of quotations,
footnotes, documentation proper punctuation
and use of abbreviations in footnotes and the
like.
⚫ The report must present the logical analysis of the subject
matter. It must reflect a structure wherein the different pieces
of analysis relating to the research problem fit well
⚫ 7. A research report should show originality and should
necessarily be attempt to solve some intellectual problem.
⚫ 8. Towards the end, the report must also state the policy
implications relating to the problem under consideration.
⚫ 9. Appendices should be enlisted in respect of all the technical
data in the report.
⚫ Bibliography of sources consulted is a must for a good
report and must necessarily be given.
⚫ 11. Index is also considered an essential part of a good
report and as such must be prepared and appended at the
end.
⚫ 12. Report must be attractive in appearance, neat and
clean, whether typed or printed
Introduction to IP, Patent
and Copyright
Module 4
Definition of Intellectual property
• WIPO (world Intellectual property organization) defines Intellectual property(IP)
as the creation of mind: inventions, literary, and artistic works and symbols, names,
images, and designs, used in commerce.

Examples of intellectual property rights include:

• Patents • Service marks
• Domain names • Logos
• Industrial design • Trademarks
• Confidential information • Design rights
• Inventions • Business or trade names
• Moral rights • Commercial secrets
• Database rights • Works of authorship
There are 7 different form of IP

3.Geographical
1. Copyright 2.Trade Mark 4.Industrial Design
Indication

6.Layout 7. Protection of
5.Patents Design(Topographies) Undisclosed
of Integrated circuits Information.
 Patent:
A patent is a form of intellectual property that grants its owner exclusive
rights to an invention for a limited period, usually 20 years from the filing
date. In exchange for these exclusive rights, the inventor must disclose
the details of the invention to the public, contributing to the body of
knowledge in that particular field.

Example: Apple's Face ID, Google's Self-Driving Navigation, Amazon's Drone Delivery, Nike's Self-Lacing
Shoes, Dr. Reddy's Anti-Cancer Drug, Ayurvedic Medicine Formulation, Mahindra's Electric Vehicle Charging
System, Flipkart's E-commerce Search Algorithm, Indian Railways' Ticketing System etc.
Copyright:
Copyright is a legal right that grants the creator exclusive rights over their
original works of authorship, preventing unauthorized use. Copyright protects
the original expression of ideas, covering literary, artistic, and musical works.

Examples:
• Films and Songs: Copyright protects scripts, songs, and movie content.
• Literary Works: Novels, poems, and essays are protected by copyright.
• Artistic Works: Paintings, sculptures, and photographs are covered.
• Software Code: Computer programs are protected by copyright.
• Television Shows and Serials: Scripts, characters, and episodes are copyrighted.
Trademark:
A trademark is a recognizable
sign, logo, symbol, design, or
expression that distinguishes
products or services and is
legally protected from
unauthorized use.
Industrial Design:
Industrial design protection covers the visual design of objects, focusing on the
aesthetic and ornamental aspects.
Trade secrets:
Trade secrets are confidential and proprietary information that provides
a business with a competitive advantage. Unlike patents, trademarks, or
copyrights, trade secrets are not publicly disclosed.

Ex: Coca Cola’s Formula, Google search Algorithm

Intellectual property V/S Physical property
Property is categorized into two types namely Physical and Intellectual.

Physical Property Intellectual Property

Exists in physical shape and is tangible Intangible in nature.
Invariable includes physical resources such as
Purely creation of human mind
metals, construction materials etc
Private in nature i.e. belongs to natural or legal
Both private and public in nature
person.
Available in limited quantity worldwide Can be created without an end.
Physical properties includes buildings, Intellectual Property can be owned, bought,
automobiles etc sold, rented and protected.
 • Exclusive rights on the use of IP is the biggest
motivational behind creation. Investors and artists are
encouraged .
Importance • It is the primary means of wealth creation in the
of society.

Intellectual • Customers are able to enjoy the improved goods and

services and are exposed to fabulous arts and literary
works.
property • Business organizations are able to generate profit
through increased revenue and profit.

• IP leads to cost saving in the society through better

production and saving the limited resources.
Classificatio
n of
Property
Trade Policy Reviews
• For ensuring transparency
• Transparency is ensured in two ways
• Government have to inform the WTO and the fellow members of specific
measures, policies or laws through regular notifications
• WTO conducts regular review of individual countries trade policies
• Frequency of review depends on size of the country (in terms of their
share of world trade)
• European Union, USA, Japan and Canada are examined once every
two years
• Next 16 countries are examined every four years
• Remaining countries are reviewed every six years
Agreement on Trips
•Aimed at doing way with the impediments to international trade
•Take into account the need for promoting effectiveness and
adequacy of protection of intellectual property rights
•Supports logic that the steps taken in the direction of enforcing
property rights do not emerge as the barriers to trade
Agreement on Trips continued…
• Agreement on TRIPS emphasized for the need for new rules that
include
1. The applicability of the basic principles of GATT along with the
relevant international intellectual property agreements and
conventions
2. Providing adequate standards and principles encompassing the
availability, scope and use of trade related intellectual property
rights
3. Providing effective and appropriate means for enforcing of trade
related intellectual property rights by factoring in the differences in
legal systems across the nations
4. Proving effective and prompt procedures for preventing the
disputes between governments and putting in place the mechanism
of dispute settlements
Fundamentals of Patent
Definition of Patent:
● A patent is “an intellectual property right relating to inventions and
the grant of exclusive right, for limited period, provided by the
Government to the patentee, in exchange of full discloure of his
invention, for excluding others, from making, using, selling, importing
the patented product or process producing that product for those
purposes”.
● A patent is an exclusive right granted by a country to the inventor,
allows the inventor to make, use, manufacture, and market the
invention.
● Patent is a territorial right, i.e. the patent is granted by respective
countries for enforcement in their nation. 16
Exclusivity and Limited Period:
● Exclusivity means that no one else can use, make, manufacture,
or market the invention without the patent holder's consent.
● This exclusive right is available for a limited period of time,
typically 20 years.

Impact of Other Laws:

● Other laws related to health, safety, food, security, etc., may
affect the use or exploitation of a patent.
● Existing patents in similar areas can also pose challenges.

17
Property Rights and Transferability:
● A patent is considered a property right and can be
gifted, inherited, assigned, sold, or licensed.
● However, the government can revoke the patent under
special circumstances.
Territorial Nature:
● Patent rights are territorial, requiring inventors to file
separate applications in countries of interest.

18
Encouragement of Scientific Research and Innovation:
● The objective of Patent Law, as per the Supreme Court, is to
encourage scientific research, new technology, and industrial
progress.
● Granting exclusive privileges stimulates new inventions.
Monopoly and Public Disclosure:
● The grant of a monopoly is the price for the disclosure of the
invention to the public.
● After the monopoly period, the invention becomes part of the
public domain.
19
Incentives for Inventors:
● Patents provide incentives to individuals by offering recognition
for their creativity and material rewards for marketable
inventions.
Exchange for Exclusive Rights:
● In exchange for exclusive rights, inventors must adequately
disclose the patented invention to the public.
Essential Consideration in Patent Granting:
● The disclosure of the invention is a crucial aspect of any patent
granting procedure.
20
21
Conditions for Grant of Patent:

Novelty: In order to pass the novelty test, your invention must be new and have not
been disclosed publicly prior to the file date of your patent application. It should not be
part of the prior art or existing knowledge. A comprehensive patent search assists in
establishing the originality of an invention.

Non-Obvious: The inventive step test, also known as the non-obviousness test, assesses
whether your invention represents a substantial advance or departure from extant
knowledge or practices. It should not be a solution that a knowledgeable individual in
the relevant field could have readily conceived.

Industrial Applicability: The industrial applicability test ensures that your invention has
a practical application and can be manufactured or utilised in any industry or business. It
should provide tangible benefits and perform a practical function.
22
Inventions that are not patentable (under Section 3 of the Patents Act, 1970 in India)

Frivolous or Contrary to Natural Laws:

● Examples include perpetual motion machines, machines producing output without input, and
machines claiming 100% efficiency.
Contrary to Public Order or Morality:
● Inventions contrary to public order or morality, causing serious prejudice to human, animal, or
plant life, or the environment are not patentable.
● Examples include devices for theft, counterfeiting currency, gambling, or inventions violating
social and cultural norms.
Discovery of Scientific Principles:
● Mere discovery of a scientific principle, abstract theory, or living/non-living substance occurring
in nature is not patentable.
● Exceptions are if the discovery leads to practical application in the manufacture of a substance
or article.
23
Inventions that are not patentable (under Section 3 of the Patents Act, 1970 in India)
New Forms of Known Substances:
● Mere discovery of a new form of a known substance without enhancing efficacy is not patentable.
● Salts, esters, ethers, polymorphs, etc., are considered the same substance unless they significantly
differ in properties with regard to efficacy.
Mere Admixture of Substances:
● Mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of properties is not patentable unless it exhibits
synergistic properties.
Arrangement or Duplication of Known Devices:
● Mere arrangement or duplication of known devices functioning independently is not patentable.
● A new combination must produce a new result or a better/cheaper article.
Method of Agriculture or Horticulture:
● Methods of agriculture or horticulture are not patentable.
Treatment of Humans or Animals:
● Processes for medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic, diagnostic, or therapeutic treatment of
humans or animals are not patentable. 24
Inventions that are not patentable (under Section 3 of the Patents Act, 1970 in India)

Plants, Animals, and Biological Processes:

● Plants and animals in whole or part, seeds, varieties, species, and essentially biological
processes for their production or propagation are not patentable.
Mathematical or Business Methods, Computer Programs:
● Mathematical methods, business methods, computer programs, and algorithms are not
patentable.
● Claims related to computer programs are examined to determine if they are computer
programs per se.
Aesthetic Creations:
● Literary, dramatic, musical, artistic works, cinematographic works, and other aesthetic
creations are not patentable but fall under copyright protection.
Mental Acts or Games:
● Schemes, rules, methods of performing mental acts, or playing games are not
patentable. 25
Inventions that are not patentable (under Section 3 of the Patents Act, 1970 in India)
Presentation of Information:
● Any presentation of information is not patentable.
Topography of Integrated Circuits:
● The topography of integrated circuits is not patentable, as it is covered under the
Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Layout Designs Act.
Traditional Knowledge:
● Inventions that are traditional knowledge, aggregations, or duplications of known properties
of traditionally known components are not patentable.

26
Temporal and Spatial Aspect of Patent

● Patent’s time and space parameters

● Term of every patent is 20 years from the date of filing of patent
application
● the patent is a territorial right, i.e. it is valid only within the
country in which it is granted.
● There is no term like 'world patent.

27
RIGHTS OF PATENTEE

● The Patent Act, 1970 and subsequent amendments in case of Product Patent provide
patentee (patent holder/s) exclusive right to prevent others from performing, without
authorization, the act of making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing that
product for using or sale for 20 years from the date of grant of product patent.
● In case of Process Patent, the Patent Act provides the patentee exclusive right to
exclude others from performing, without his authorization, the act of using that
process, using and offering for sale, selling or importing for those purposes, the
product obtained directly by that process in India for 20 years from the date of grant
of process patent.

28
Patent Office and Register of Patent
● The head office of Patents is at Kolkata
● It has branch offices at Mumbai, Chennai and New Delhi.
● The Controller of Patents, Designs and Trade Mark is the Controller of Patents.
● Each Patent Examiner has own area of expertise and keeps him/her updated regarding
inventions and developments in that particular field.
● The Patent Examiner does the three basic checks to examine the patentability of the invention.
● The Patent office also maintains Register of Patent, in which all particulars of the patentee,
viz. the name and address of patentee, the title of the invention, the date of the patent, the date
of sealing and the official number of the patent are mentioned.
● It also makes entry of assignment, transfers or revocation of Patents, if any. It is an important
legal document in the sense that in case or Patent dispute this is taken as prima facie evidence
admissible in the court of law.
● It is open to public inspection. In case of any error, it may be rectified only by the order of the
Controller.
29
Rights of Patentee:
1. Exclusive Use: The patentee has the exclusive right to make, use, sell, and import the
patented invention during the patent term.
2. Monopoly Control: Enjoying a temporary monopoly, the patentee can prevent others
from using, making, or selling the patented technology without permission.
3. Enforcement Authority: The patentee can enforce their rights by taking legal action
against infringers, seeking remedies such as injunctions and damages.
4. Licensing Privilege: The patentee may license others to use the patented invention,
allowing for revenue generation through royalties.
5. Commercialization: The patentee has the right to commercialize the patented
technology, bringing products or services to the market.
6. Defensive Use: The patentee can defensively assert their patent to counter
infringement claims or challenges.
7. Protection Against Unauthorized Use: The patentee has the right to prevent
unauthorized use, safeguarding their innovation and market position. 30
Conclusion:

Overall, the patent system is designed to balance the

interests of inventors, encouraging innovation, and the
public, ensuring that new knowledge becomes part of
the public domain after a certain period of exclusivity.

31
Copyright: Different classes
• Copyright (or author's right) is a
legal term used to describe the
rights that creators have over their
literary and artistic works.

• There are six different types of

copyright works.
Literary Works
• The Literary Works includes the original or unique creation of
literature, which can be in any form like a work of fiction, technical
books or paper, biography, dramatics, thesis, script, research work,
compilation, tables, and computer programs including computer
databases.
• It can be claimed regardless of the style, quality, or literary merit of
the work.
Dramatic Works
• The Dramatic Works includes any arrangement of acting a play, or a
part for recitation, or choreographing work or dumb show
entertainment, a picturesque arrangement, or acting work based on
a fixed writing work.
• Dramatic works does not include any type of cinematograph films.
Musical Works
• A Musical Work is a distinct work that is copyrightable in itself.
• The Musical Works does not include any sound or lyrics. Though
the works related to sound recordings are dependent on the
musical works, but for the protection of Musical Works, a separate
application is required to be moved with the Copyright Office for
the Registration of such musical work.
• The author of a sound recording is not required to take any
permission from the author of a Musical Work.
• For enjoying Copyright protection for a Musical Works, it is not
required that the Musical Work is written down.
Artistic Works
• protection of copyright in artwork exists in an original artistic work
comprising of sculptures, paintings, cartoons, graphics,
lithographs, etchings, drawings, plans, photography, diagrams,
models of buildings, charts, buildings, maps, molds and casts for
sculptures.
Cinematograph Films
• A cinematograph film is a work of visual recording together with the
sound recordings accomplished by any process, whether digital or
analogous, including the video films.
• It also includes visual recording in any medium and by any way of
storing such visual recording.
• As per the definition of cinematograph films, every single recorded
work with moving images or visuals will be considered a
cinematograph.
Sound Recordings
• A Sound Recording comprises of any work of sound recording
irrespective of its storage medium.
• The songs which contain singers voice with or without music, a
recorded speech or an audio, or podcast is the examples of sound
recording.
• In case the sound recording also contains music, so the permission
from the author of musical work is required to be obtained for the
Copyright protection of the sound recording.
Meaning of Publication
•The meaning of publication as per The Copyright Act, 1957 is
making a work available to the public by issue of copies, or by
communicating the work to the public.
•In case of infringement of copyright, the work will not be
deemed to be published.
•Section 5 of The Copyright Act, 1957 states that in case a work
is published simultaneously-one in India and other abroad, the
work published in India shall be deemed to be first published
in India; unless the other country provides a shorter term of
copyright for such work and the gap of publication date
between the two countries is less than thirty days.
Ownership of copyright
• The initial owner of the copyright is the person who does the creative work. If you wrote
the book or took the photograph, you are the copyright owner.
Literary, Dramatic, Artistic Work
• Under Section 17 (a) of the Copyright Act, 1957, where any literary, dramatic or artistic work is
made by an author in the course of his/her employment or service by the owner of a magazine,
newspaper or similar periodical under a contract of service or traineeship, for the purpose of
publishing the work of an author in a newspaper, magazine or any such periodical, etc., the owner,
in the absence of any prior agreement to the contrary, will be the first owner of the Copyright of
the work of the author.
• The rule, as mentioned above, applies so far as it relates to the publishing of the work in the
magazine, newspaper, etc. or the reproduction of the work for the purpose of work being so
published. But in all other cases, the author will be considered the first owner of the Copyright.
Photograph,
Painting, • As per Section 17 (b) of the Copyright Act, 1957,
the cases where a painting or portrait is drawn, or
Portrait, where a photograph is taken, or an engraving or
cinematographic film is made for a valued
Engraving Or consideration at the instance of any such person, in
Cinematographi the absence of any prior agreement to the contrary,
the person who paid valuable consideration will be
c Film the first owner of the Copyright.
Work Made In The Course Of Employment

• The Copyright Act, 1957, as per Section 17 (c), provides that in the case
where a work is made by the author in the course of employment under a
contract of service or traineeship, the employer or proprietor (not being
proprietor or owner of a magazine, newspaper or similar periodical), in the
absence of any prior agreement to the contrary, is the first owner of the
Copyright.
 Under Section 17 (d) of the Copyright
Government Act, 1957, in the case of any government

Work work, in the absence of any prior

agreement to the contrary, the government
will be the first owner of the Copyright.
 • As per Section 17 (dd) of the
Work Made Copyright Act, 1957, in the case
where any work is made or first
On Behalf Of published by or as per the control
A Public or direction of any public
undertaking, in the absence of any
Undertaking agreement to the contrary, such a
public undertaking will be the first
owner of Copyright.
 Licensing is defined under section 30 of the Indian
Copyrights Act (ICA). According to Section 30 and
31 of ICA:
The owner of the copyright in any existing work or the
potential owner of the copyright in any future work
may grant an interest in the right by license in writing
signed by him or by one of his duly authorized agent.
Examples:
Licensing • Book form made into film
• Book converted to drama
Conti……
Internet and Copyright Issues
• Individuals and organizations have access to plethora of information
on internet.
• Using any piece of these resources without acknowledging the source
may amount to copyright infringement .
• The general perception is that if there is copyright warning or the
copyright symbol is mentioned, then only it is copyright protected.
• It is not so, any content created by the rightful owner on the internet
is copyright protected, irrespective of the copyright warning.
• The Government of India has made two major laws, Copyright Act,
1957 and Information Technology Act, 2000 to ensure copyright
protection and also to facilitate secure electronic communication and
commerce in the country.
 Research Methodology and IPR_ 22RMI57
Module 5
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND IC Layout Design
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS ARE IMPORTANT
BRANDING TOOLS

• Just as trademark shapes and distinguish a

company’s corporate image, goods and services;

• An industrial design shapes the form of new

products to differentiate it from current products.

• Companies regularly launch new designs / new

models

• Industrial designs and trademarks are intellectual

property (ip) tools that contribute to a branding
strategy
 “AN INDUSTRIAL DESIGN IS
THE FORM OF A PRODUCT”
•Only the aesthetic/visual form of a product can be filed
and protected as an INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

• not the Technical (Patents) nor Distinguishing Features

(Trademarks)
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
(2D - Two dimension)
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS CAN DESIGNATE
NATIONAL CULTURE & FOLKLORE

2D GRAPHIC Designs
 3D COMPUTER GRAPHIC DESIGN

APPLYING FOR A PROTECTION OF NEW AND ORIGINAL DESIGNS

ENABLE OWNERS TO PROPOSE A LICENSE TO CREATE NEW INCOMES
AND/OR RECEIVE ROYALTIES
THIS IS POSSIBLE ONLY ONCE THE FORMAL PROTECTION IS
LEGALLY AGREED. A DESIGN IS ALSO AUTOMATICALLY
PROTECTED BY THE COPYRIGHT SYSTEM
 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
COMIC CHARACTER - GRAPHIC DESIGN
 “DISNEY DIGITAL 3D
DESIGN”

THE NEW CHICKEN STAR

CHARACTER
 Orchid Brooch, Tiffany &
Co, New York, 1889,

FRANCKMULLER
FRANCK MULLER

Bunny Bangle, Daniel

Brush, 1988-1992
 The Value of a Creative Design

• Makes a product attractive and appealing

• Target specific market segments

• Create a new market niche

• Strengthen brands

• Launch a new style of products and increase

consumer’s demand
 Industrial Design

As per The Designs Act, 2000

“Design” means only the features of shape, configuration,

pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colours
applied to any article whether in two dimensional or three
dimensional or in both forms, by any industrial process or
means, whether manual, mechanical or chemical, separate
or combined, which in the finished article appeal to and are
judged solely by the eye; but does not include any mode or
principle of construction or anything which is in substance
a mere mechanical device”
• “article” means any article of manufacture and
any substance, artificial, or partly artificial and
partly natural; and includes any part of an article
capable of being made and sold separately;
 Registration of designs

The following types of design “ are not registrable under the

Designs Act, 2000:
A design which—
(a) is not new or original; or
(b) has been disclosed to the public anywhere in India or in any
other country by publication in tangible form or by use or in any
other way prior to the filing date, or where applicable, the priority
date of the application for registration; or
(c) is not significantly distinguishable from known designs or
combination of known designs; or
(d) comprises or contains scandalous or obscene matter
The Controller-General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks
appointed (CGPDTM) is the Controller of Designs
Conditions for Registration of
Industrial Designs
Procedure For Registration Of
Industrial Designs
 Register of designs

(1) There shall be kept at the patent office a book called the
register of designs, wherein shall be entered the names and
addresses of proprietors of registered designs, notifications of
assignments and of transmissions of registered designs

(2) The register is maintained wholly or partly on computer

floppies and diskettes

(3) The Controller, on the written request of applicant, may correct

any clerical error in the representation of a design or in the
name or address of proprietor of any design or any other
matterin the register of design.
 Powers And Duties Of
Controller

• The controller has the powers of a civil court for the purpose of
receiving evidence, administering oaths, enforcing the
attendance of witnesses,and production of documents
• The controller may use his discretionary power only after giving
the applicant an opportunity for hearing.
• The controller has the right to refuse the registration of a design
if he is of the view that the use of design is against public order.
• In case the controller has doubt or difficulty in interpreting any
provisions of the Designs Act, he is free to write to the Central
Government for directions in the matter
 Infringement of Industrial Design

• The infringement occurs if during the period of existence of

copyright of industrial design anyone does the following without
the licence or written consent of the registered proprietor:
1. Any imitation of the registered design in the product for sale or any
related application.
2. To import for the purposes of sale any article belonging to the class
in which the design is registered.
3. Any imitation applied to any article in any class of articles in which
the design is registered; or to publish for sale of that article.
• In case any company feels that its industrial design may be violated,
It may issue caution notice in newspaper or any other media.
• The infringement of industrial design is called piracy of registered
design.
 Case Study-Infringement
Tractors and Farm Equipment
(TAFE) Limited
 Integrated Circuits(IC) Layout
Design
As per “The semiconductor integrated circuits layout-design act, 2000
and IC Design rules 2001”
•To provide for the protection of semiconductor integrated circuits
layout-designs
•The Layout of Design includes a layout of transistors and other
circuitry elements and includes lead wires connecting such elements
•The size and processing power of IC is dependent on layout design of
transistors.
•The criteria for registration of an IC layout design is that it should be
original not commercially exploited anywhere in India and distinctive
and distinguishable from any other registered layout design
•The term of an IC layout design protection is 10 years from the date of
filing an application for registration.
 Grant of Registration of
IC Layout Design
• Registration for IC Layout design is done at Semiconductor
Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Registry (SICLDR), New Delhi.
• The application is advertised within 14 days of acceptance.
• Three months time is given for anyone to raise objection against IC
layout design

• If any objection is raised has to be replied within two months by the

applicant .

• The Registrar may conduct hearing of both the parties and then
take a decision on the grant of registration of IC layout design.
 Continued……
• The Registrar has powers of a civil court and also can refer
the case to Layout Design Appellate Board.
• The Registry contains details of registered layout design,
names addresses and description of the proprietor.
• The Register of Layout Designs is open for public scrutiny on
payment of fees.
• The SICDL Act 2000 provides for civil and criminal
proceedings against infringement of registered
Semiconductor IC layout design.
THANK YOU
 Trade Marks
Research Methodology and IPR_
22RMI57
Module 5

. 1
What is a trade mark?
A trade mark (popularly known as brand name) in layman's language is a
visual symbol which may be a word, signature, name, device, label, numerals
or combination of colours used by one undertaking on goods or services or
other articles of commerce to distinguish it from other similar goods or
services originating from a different undertaking.

The legal requirements to register a trade mark under the Act are:

The selected mark should be capable of being represented graphically (i.e in

the paper form)

It should be capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one

undertaking from those of others

The service in Trade Mark includes the provision of services in connection with
business of any industrial or commercial matters, such as banking
communication, education, financing, insurance, chit funds, real estate,
transport, entertainment, construction, repair, conveying of news or
information and advertising.
2
How to select a trade mark?

If it is a word it should be easy to speak, spell and

remember

The best trade marks are invented words or coined words

Please avoid selection of a geographical name. No one can

have monopoly right on it

Avoid adopting laudatory word or words that describe the

quality of goods (i.e. best, perfect, super etc)

It is advisable to conduct a market survey to ascertain if

same/similar mark is used in market

3
What is the function of a trade mark?

Under modern business condition a trade mark performs

four functions:

❑ Identifies the goods / or services and its origin

❑ Guarantees its unchanged quality

❑ Advertises the goods/services

❑ Creates an image for the goods/ services

4
 Developing a Trade Mark
The organization should invest sufficient time and money to develop and
Finalize a Trade Mark as it exists till the entire life of product or services.

The unique Trade Mark will facilitate better promotion and sales of the brand.
Eg. Pizza Hut is a better trade mark as the nomenclature is appealing and
Reflects its core competence in pizza related products.

The nomenclature and colour scheme should ensure that it is new and fresh.

At times, coining totally new words, that are not a part of any dictionary
Gives unique visibility.

A Trade Mark should be easy to pronounce, catchy word and preferabaly

Small Eg: LG, Rin, Tide, GM, Nano etc..

5
 Who can apply for a trade mark and how ?

Any person claiming to be the proprietor of a trade mark

used or proposed to be used by him may apply in
writing in prescribed manner for registration. The
application should contain the trade mark, the
goods/services, name and address of applicant and agent
(if any) with power of attorney , period of use of the
mark and signature. The application should be in English
or Hindi. It should be filed at the appropriate office

6
 Term of Trade Mark

The registration of Trade Mark is for a period of 10 years

and can be renewed from time to time as per Trade Mark
Act 1999.
Practically it is for unlimited period of time
The renewal notice will be sent to proprietor after expiry of
the notice the trade mark may be removed and it will be
restored with certain conditions or limitations.
The trade mark which has been removed from the register
of Trade Marks would not be granted to any new applicant
for a period of atleast one year.

7
 Collective Marks

❖ A collective trademark, collective trade mark, or

collective mark is a trademark owned by an organization
(such as an association), used by its members to identify
themselves with a level of quality or accuracy,
geographical origin, or other characteristics set by the
organization.
❖ Collective marks are applied after members involved in
selling similar goods or services form an association and
apply for Trade Mark registration.
❖ The association is the owner of Trade Mark
Examples of collective trademarks include:
• the "CA" device used by the Institute of
Chartered Accountants;
• the mark "CPA", used to indicate members of the Society
of Certified Public Accountants; 8
 Certification Trade Mark

❑ Certification marks are essentially trademarks that are

used to certify that the goods or services on which they
are affixed comply with certain quality standards
prescribed by a certifying entity.

❑ By indicating that certain standards are met (eg. in

respect of origin, material, mode of manufacture of
goods or performance of services, quality or accuracy

9
10
Infringement of Trade Mark

Infringement of trademark means using a registered

trademark on/with products and services in a manner
that leads to confusion and deception about its source by
any unauthorized person commonly called infringer.
For example, the bitten apple logo is the registered
trademark of the company, Apple. When another company
uses a similar logo on their products and service, it is
considered trademark infringement. Either be used on the
same type of products (electronics) or even on different
ones like clothing.

11
 Types of Trademark Infringement

• If the mark in dispute is identical with or deceptively

similar to the registered trademark and is in relation to
the same or similar goods or services; Eg: In phonetics
like Lakme and Like-me or in brand spelling, Like
Britannia and Bricannia
• If the identical or similar mark can cause confusion in the
minds of general public to have an association with the
registered trademark
• If the registered trademark is used as a part of trade
name or business concern for goods and services in
respect of which the trademark is registered

12
 Maharashtra, Madhya
Mumbai Trade mark Registry Pradesh & Goa
J
U
Gujarat, Rajasthan & the
R Union Territories of
I Ahmedabad Trade mark Registry Daman, Diu, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli
S
D Andhra Pradesh, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
I Chennai Trade mark Registry Pandichery &
Lakshadweep
C
T Arunachal Pradesh,
Assam, Bihar, orissa,
I West Bengal, Manipur,
Kolkata Trade mark Registry Mizoram, Meghalaya,
O Sikkim, Tripura,
N Nagaland, Andaman &
Nikobor
Jammu & Kashmir,
Punjab, Haryana, U.P.,
Delhi Trade mark Registry Himachal Pradesh, Delhi13
& Chandigarh
 SONY

OLYMPUS TRADEMARKS
(Governed By The Trade Marks Act,1999)
• A trade mark is any sign which can distinguish the goods of one trader
from those of another. Sign includes: words, logos, pictures, or a
combination of these.

• A trade mark is used as a marketing tool so that customers can

recognize the product of a particular trader.

• To register a trade mark , the mark must be:-

distinctive, and, not deceptive, or contrary to law or morality, and, not
identical or similar to any earlier marks for the same or similar goods.

14
TRADE MARKS

15
 JAPANESE PATENT OFFICE REPORT

- + 6.2 TRILLION YEN

- +6.2 TRILLION YEN

- +3.1 TRILLION YEN

- +1.9 TRILLION YEN

SOME OTHER WELL KNOW MARKS
24 HR CHANNEL; PACKAGE DELIVERY
COMPUTERS-

16
 TRADEMARKS
• India affords full protection to trade marks under the
Trade Marks and Merchandise Act. The Indian law of
trademarks is protected by the Trade & Merchandise
Marks Act, 1958. A new statute i.e. the Trade Mark Act,
1999 has been enacted in India to bring it in conformity
with the TRIPs Agreement, to which India is a
signatory. Indian Trademarks Act, 1999, came into force
on September 15, 2003.

• India has made a step towards fulfilling its international

obligations. Consequently, the Indian trademark law has
now become fully compatible with the International
standards laid down in the TRIPs Agreement. The New
Act primarily consolidates and amends the old Trade &
Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 and provides for better
protection of goods and services 17
 FOR MOST PRODUCTS EVERY
FORM OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS CAN BE
OBTAINED
CAMERA

“PATENT” For every individual improved mechanism

“DESIGN” For outer shape & Contour / Configuration

“TRADE MARK” Brand name or Logo for goods denoted as ®

“Copy right” For Instruction / manual booklet denoted as ©

18
 CD PLAYER Music played
on the CD
Industrial player is
design protected by
protection for copyright
3D shape

Various
technical parts
& mechanisms
Brand name- are subject
registered under mater of
trademark protection
under Patents
19
❖Differentiates your products and services
from others
❖Promotes your products and services and
creates a loyal clientele
❖Diversifies your market strategies to
various target groups
❖Populaizes you in foreign countries
❖Keeps away your competitors/copiers

20
THANKS

21