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ECE 110: Communications 1

III. AMPLITUDE MODULATION

Part 1

1st Semester, A.Y 2024-2025

Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Department of Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering and Geosciences
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TOPIC OUTLINE
Introduction to Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Single-Sideband Techniques

Double-Sideband Techniques

Vestigial Sideband Modulations

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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ORAL

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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QUESTION 1-2 & Problem 1

• The type of device noise, which is important at high frequencies is ___

noise.

• What would happen to the noise power generated if the value of a resistor
creating a thermal noise is doubled?

• An amplifier operating over a 4 MHz bandwidth has a 100-input resistance

and is operating at 300°K. Determine the noise power generated (watts).
Ans. 1. Transmit Time

Ans. 2. Unchanged

Ans. 1.656 x 10-14 Watts

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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QUESTION 3-4 & Problem 2

• It is a signal contamination by extraneous or external sources, such

as, other transmitters, power lines, and machinery.

• Noise produced mostly by lightning discharges in thunderstorms.

• The noise voltage produced across a 75 – input resistance at a

temperature of 25°C with a bandwidth of 15 MHz is ____.
Ans. 3. Interference

Ans. 4. Atmospheric Noise

Ans. 4.30µV

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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QUESTION 5-6 & Problem 3

• A wideband form of impulse noise generated by the electric arc in the

spark plugs of an internal combustion engine. This noise is a common
problem in mobile radio systems.

• Increasing the temperature of a component causes its noise power to

___.

• The noise voltage across a 300Ω input resistance to a TV set with a 6MHz
bandwidth and a temperature of 30℃ is:
Ans. 5. Ignition Noise

Ans. 6. Increase

Ans. 5.5 µV
ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems
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QUESTION 7-8 & Problem 4

• Atmospheric or static noise becomes less severe at frequencies.

a. Below 30 KHz
b. Between 30 KHz and 300 KHz
c. Between 300 KHz
d. Above 30 MHz

• Indicate the false statement. The square of the thermal noise voltage generated by a resistor is proportional to.
a. Its resistance
b. Its temperature
c. Boltzmann’s Constant
d. The bandwidth over which it is measured

• How can you reduce the noise?

Ans. 7. D Above 30MHz

Ans. 8. B Its temperature

Ans. By narrowing the BW (use also formula based)

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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QUESTION 9-10 & Problem 5

• Noise that is due to the random and rapid motion of the charge carriers inside a resistive component.
a. Johnson
b. Thermal Agitation
c. White
d. All of the above

• The following characteristics of noise except:

a. Unwanted energy
b. Predictable in character
c. Present in the channel
d. Due to any cause

• Calculate the thermal noise delivered to a system with a bandwidth of 1 Hz operating at 170C.

Ans. 9. D All of the above

Ans. 10. B Predictable in character

Ans. 4 x 10-21 W

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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QUESTION 11-12 & Problem 6

• The power of thermal noise is ___ of resistance.

a) independent
b) a function
c) dependent
d) equal

• Which of the following is not a type of external noise?

a. Pink Noise
b. Solar Noise
c. Galactic Noise
d. Atmospheric Noise

• An amplifier with NF= 6 dB has (S/N) of 25 dB. What is the output S/N in dB?

Ans. 11. A independent

Ans. 12. A Pink Noise

Ans. 19 dB

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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QUESTION 13-14 & Problem 7

• Considered as the main source of an internal noise.

a. Temperature change
b. Flicker
c. Thermal agitation
d. Device imperfection

• The noise power generated by a resistor depends upon

a its resistance values
b none of the above
c both a and b
d its operating temperature

• Determine the noise power delivered to a receiver input at 300 K and noise bandwidth of 20 kHz in dBm.

Ans. 13. C Thermal agitation

Ans. 14. D its operating temperature

Ans. -130.8 dBm

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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QUESTION 15 & Problem 8

• Noise is most problematic at the___.

a. receiver
b. transmitter
c. communication channel
d. source

• What is the S/N at the output (in Db) of an amplifier whose

NF=10 dB and the input S/N=25 dB?

Ans. 15. C communication channel

Ans. 15 dB

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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Modulation

Modulation is the process where one of these properties of the carrier signal like the Amplitude, Frequency and
phase change according to baseband signal. And based on these properties change there are different type of
modulation. But before that let us see why modulation is required.

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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Why Modulation is required?

1. To reduce the Antenna Size

Antenna - electrically connected to the receiver or
transmitter. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive
radio signals

when the signal is transmitted wirelessly, then the size of the

antenna is very important parameter, so these size of the antenna
is proportional to the wavelength of the transmitted signal.

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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Why Modulation is required?

2. To reduce the interference

3. To allow multiplexing of the signals

Multiplexing - is the technology that is able to combine multiple communication signals

together in order for them to traverse an otherwise single signal communication medium
simultaneously.
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MODULATION
• Baseband – Frequency is too low to transmit efficiently
• Carrier Signal - Higher frequency. Used to carry the baseband signal
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Types of Modulation

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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Types of Modulation

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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Types of Modulation

AM FM PM
Amplitude Modulation 17

AM – the amplitude of the carrier changes according to the message signal.

Message signal + High Frequency Signal (Carrier Signal) = Then the Amplitude Modulated form would look like this.

Modulator- A modulator is a circuit that combines two different signals in such a way that they can be pulled apart later and the
information obtained.
AM – Varying the amplitude Vc of the Carrier with the information signal

As you can see, the shape of the carrier wave changes according to the message signal.

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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Frequency Modulation

FM – The frequency of the carrier changes according to the message signal.

So with the increase on the amplitude of the message signal, the frequency of the modulated signal will also increase.
Similarly, with the reduction in the amplitude, the frequency of the modulated signal will also reduce.

FM – Varying the frequency Fc of the carrier with the info signal.

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

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Phase Modulation

PM – The phase of the modulated signal changes according to the message signal. So as part of our syllabus, we
will be discussing each of these techniques each chapter.

PM Varying the phase angle ϴc of the carrier with the info signal.

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

 ECE 110: Communications 1

THANK YOU!

1st Semester, A.Y 2024-2025

Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Department of Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering and Geosciences
 ECE 110: Communications 1

III. AMPLITUDE MODULATION PART 2

1st Semester, A.Y 2024-2025

Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Department of Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering and Geosciences
TOPIC OUTLINE

Introduction to Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Single-Sideband Techniques

Double-Sideband Techniques

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

OBJECTIVES

• Solve the modulation index and percentage modulation

of AM signal

• Understand overmodulation

• Understand the concept of power in AM signal

• Solve Sideband frequencies

 Introduction

• A carrier signal is modulated only in amplitude value

• The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the bandwidth of the
modulating signal
• Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the spectrum is
identical, we can discard one half, thus requiring a smaller
bandwidth for transmission.
 AM Concepts

• Envelopes of a signal are the boundary within which the signal is contained.
Envelopes contain some information of signals, though it is an imaginary curve, for
example, demodulating amplitude modulated (AM) signals by them
AM Concepts
AM Concepts
AM Concepts

• Modulator A circuit that changes a lower-frequency baseband or intelligence signal to a higher-

frequency signal is usually

• Detector or Modulator a circuit used to recover the original intelligence signal from an AM wave.
Modulation Index and Percentage
of Modulation

Modulation Index (m)

Percent of Modulation Multiplying the modulation index by 100

Overmodulation and Distortion

• The Modulation Index should be a number between 0 and 1.

The ideal condition for AM is when Vm = Vc, or m = 1,

which gives 100 percent modulation. This results in the
greatest output power at the transmitter and the
greatest output voltage at the receiver, with no
distortion.
Percentage of Modulation
The peak value of the modulating signal Vm is one-half the
difference of the peak and trough values:
Example 1
Suppose that on an AM signal, the 𝑉max(𝑝−𝑝) value read from the oscilloscope
screen is 5.9 divisions and 𝑉min(𝑝−𝑝) is 1.2 divisions.

(a) What is the Modulation Index?

(b) Calculate 𝑉𝑐 , 𝑉𝑚 and m if the vertical scale is 2 V per division. (Hint: Sketch
the signal).
Sidebands Calculations

• Side Frequencies or Sidebands - occur in the frequency spectrum directly above and directly
below the carrier frequency. More specifically, the sidebands occur at frequencies that are
the sum and difference of the carrier and modulating frequencies.

Example 2:
Assume that a 400-Hz tone modulates a 300-kHz carrier. The upper and lower
sideband are:
Sidebands Calculations
Sidebands Calculations
Example 3

A standard AM broadcast station is allowed to transmit modulating frequencies up to 5 kHz.

If the AM station is transmitting on a frequency of 980 kHz, compute the maximum and
minimum upper and lower sidebands and the total bandwidth occupied by the AM station.
 AM Power 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶 + 𝑃𝐿𝑆𝐵 + 𝑃𝑈𝑆𝐵

Total Power in AM signal when the carrier power and the percentage
modulation are known:

𝑚2
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝐶 (1 + )
2
Example 4

An AM transmitter has a carrier power of 30W. The percentage of modulation is 85

percent. Calculate (a) the total power and (b) the power in one sideband.
Example 5

An antenna has an impedance of 40 Ω. An unmodulated AM signal produces a

current of 4.8 A. The modulation is 90 percent. Calculate (a) the carrier power, (b)
the total power, and (c) the sideband power.
 ECE 110: Communications 1

Next Lecture Video:

• Single-Sideband Techniques
• Double-Sideband Techniques

1st Semester, A.Y 2024-2025

Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Department of Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering and Geosciences
 ECE 110: Communications 1

III. AMPLITUDE MODULATION PART 3

1st Semester, A.Y 2024-2025

Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Department of Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering and Geosciences
TOPIC OUTLINE

Introduction to Modulation

Amplitude Modulation

Single-Sideband Techniques

Double-Sideband Techniques

ECE 110: Principles of Communication Systems

OBJECTIVES

• Understand DSB and SSB

• Solve the peak envelop power (PEP), the signal voltages and load
impedances
Single-Sideband Modulation

SSB is a form of AM that offers unique benefits in some types of electronic communication.

Double-sideband suppressed carrier or DSB modulation is simply a special case of AM

with no carrier.
Single-Sideband Modulation
In amplitude modulation, two-thirds of the transmitted power is in the carrier, which itself conveys no
information. The real information is contained within the sidebands.
One way to improve the efficiency of amplitude modulation is to suppress the carrier and eliminate one
sideband. The result is a single-sideband (SSB) signal.

The first step in generating an SSB signal is to suppress the carrier, leaving the upper and lower
sidebands. This type of signal is referred to as a double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSSC or DSB)
signal. The benefit, of course, is that no power is wasted on the carrier.

A typical DSB signal is shown in Fig. 3-15.

This signal, the algebraic sum of the two sinusoidal sidebands, is the signal produced when a carrier is
modulated by a single-tone sine wave information signal. The carrier is suppressed, and the time domain
DSB signal is a sine wave at the carrier frequency, varying in amplitude as shown. Note that the envelope
of this waveform is not the same as that of the modulating signal, as it is in a pure AM signal with carrier.
A unique characteristic of the DSB signal is the phase transitions that occur at the lower-amplitude
portions of the wave.

In Fig. 3-15, note that there are two adjacent positive-going half-cycles at the null points in the wave.
That is one way to tell from an oscilloscope display whether the signal shown is a true DSB signal.
 Single-Sideband Modulation

A frequency-domain display of a DSB signal is given in Fig. 3-16.

As shown, the spectrum space occupied by a DSB signal is the
same as that for a conventional AM signal.

Double-sideband suppressed carrier signals are generated by a

circuit called a balanced modulator.

Despite the fact that elimination of the carrier in DSB AM saves

considerable power, DSB is not widely used because the signal is
difficult to demodulate (recover) at the receiver. One important
application for DSB, however, is the transmission of the color
information in a TV signal.

The purpose of the balanced modulator is to

produce the sum and difference frequencies but to
cancel or balance out the carrier.
SSB Signals SSB signals offer four major benefits:
In DSB transmission, since the sidebands are the sum and difference of the carrier and modulating signals, the
information is contained in both sidebands. As it turns out, there is no reason to transmit both sidebands in order to
convey the information. One sideband can be suppressed; the remaining sideband is called a single- sideband
suppressed carrier (SSSC or SSB) signal.

An SSB signal has some unusual characteristics. First, when no information or modulating signal is present, no RF
signal is transmitted. In a standard AM transmitter, the carrier is still transmitted even though it may not be modulated.
This is the condition that might occur during a voice pause on an AM broadcast. But since there is no carrier
transmitted in an SSB system, no signals are present if the information signal is zero. Sidebands are generated only
during the modulation process, e.g., when someone speaks into a microphone. This explains why SSB is so much
more efficient than AM.

• The spectrum space it occupies is only one-half that of AM and DSB signals

• Producing a stronger signal that should carry farther and be more reliably
received at greater distances

• The amount of noise in the signal is reduced

• There is less selective fading of an SSB signal over long distances

SSB Signals

Fig. 3-17 shows the frequency- and time-domain displays of an SSB signal produced when a
steady 2-kHz sine wave tone modulates a 14.3-MHz carrier.

Amplitude modulation would produce sidebands of 14.298 and 14.302 MHz In SSB, only
one sideband is used.
SSB Signals

Fig. 3-17(a) shows that only the upper sideband is generated. The RF signal is simply a constant-power 14.302-
MHz sine wave. A time-domain display of this SSB signal is shown in Fig. 3-17(b). Of course, most
information signals transmitted by SSB are not pure sine waves. A more common modulation signal is voice,
with its varying frequency and amplitude content. The voice signal creates a complex RF SSB signal that varies
in frequency and amplitude over the narrow spectrum defined by the voice signal bandwidth. The waveform at
the output of the SSB modulator has the same shape as the baseband waveform, but it is shifted in frequency.

The main disadvantage of DSB and SSB signals is that they are harder to recover, or demodulate, at the
receiver. Demodulation depends upon the carrier being present.

Such a low-level carrier is referred to as a pilot carrier. This technique is used in FM stereo transmissions as
well as in the transmission of the color information in a TV picture.

Pilot carrier is the a low-level carrier

Signal Power Consideration

Note: In a conventional AM, the transmitted power is distributed among the carrier
and two sidebands.

For Example:

Given a carrier power of 400W with 100 percent modulation, each sideband will
contain 100W of power and the total power transmitted will be 600W. The
effective transmission power is the combined power in the sideband, or 200W.
 Signal Power Consideration

Note: An SSB transmitted sends no carrier, so the carrier power is zero. A given SSB
transmitter will have the same communication effectiveness as a conventional AM
unit running much more power.
For Example:
Assume that a voice signal produces a 360-V, peak-to-peak signal across a 50Ω load.
The rms voltage is 0.707 times the peak value, the peak value is one-half the peak-to-
peak voltage.

In this example, the rms voltage is 0.707 (360/2) = 127.26V

The peak envelope power is then:

(𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 )
𝑃𝐸𝑃 =
𝑅
(127.26)2
=
50
= 324 𝑊
Signal Power Consideration
PEP input power: the dc input power of the transmitter’s final amplifier stage at the instant
of the voice envelope peak. It is the final amplifier stage dc supply voltage multiplied by the
maximum amplifier current that occurs at the peak, or:

𝑃𝐸𝑃 = 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
For Example:
A 450W supply with a peak current of 0.8A produces a PEP of 450(0.8) = 360W.

Note: The average power is typically only one-fourth to one-third of the PEP value with typical
human speech:
𝑃𝐸𝑃 𝑃𝐸𝑃
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = or 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
3 4
With a PEP of 240 W, the average power is only 60 to 80 W. Typical SSB transmitter are designed to
handle only the average power level on a continuous basis, not the PEP.

The transmitted sideband will change in frequency and amplitude as a complex voice signal is applied.
This sideband will occupy the same bandwidth as one sideband in a fully modulated AM signal with
carrier.
Example

An SSB transmitter produces a peak-to-peak voltage of 178 V across a 75 Ω antenna

load. What is the PEP?
Example

An SSB transmitter has a 24V dc power supply. On voice peaks the current achieves a
maximum of 9.3 A. (a) What is the PEP?, (b) What is the average power of the
transmitter?
 Activity 1
Online Activity AM and SSB Radio Applications
Objective: Determine the modern uses of AM and SSB radio today and submit in this link in
the LMS Academic honesty should be observe all the time: in PDF file.

Procedures:
1. Perform Internet searches on the terms AM, AM applications, SSB, SSB-SC (suppressed
carrier), or similar terms.
2. Look for the major uses of AM and SSB. What services use AM/SSB?
3. Answer the following questions.

Questions:
1. Name at least six where AM is still used.
2. Name at least five places where SSB is used.
3. State and Elaborate the main benefit of SSB.
4. State and Elaborate the main disadvantage of SSB.
5. In what frequency range is SSB normally used?
6. Explain the basic function of an oscilloscope and search images of oscilloscope with
sample reading of AM signal.
7. Calculate the Vmin, Vmax, modulating index and % modulation on that sample reading.
Please ready for the quiz
and laboratory exercise.
 ECE 110: Communications 1

Thank you!

1st Semester, A.Y 2024-2025

Engr. Lovely Mae Dagsa, MSME
Department of Electronics Engineering
College of Engineering and Geosciences