BOCA (BUSINESS ORIENTED COMPUTER APLICATION)

SEM: VI

MODULE 1 : INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES :

• Information technology infrastructure

• computer system Architecture
• Trends in Technology
• -Cloud computing and IOT
• Software resources
• types of software (system software and Application software)
• Data resources –
• client server and distributed Database,
• Latest trends in Database Management (Data warehousing, Data
mining, online Analytical processing)

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE

Information technology Infrastructure refers to the technological resources that provides a

platform for the organization’s information system applications. IT infrastructure includes :
• Computer hardware,
• Software,
• Data and
• Telecommunication and network equipment.

According to Loudon(2010) IT infrastructure consist of set of physical devices and software

applications that are required to operate the entire enterprises. However, IT infrastructure is also a
set of firm wide services budgeted by management , comprising both human and technical
capabilities.

The infrastructure equipment and services include the following:

• Computer hardware is a platform used to provide computing services. It includes PCs,

Large mainframes, laptop computers, personnel digital assistants and smart phones.
• System and application software services provide system capabilities such as operating
systems, software development tools, system management utilities, and collaboration
tools. They also provide enterprise-wide capabilities such as enterprises resource planning,
supply chain management ,customer relationship management and knowledge
management.
• Data management tools applications, and services that store, manage and analyze
 organizational data.
• Telecommunications and network equipment and services that provide data ,voice, and
video connectivity, including internet equipment and services.

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

The categorization of computers as mainframe, mini, and micro does not represent today’s
computer system that are based on the microprocessor technology. Therefore, a more appropriate
classification will be to categorize them as microcomputers, network servers, and supercomputers.

MICROCOMPUTERS

Microcomputer are pervasively used systems that cater to our personnel needs as well as in the
corporate sector. Though, they are also called personnel computers, their usage is widespread in
modern businesses. Their computing power has surpassed the power of the first-generation minis
and mainframes. Microcomputers come in many forms such as laptops, notebooks,desktops,and
even palmtops. They are used as powerful workstations and run applications such as computer
aided design(CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).

MAINFRAME

Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds or even thousands
of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently and supports many simultaneous
executions of program. At their core, mainframes are high-performance computers with large amounts of memory
and processors that process billions of simple calculations and transactions in real time. The mainframe is critical
to commercial databases, transaction servers, and applications that require high resiliency, security, and agility.
BM® mainframes are uniquely engineered to:
• Run common operating systems like Linux® – as well as specialized operating systems such as z/OS®
– along with software that takes advantage of the unique hardware capabilities.
• Support massive simultaneous transactions and throughput (I/O) with built-in capacity on demand and
built-in shared memory for direct application communication.
• Deliver the highest levels of security with built-in cryptographic cards and innovative software; the
latest IBM Z® systems can execute up to 1 trillion secure web transactions per day and manage privacy by
policy.
• Offer resiliency through multiple layers of redundancy for every component (power supplies, cooling,
backup batteries, CPUs, I/O components, cryptography modules) and testing for extreme weather
conditions.
Watch video
https://www.ibm.com/it-infrastructure/z/education/what-is-a-mainframe#

SUPERCOMPUTERS

A supercomputer is a computer that performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for
computers. Traditionally, supercomputers have been used for scientific and engineering
applications that must handle very large databases or do a great amount of computation (or both).
Although advances like multi-core processors and GPGPUs (general-purpose graphics processing
units) have enabled powerful machines for personal use (see: desktop supercomputer, GPU
supercomputer), by definition, a supercomputer is exceptional in terms of performance.

The US Department of Energy and IBM unveiled Summit, America's latest supercomputer,
which is expected to bring the title of the world's most powerful computer back to America from
China, which currently holds the mantle with its Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer.

A typical modern supercomputer works much more quickly by splitting problems into pieces
and working on many pieces at once, which is called parallel processing.

Watch video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A-I0Z5zqChw
 In November last, it scraped into the list at no. 447 with its maximum speed of 388.4 tera
flops. Now in the new, June 2017 list, the datum for fastest 500 systems worldwide, has
shifted to 430 tera flops and only four India-based systems remain—all of them of foreign
manufacture. Their relative ranks and speeds remain unchanged though their rankings have
changed.

The fastest Indian supercomputer remains the Cray XC40 system at the Supercomputing
Education and Research Centre( SERC) of the Indian Institute of Science Bangalore. Its
speed of 901.5 teraflops gives it a rank of 165 in the June 2017 Top500.

Next in India is the IBM DataPlex DX360M4 at the Indian Institute of Tropical
Meteorology, Pune, ranked no 260 with 719.2 T/flops.

Another Cray, an XC30 of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) positioned
in Hyderabad for the Indian Lattice Gauge Theory Initiative, clocked 558.8 T/flops to
attain a ranking of 355; while the final India-based supercomputer, an Apollo 6000 from
Hewlett Packard (HPE), at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi is ranked 391
with a maximum speed of 524.4 T/flops.

COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The basic computer system is a set of interrelated elements that perform the basic system
functions of input, processing,output,storage,and control.

Fig 1.2 :Basic computer system architecture

Central processing unit or CPU referred to as the brain of the computer . They perform a series of simple individual
tasks, but they do them so fast that they seem complex. All CPUs have a couple of characteristics like Speed and
complexity. The most basic measurement of a CPU is its speed or how many things it can do in one second under
perfect conditions. A CPUs speed is measured in hertz, spelled like the rental car company, which is a measure of
frequency that means one cycle per second. Modern CPUs are so fast that they're measured in gigahertz or billions
of cycles per second. That means a CPU can do several billion individual tasks every second. Modern CPUs as 32-
bit processors or 64-bit processors. Those are binary numbers. 32-bit CPUs support 32-bit versions of
software including operating systems and applications plus they have a cap on how much memory they can use. 64-
bit CPUs are vastly more powerful and complex than 32-bit CPUs. To run a 64-bit version of Windows 10 for
example, a computer needs a 64-bit version of CPU.

COMPUTER MEMORY

There are basically two kinds of internal memory: ROM and RAM.
ROM stands for read-only memory. It is non-volatile, which means it can retain data even without power. It is
used mainly to start or boot up a computer.
Once the operating system is loaded, the computer uses RAM, which stands for random-access memory, which
temporarily stores data while the central processing unit (CPU) is executing other tasks. With more RAM on the
computer, the less the CPU has to read data from the external or secondary memory (storage device), allowing the
computer to run faster. RAM is fast but it is volatile, which means it will not retain data if there is no power. It is
therefore important to save data to the storage device before the system is turned off.
What are the types of RAM?

There are two main types of RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static RAM (SRAM).
• DRAM (pronounced DEE-RAM), is widely used as a computer’s main memory. Each DRAM memory
cell is made up of a transistor and a capacitor within an integrated circuit, and a data bit is stored in the
capacitor. Since transistors always leak a small amount, the capacitors will slowly discharge, causing
information stored in it to drain; hence, DRAM has to be refreshed (given a new electronic charge) every
few milliseconds to retain data.
• SRAM (pronounced ES-RAM) is made up of four to six transistors. It keeps data in the memory as long as
power is supplied to the system unlike DRAM, which has to be refreshed periodically. As such, SRAM is
faster but also more expensive, making DRAM the more prevalent memory in computer systems.

ROM

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type
of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM
stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips
are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven.
types of ROMs and their characteristics.

MROM (Masked ROM)

The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These
kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs, which are inexpensive.

PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters
the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip, there are small fuses which are burnt open
during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable.

EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually, an EPROM
eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The
charge is retained for more than 10 years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-
violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window (lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge.
During normal use, the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times.
Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (millisecond). In EEPROM, any location can be selectively
erased and programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire chip. Hence,
the process of reprogramming is flexible but slow.

LATEST TRENDS IN TECHNOLOGY

The Infrastructure is one of the vital components in business strategy. If a bank wants to provide good customer
service then they should adopt the best technologies that are available. The success of an organization lies with the
Infrastructure development. To meet these challenges , concepts such as grid computing, cloud computing, and IOT
emerged as the new trends.

1.REMOTE DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS (RDMA)

Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) is a technology that allows computers in a network to exchange data in
main memory without involving the processor, cache or operating system of either computer. Like locally based
Direct Memory Access (DMA), RDMA improves throughput and performance because it frees up resources.
RDMA also facilitates a faster data transfer rate and low-latency networking. It can be implemented for
networking and storage applications. RDMA supports zero-copy networking by enabling the network adapter to
transfer data from the wire directly to application memory or from application memory directly to the wire,
eliminating the need to copy data between application memory and the data buffers in the operating system. Such
transfers require no work to be done by CPUs, caches, or context switches, and transfers continue in parallel with
other system operations. This reduces latency in message transfer.

2. CLOUD COMPUTING
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—servers, storage, databases, networking,
software, analytics, intelligence and more—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster
innovation, flexible resources and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services
you use, helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently and scale as
your business needs change.

CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODEL

There are three main categories of cloud hosting: public, private, and hybrid.
 1. The Public Cloud
Public cloud solutions are readily available from Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and others. Public

cloud services provide infrastructure and services to the public, and you, or your organization,
secure a piece of that infrastructure and network. Resources are shared by hundreds or thousands
of people. Gmail and U of I Box are examples of public cloud services. Google reported in April
2017 that it had 1 billion monthly users. While your email account is protected by a password, the
hardware on which it is stored is shared by over 1 billion people.

2. The Private Cloud

Private cloud solutions are dedicated to one organization or business, and often have much more
specific security controls than does a public cloud. Many medical offices, banking institutions and
other organizations who are required to meet federal and state guidelines for data controls use a
private cloud. Using private cloud storage allows them to control highly sensitive data by meeting
regulations and industry-based criteria, whether that be medical records, trade secrets, or other
classified information. Private cloud solutions utilize infrastructure that is either owned and
controlled by the organization, or they are able to contractually require those specific criteria be
met by a vendor who manages the infrastructure.
3. The Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid cloud solutions are a blend of public and private clouds. This is a more complex cloud
solution in that the organization must manage multiple platforms and determine where data is
stored. An example of a hybrid cloud solution is an organization that wants to keep confidential
information secured on their private cloud, but make more general, customer-facing content on a
public cloud.
Companies can use cloud computing to increase their IT functionality or capacity without having
to add software, personnel, invest in additional training or set up new infrastructure.

CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICE MODEL

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is the lowest level of cloud solution and refers to cloud-based computing infrastructure as a
fully-outsourced service. An IaaS provider will deliver pre-installed and configured hardware or
software through a virtualized interface. What the customers accessing the cloud services do with
the service is up to them. Examples of IaaS offerings are managed hosting and development
environments.Some of the major players offering infrastructure as a service solution include
Google, IBM, Rackspace Cloud Servers, Amazon EC2 and Verizon.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

This type of cloud computing is similar to IaaS but is more advanced. With PaaS, apart from simply
providing infrastructure, providers also offer a computing platform and solution stack as a
service.The IT infrastructure may come with a graphic user interface, run-time system libraries,
programming languages or an operating system.

PaaS services are mostly used by companies that need to develop, test, collaborate and deploy
cloud solutions for particular applications. However, the hosting of the application is done by a
third party i.e. the PaaS provider.

PaaS providers offer a fully configured sandbox and deployment environment for customers to
develop, test and deploy their cloud applications. Examples of PaaS solutions include
Salesforce.com’s Force.com, Rackspace Cloud Sites, Google App Engine and Microsoft Azure.

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

When talking about cloud services, most people think of Software as a Service (SaaS) providers.
SaaS providers provide fully functionally web-based applications on demand to customers. The
applications are mainly targeted at business users and can include web conferencing, ERP, CRM,
email, time management, project tracking among others.
 The payment models for SaaS solutions can include subscription based (Salesforce),
pay-for-use (WebEx) or free. More examples of companies that offer SaaS solutions
include Citrix, NetSuite, and others.

CLOUD COMPUTING IN DAILY LIFE

1. Netflix, Amazon prime stream movies and TV shows streaming of video resources using cloud

computing. These companies store video files on a cloud computing platform and allow thousands

of people to access the same video at once. The bandwidth necessary for each video changes every

second and cloud computing services can adjust it depending on the traffic.

2.Many people use the personal account features of Office 365, like Outlook.com, without realizing

it's a cloud computing platform.

3. Google Cloud encompasses many of the features of your Google account, which includes popular

services like Gmail, Google Drive, Google Photos, Google Hangouts, Google Calendar, and

YouTube.

4.Google Drive is a cloud storage platform for your photos, files, and videos. You can set up

automatic backup to the Google Drive so you can save important files directly from your computer's

hard disk to the cloud. It can also be used a cloud computing power collaboration tool for you to edit

files with your colleagues or friends.

 3. IOT FOUNDATIONS: FUNDAMENTALS

Defining the Internet of Things

Today, there are many places and ways that we use the Internet of Things. Places include our homes,
cars, cities, buildings, and hospitals. Some of the ways we use the Internet of Things include our
watches connecting to fintech, cars talking to the toll booth, and buildings automatically adjusting
the temperature. The IOT has already achieved substantial growth, however, the idea for the Internet
of Things began in the early 1970s. Scientists started to see the potential for interconnected
information systems, mobile agility, combined with location and energy-aware
applications. Scientists coined the phrase pervasive computing, or the embedded internet. They
envisioned a computing environment where millions of computers would be integrated into
everything we use, and would talk to us and to each other. The idea is that technology blends so
gracefully within our world, that it essentially disappears. Fast forward to 1999. Kevin Ashton, a
technology pioneer, was working with an advanced technology called radio frequency
identification. RFID tags are small and you can place these tags in an object, such as animals or
merchandise in a store, and then track that object. He saw the potential use of RFID and coined the
phrase Internet of Things, which represents a concept of a massive system where things on the
internet communicate through ever-present sensors. A catchy phrase, however, the term Internet of
Things didn't really get a foothold until almost a decade later. Soon after 2010, industry
leaders began to take a good, hard look at the Internet of Things as a new, emerging wonder that
would ultimately translate into a billion dollar market. In 2014, manufacturers started to produce and
mass market intelligent devices, embedded into everyday objects, that connect to the
internet, enabling them to send and receive data. The Internet of Things has several
components, people, infrastructure, things, processes, and data. People are what drives the Internet
of Things. Infrastructure is the internet backbone. Things are things such as thermostats, wearable
fitness, home automation, and cameras. And data that is collected and sent to other devices, from
humans to machine, from machine to machine, or machine to humans. And processes manage the
way people, infrastructure, things, and data all work together. Today, the world is only beginning to
see the value and potential impact of the Internet of Things in our everyday lives. By 2026, industry
experts predict a market size of more than a trillion dollars. This means a future where everyday
things all interconnect, with a goal of improving the overall quality of life.
Types of devices

The Internet of Things is a collection of devices attached to the internet, that collect and exchange
data, using nodes and controllers. A device on the Internet of Things, is an internet-connected smart
device. Unlike a computer that computes, the design of an Internet of Things device, is to do a
particular task, such as monitor temperature or record video. The device gathers data, it then
transmits it to a remote location. Billions of smart devices make up the Internet of Things, from
radios to refrigerators, they are talking to us, and to each other. A simple example is a car. Modern
day vehicles are equipped with security, hands-free calling, navigation, and internal diagnostics. The
car is constantly transmitting information via satellite such as diagnostic and maintenance
information and current tire pressure from the car to a central collection network, analyzed, and then
sends the information to the client. In fact, in the United States, there is a recent ruling that cars must
talk to each other over a wireless network of vehicles for safety reasons. Another example is in our
home. Light controls, thermostats, coffee makers, security cameras, smart home controllers, and
even sweepers. Our devices with the goal of simplifying our lives. All of the smart devices in our
homes, cars, hospitals, offices, airplanes, and on ourselves, are all effectively endpoints in the
IoT. There are several key elements involved, such as huge amounts of cloud-based storage, sensor
technology with low-power requirements, and plenty of IP version six addresses for everything. All
contribute to a massive number of devices, designed to improve the quality of life in our homes and
businesses, are joining the Internet of Things every day.

HOW IOT HAS TRANSFORM BUSINESS

The Internet of Things brings value to business in many areas. It's transforming and improving
businesses by creating predictive supply management, along with improving customer
satisfaction, employee productivity, innovation, asset utilization, and supply management. While the
Internet of Things can benefit most businesses, top players include manufacturing, which is the leader
at 40% of the IoT market. Benefits include reducing operating costs and creating a more efficient
inventory control. Health care has 30% of the IoT market. Facilities use sensors to monitor
patients and other devices to improve processes, patient experience, and safety. Other industry players
include retail. Businesses use IoT devices to assist with inventory tracking. Sensors monitor customer
movement and conducts anonymous analytics of customer choices. In cities, the IoT can optimize
trash service by monitoring trash cans and notify garbage collectors only if the cans are full. Drivers
then adjust the route to reduce fuel consumption. In Education, teachers use RFID chips in ID cards to
track attendance. And IoT benefits collaborative learning by using handheld interactive devices to
encourage participation and make review sessions a fun, game-like activity. The justice system
leverages the IoT by providing wearable, embedded sensors to monitor and track location within the
prison complex. Security systems include remote motion sensors, biometric and facial
locks. Whatever the business, there is value in the Internet of Things and will make a significant
impact by reducing the cost of products, prevent waste, delays, and accelerate product design.

1.IOT in automobiles

Currently more than 250 million vehicles connect to the internet, and are equipped with sensors,
computers, cameras, navigation, security, and diagnostics. Soon they will provide driver
independence and even more advanced capabilities. Automakers are leaders in expanding the use of
devices in the Internet of Things. Technology has advanced over the years, and already several
Internet of Things are incorporated into most vehicles. Many vehicles have a black box or event data
recorder, which is a collection of sensors that gather and store information in case of a crash, such as
seatbelt and brake use, vehicle speed, steering, airbag response, and the force of impact. GPS locators
which are devices that use the global positioning system, transmit location and time information via
satellite at regular intervals to a car's mapping software. Onboard cameras that have night
vision, microphones and location tracking, and can record inside the car to monitor the driver, or
outside of the car to provide evidence in case of an accident, and send the data to the cloud. Cars also
use performance tracking or telematics, where the driver plugs in an adapter under the dashboard. This
monitors everything from driving behavior to low tire pressure, and then sends notifications to a
smartphone. The car's power train generates power and is equipped with sensing systems that monitor
engine temperature, oil, fuel usage, and is able to notify the driver if there is a nearby gas station. Toll
passes are RFID transponders that allow a car to pass through the tollbooth without stopping to pay. In
some areas toll passes can even pay for parking. Current cars have autopilot technology that keeps the
car at a consistent speed along with the ability to parallel park. Car manufacturers are taking this to
the next level by developing self-driving cars that are safety smart. The vehicles will have sensor
technology that include force, load, and shock sensors that communicate with the cloud and other
cars. Today's cars are equipped with navigation, security and diagnostics. The Internet of Things will
bring technological and functional changes to the automobile industry that will provide driver
independence and capabilities that are more advanced than we ever imagined.

2.IOT in medical field

Connecting devices in the medical field to the Internet of Things will improve the service in healthcare
facilities. Using the IoT with medical devices can include remote monitoring of physiological
data, tracking and monitoring doctors and patients inside a hospital, drug administration, and assisting
handicapped and elderly patients. Internet of Things sensors can gather information. Analytical tools
can detect an emergency and then notify medical personnel in order to provide faster response time. If
the patient has to go to the hospital, the IoT device on the ambulance can signal the approaching traffic
signals to change so the ambulance can get through traffic quicker. Once in the hospital, health
monitoring collects data to ensure better treatment. Insulin pumps, blood pressure sensors and
pacemakers have improved in sophistication as they monitor a patient's heart and blood sugar levels
and allow medical personnel to display activity via smartphone or tablet. Health informatics is the
ongoing collection, storing, retrieving, and using of health information to learn from and improve
patient care. Data gathered, such as blood sugar levels, pH, respirations, heart, and activity level could
contribute to the medical databases. These large data sets can use data mining, machine learning and
predictive modeling to recommend a course of action. Medical robots are changing healthcare, and in
the next few years, thousands of service robots will infiltrate the healthcare system. We'll see tiny
robots that scrape plaque from arteries, or robots that can transport medication and laundry down
corridors and personal assistant robots that help care for patients. By using wireless sensors and smart
packaging, anything is possible in a healthcare setting. Ordinary objects, such a cleaning
supplies, linens, bedpans, and even waste cans can transform into smart devices on the Internet of
Things.
3.IOT in wearables

Wearable IoT devices include anything that is on or inside a person, and the possibilities are
endless. Many people are adopting the use of wearable fitness devices that users wear on their wrist
or hang from their neck. The device tracks a user's heart rate, the number of steps, how many
calories the user has burned, and then transmits the data via Bluetooth to a phone or laptop. Activity
and GPS trackers built into a smartphone automatically capture data in realtime throughout the
day. Wearable baby monitors that help prevent SIDS sense respirations, temperature, activity,
position, and sends data to a smart device, and can alert you if the baby is in trouble. Alcohol monitors
can be worn on the wrist to gauge whether or not you've overindulged, and what time you will be
sober. They're inconspicuous and you can wear them with a smart watch. As our population ages, the
IoT will help people stay out of the doctor's office. Medication monitors are wireless sensors placed
on prescription bottles that help remind people to take their medication. The sensors can also ensure
refill notification. Internal sensors can ensure that a patient has taken their medicine. The patient
ingests a pill, and when in contact with the stomach, the sensor sends a signal to an exterior patch
transmitting data to a monitoring device, and then relaying to a caregiver's phone or other Bluetooth-
enabled device. The IoT can monitor the elderly. Wearable wireless sensors can track daily activity to
ensure that they're moving about the house. Sensors worn by the individual and placed around the
home can alert caregivers if they detect any serious disruption to their normal routine. Body biometric
sensors can monitor heart rate, respiration, body position, and activity level, and send reports to
medical personnel. Wearable devices can track steps, check on the baby, monitor heart rate and
oxygen, and also alcohol levels. Future use can include connecting devices to the home, monitor aging
relatives, and also our pets.
4.IOT in mobile devices

A mobile device is a handheld computer that includes ereaders, tablets and phones. It can make calls,
search the internet, offer navigation, and are a gateway to the Internet of Things. With our mobile
devices, we can control and access everyday items, such as lights, smart thermostats, and even
refrigerators through a smart phone. We use our mobile devices in our homes, offices, and in
stores. Mobile devices are all knowing in that they're aware of our location, can monitor our stress
level and let us know if it's going to rain. At the center of this awareness with mobile devices and the
IoT is connectivity. With expanded IoT devices when the user moves from one location to the
next engagement will be able to predict and advise. If the user looks up things to do in Miami, the app
can consult the weather in Miami and if it's hot and sunny your phone can remind you to bring your
sunscreen. Once in Miami, the app becomes the ultimate shopper. The mobile device predicts and
advises. As you cruise through Miami, sensors and wireless radios located in restaurants push
notifications to your device about lunch specials at a local restaurant or even a sale on jeans at your
favorite boutique. When in a store, proximity sensors let you know that you're near an item that's on
your list. The IoT redefines the way we interact with everyday devices. For example, combining
geolocation with a gaming app and augmented reality. Now, the user is able to interact with the
environment around them and have a richer, more personalized experience. Holding a mobile device
can create interactions that produce data. If, when going to a store to purchase an energy drink, you
select the drink on the bottom shelf as it's a new popular drink. Customer trackers will monitor this and
if the pattern is that most customers are looking down to purchase the drink, the vendor will see a
pattern and move the drink to an eye level shelf. The mobile device is a natural choice for interactions
with IoT devices. User expectation, along with the IoT will grow as everything from coffee mugs to
sunglasses can become a device on the IoT that interacts with our mobile device.
6.
6.IOT in smart homes

You can do anything in your home using the Internet of Things, from setting your temperature,
controlling lights, and keeping track of your keys. Products range from several nonrelated
devices from different vendors to fully functional integrated systems with a single-vendor
solution. Selecting a product can be overwhelming. Efficient home heating includes sensors, weather
forecasts, and home activity. Automated thermostats can save a family 20 to 30% off their energy bill
while keeping your house comfortably warm or cool throughout the year. Smoke and carbon
monoxide detectors are standard in most homes, but an IoT device can monitor and notify the family
of any abnormalities, even when you're not in the home, an invaluable feature if you have pets. In
addition, an energy monitor will notify you if the battery is low, so you avoid having to hear the
beep in the middle of the night. Many items in the home are simply data vampires pulling electricity
when not in use. Smart outlets monitor device use and allow you to turn off any unused device
remotely, saving money and conserving energy. Everyone likes a little ambiance. Smart lighting can
dim lights, but it can also turn off lights when not in use, or even turn on select lighting in certain
rooms to give the appearance that someone is home. Avoiding disaster is something we don't think
about until it happens. A burst pipe can do serious damage if left unchecked for several hours. Water
sensors under sinks can notify you if a sudden burst occurs. If you're able to get home and turn off the
water in a short time, it may decrease the damage done to the home. You might even qualify for a
discount on your homeowner's insurance if you install a water sensor. Like sensors used for irrigation
and farming, soil sensors can automate the process by monitoring the plants and feed and water
according to their needs. There are many other devices to remotely control your home, including
security cameras, coffee pots, and even doorbells. Smart pet devices monitor Fluffy's weight, or track
Fido's location. The Internet of Things will create a smarter, automated home that improves our lives.

4. IOT in travel

The travel industry has come a long way. Customer service and efficiency are at the forefront, and the
Internet of Things is paving the way. Airlines are finding new ways to infuse IoT technology into the
industry to help improve the overall experience and prevent unnecessary delays. Airplane
maintenance has always been a substantial challenge for the airline industry. Newer engines are
loaded with sensors that collect data on performance, which conducts real-time analytics that helps
planning and shorten diagnostic and maintenance time by hours. Airports are a high-traffic
environment and innovators are moving away from traditional approaches to air travel. Airline apps
on a smartphone help traveler navigate airports by presenting information on flight details and gate
changes. The apps also send updates in real time if there's a flight delay or cancellation. Once the
plane has landed, the traveler can obtain baggage claim information, hotel reservations, and car rental
assistance. Several airports are using tiny location beacons that are easy to deploy and
install. Passengers download and use a smartphone app that monitors them as they roam through the
terminal, tracking their location and providing direction assistance to find restaurants, airline kiosks,
and baggage carousels based on their location. They can also provide estimated wait times at security
checkpoints. Passengers want the option to to travel with their pet, but they worry about their safety
and comfort. Vendors are rolling out GPS-tracking technology for pets that let owners know where
their pet is at any time, and that they're comfortable in a location that's not too hot, too cold, or too
humid. Luggage is also equipped with smart features, such as fingerprint locks you can control with
a smartphone, and the ability to track its location. Your luggage will even notify you if you leave it
behind. The IoT improves overall travel experience, helps us navigate through the airport
by providing direction assistance to find restaurants and baggage carousels, and offers us a way to
check on our pets.

SOFTWARE
RESOURCES
Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate
computers and related devices.
Software is often divided into two categories.

1. System software

2. Application software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE

It is a base for application software which responsible for managing hardware. In

other words we can say that system software is a intermediator between user and
hardware.

Systems software can be categorized under the following:

 • Operating system: Harnesses communication between hardware, system programs, and
other applications.
• Device driver: Enables device communication with the OS and other programs.
• Firmware: Enables device control and identification.
• Translator: Translates high-level languages to low-level machine codes.
• Utility: Ensures optimum functionality of devices and applications
OPERATING SYSTEM

The operating system is a type of system software kernel that sits between computer hardware and
end user. It is installed first on a computer to allow devices and applications to be identified and
therefore functional.
System software is the first layer of software to be loaded into memory every time a computer is
powered up.

Examples of Operating Systems

Popular OSs for computers are:
• Windows 10
• Mac OS X
• Ubuntu
Popular network/server OSs are:
• Ubuntu Server
• Windows Server
• Red Hat Enterprise
Popular internet/web OSs are:
• Chrome OS
• Club Linux
• Remix OS
Popular mobile OSs are:
• iPhone OS
• Android OS
• Windows Phone OS
Watch video
https://youtu.be/vBURTt97Ek
A
Some of the popular operating systems are ;

1.Linux Microsoft had monopoly over the PC operating systems market, until Linux was launched
at the turn of the century. The Linux kernel was developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991. The kernel
is the core of the software ,around which developers can build tools and utilities. Linux supports
open-source technology and is a freeware. This means nobody owns rights over it legally. The
source code of Linux is available and one can create additional tools around the Linux OS. Linux
can run on major processors developed by corporation such as Intel,Motorola,SPARK, and Alpha.

2.Network operating systems

Network operating system are operating systems that manages communication between one or
more computers in a network. Along with Windows 95 ,Microsoft introduced Window NTa s the
operating system for the networks. Windows NT gave the flexibility and ease of GUi and secured
local networks.

3.Novell

Just as Microsoft had monopoly over DOS and PCs,Novell group had monopoly over NOS.
Novell Netware is a very popular,strong,sturdy and secure NOS.

4.UNIX:UNIX and XENIX are operating system that support single machines and multiple
servers under networks. They are suitable for mainframes and minicomputers. UNIX was
developed by Bell Laboratories in 1969.

Device Drivers
Driver software is a type of system software which brings computer devices and peripherals to
life. Drivers make it possible for all connected components and external add-ons perform their
intended tasks and as directed by the OS. Without drivers, the OS would not assign any duties.
Examples of devices which require drivers:
• Mouse
• Keyboard
• Soundcard
• Display card
• Network card
• Printer
Usually, the operating system ships with drivers for most devices already in the market. By default,
input devices such as the mouse and keyboard will have their drivers installed. They may never
require third-party installations.
FIRMWARE
Firmware is the operational software embedded within a flash, ROM, or EPROM memory chip
for the OS to identify it. It directly manages and controls all activities of any single
hardware.Traditionally, firmware used to mean fixed software as denoted by the word firm. It was
installed on non-volatile chips and could be upgraded only by swapping them with new,
preprogrammed chips.This was done to differentiate them from high-level software, which could
be updated without having to swap components.Today, firmware is stored in flash chips, which
can be upgraded without swapping semiconductor chips.T he most important firmware in
computers today is installed by the manufacturer on the motherboard and can be accessed through
the old BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or the new UEFI (Unified Extended Firmware
Interface) platforms.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Applications software are often called productivity programs or end-user programs because they
enable the user to complete tasks, such as creating documents, spreadsheets, databases and
publications, doing online research, sending email, designing graphics, running businesses, and
even playing games! Application software is specific to the task it is designed for and can be as
simple as a calculator application or as complex as a word processing application.

Application Software Type Examples

Word processing software MS Word, WordPad and Notepad

Database software Oracle, MS Access etc

Spreadsheet software Apple Numbers, Microsoft Excel

Multimedia software Real Player, Media Player

Presentation Software Microsoft Power Point, Keynotes

Enterprise Software Customer relationship management system

Documentation tools, resource management

Information Worker Software
tools
 Application Software Type Examples

Dictionaries: Encarta,
Educational Software
BritannicaMathematical: MATLABOthers:
Google Earth, NASA World Wind

Simulation Software Flight and scientific simulators

Accessing content through media players,

Content Access Software
web browsers

Application Suites OpenOffice, Microsoft Office

Software for Engineering and Product Development IDE or Integrated Development

Environments

There are various different types of application software such as licensed, sold, freeware,
shareware, and open source.

BUSINESS SOFTWARE
There are many different types of business software. Deciding which one is best for your
business is not always easy and will often depend on:
• the size of your business
• the particular needs of your business
• the tasks that need to be automated

Which business software applications do the most successful companies use?

1.Web Analytics Software

Web analytics gives you data about your website’s performance and conversion rates. It tells you
who your visitors are, where are they coming from, how they found you, which pages or blog posts
attracted them the most, and what keywords brought them to you. All these will help you decide
on the next steps to take to improve your product offering.
Top software for Web Analytics: Google Analytics

2.Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Software

This is perhaps one of the most critical business software applications to include in your software
stack. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is essentially a set of rules to follow on your website to
improve its search engine rankings. Studies show that users click the top 5 suggestions given to
them in the Search Engine Results Page (SERP). Higher SERP means more visitors to your
website, which in turn, increases your conversion rate.

Top software for SEO: Moz

3.Web Hosting Software

The first thing you’ll need to do when starting a business online is to choose a reliable web hosting
company. Choosing the wrong company to do your web hosting can cause you to lose potential
sales and customers when your site goes down. If this happens frequently, it can hurt your search
engine rankings. Worse, there’s the possibility of losing all your data, causing all your hard work
to go down the drain.
Top software for Web Hosting: Amazon Web Services

4.Email Delivery Software

No matter how spectacular your emails look, if they don’t make it to your customers’ inbox, it’s
practically worthless and a waste of your valuable time. Many email service providers are
becoming increasingly vigilant with the kinds of emails that are received by your target market.
That’s why it’s important to choose an email delivery app or tool that will make sure that the emails
you send out are efficiently routed to your customers’ inbox and avoid the spam filters.

Top software for Email Delivery: Mailgun

5.Content Delivery Network (CDN) Software
The attention span of Internet users is very short. With millions of websites on the Internet, no one
will have the patience to wait for a very slow website to load. Sadly, this doesn’t just mean the loss
in potential profit. Having a slow site can seriously hurt your search engine rankings.

This is why successful companies invest in a good content delivery network or CDN for short.
CDN’s work by downloading the content and data from your website and moving it to a server
that’s closer to your users to reduce local load times.

Top CDN software: Amazon Cloudfront

6.Social Media Advertising Software

With the average person spending 30% of their online time on social media, social media
advertising is a critical component of any multi-channel advertising strategy. With the right social
media advertising application, you can get your product or service in front of the right people using
highly focused targeting techniques.
Top social media advertising software: Facebook custom web audiences

7.Retargeting Software
It’s said that only 2% of your website visitors will make a purchase on their first visit. Using a
retargeting app or software tool can help you reach out to the other 98% and get them to do the
same, increasing your conversion rate.

Top Retargeting software: Adroll

8.Marketing Automation Software

Getting the right marketing automation software tool is vital to help your online business gather
the right data about your customers in order to understand their profile, which you can then use as
a guide to creating more tailored marketing campaigns.
Top Marketing Automation software: Marketo

9.Accounting software Software

Let’s face it, while entrepreneurs know the ins and outs of starting a business and finding areas of
opportunity for it to grow, there are just some administrative tasks that they can use a little bit more
help on. Accounting is one of them. Cash is king and without a good accounting solution in place,
it’s impossible to stay on top of your cash flow.

Top Accounting software: Xero

10. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software

A Customer relationship management application or CRM for short is a tool that helps businesses
manage key customer information as well as analyse customer interactions and customer data
throughout the customer lifecycle. They can be used to store existing client data as well as potential
target customers. Ultimately, a CRM system will help your business to analyse and increase your
sales by being a key business tool for anybody working in sales or customer service. The best
CRM systems are able to aggregate data across different channels including the company’s
website, email, telephone, social media or live chat.
Top CRM software: Salesforce

11. Core Banking Software Applications

Banking application software is a series of encoded information or computer instructions
exclusively meant to assist banking transactions. Typically, banking software application refer to
core-banking software and its interfaces that allow banks to conduct and record transactions made
by the bank’s customers to their accounts.

software applications used by industry specific to manufacturing businesses and engineering

companies
Some different packages:

• MRPEasy
• Microsoft AX or NAV
• SAP
• Oracle ERP
 DATA RESOURCES

DATABASE

Data is defined as facts or figures, or information that's stored in or used by a computer. An example
of data is information collected for a research paper. A database table is composed of records and
fields that hold data. Tables are also called datasheets. Each table in a database holds data about a
different, but related, subject. Data is stored in records. A record is composed of fields and contains
all the data about one particular person, company, or item in a database. In this database, a record
contains the data for one customer support incident report. Records appear as rows in the database
table. A record for Log ID 1201242 is highlighted in Figure below;

Data can be separated into two categories, quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data is data that can
be measured in numerical form. Qualitative data is information that is gathered in non-numerical form
that is typically descriptive and may be recoded to try and quantify its meaning. For example,
quantitative data can include: the total annual sales of Ware One, employee performance review ratings
on a scale of one to 10, a report with last month's profitability by store location. Qualitative data includes
things such as: summaries of written comments on customer cards collected from suggestion boxes at
stores, results from interviews of store managers by an outside consultant, a paragraph taken from an
employee's self-evaluation on a performance review. While the scripted statistics can be generated from
both of these information sets, their potential applications and tools you use to draw conclusions from
them can be quite different. Whether quantitative or qualitative, one phrase you'll hear often is that
data is made up of a set of observations, the individual units being measured. An observation can be: at
the person level, for example, total dollars of merchandise sold by each salesperson. at the store level,
for example, the profitability at each store location. at the country level, for example, the total GDP of
each G7 country. or even time, for example, the temperature month by month for the last year
 DATABASE AND DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A database is an ordered collection of related data that is built for a specific purpose. A database
may be organized as a collection of multiple tables, where a table represents a real world element
or entity. Each table has several different fields that represent the characteristic features of the
entity.
For example, a company database may include tables for projects, employees, departments,
products and financial records. The fields in the Employee table may be Name, Company_Id,
Date_of_Joining, and so forth.
A database management system is a collection of programs that enables creation and
maintenance of a database. DBMS is available as a software package that facilitates definition,
construction, manipulation and sharing of data in a database. Definition of a database includes
description of the structure of a database. Construction of a database involves actual storing of
the data in any storage medium. Manipulation refers to the retrieving information from the
database, updating the database and generating reports. Sharing of data facilitates data to be
accessed by different users or programs.

Examples of DBMS Application Areas

• Automatic Teller Machines

• Train Reservation System
• Employee Management System
• Student Information System
Examples of DBMS Packages

• MySQL
• Oracle
• SQL Server
• dBASE
• FoxPro
• PostgreSQL, etc.

LATEST TRENDS IN DATABASE MANAGEMENT

Trends may come and go, but many new concepts in database management have staying power,
as well as the ability to greatly impact the organizations that integrate them.

Every organization wants to stay updated with the latest trends in database management as well as
how to best take advantage of them to benefit their business.

Database Management Trends

The current trends in Database Management are combined here in a nutshell:

1. Databases that bridge SQL and NoSQL

2. Databases in the Cloud / Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. An Increased focus on Security
4. Automated Management
1.Data warehousing

A data warehousing is a technique for collecting and managing data from varied sources to provide
meaningful business insights. It is a blend of technologies and components which allows the
strategic use of data.

DATA MINING

Data mining is looking for hidden, valid, and potentially useful patterns in huge data sets. Data
Mining is all about discovering unsuspected/ previously unknown relationships amongst the data.

It is a multi-disciplinary skill that uses machine learning, statistics, AI and database technology.

The insights derived via Data Mining can be used for marketing, fraud detection, and scientific
discovery, etc.

ONLINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING

OLAP is a category of software that allows users to analyze information from multiple database
systems at the same time. It is a technology that enables analysts to extract and view business data
from different points of view. OLAP stands for Online Analytical Processing.

Analysts frequently need to group, aggregate and join data. These operations in relational
databases are resource intensive. With OLAP data can be pre-calculated and pre-aggregated,
making analysis faster.

OLAP databases are divided into one or more cubes. The cubes are designed in such a way that
creating and viewing reports become easy.
At the core of the OLAP, concept is an OLAP Cube. The OLAP cube is a data structure optimized
for very quick data analysis.

The OLAP Cube consists of numeric facts called measures which are categorized by dimensions.
OLAP Cube is also called the hypercube.

Usually, data operations and analysis are performed using the simple spreadsheet, where data
values are arranged in row and column format. This is ideal for two-dimensional data. However,
OLAP contains multidimensional data, with data usually obtained from a different and unrelated
source. Using a spreadsheet is not an optimal option. The cube can store and analyze
multidimensional data in a logical and orderly manner.

DATA ANALYTICS

Data analytics refers to qualitative and quantitative techniques and processes used to enhance
productivity and business gain. Data is extracted and categorized to identify and analyze
behavioral data and patterns, and techniques vary according to organizational requirements.

Data analytics allow us to make informed decisions and to stop guessing.

Data analytics tools

************************************************************************************************************
 Case study

Asian
Paints
extends
capabilitie
s of SAP
onto
Android
SAP today announced that Asian Paints, India’s largest paint company, has achieved
newfound business capabilities with the successful implementation of mobile
solutions from SAP. Using the SAP mobile platform and the SAP Afaria mobile device
management solution, Asian Paints is the first SAP customer to extend the capabilities
of SAP software onto the Android mobile platform to gain real-time visibility into
business processes and empower its sales force with the best-fit technology to increase
efficiency.
“With SAP’s mobile platform, companies like Asian Paints can establish a platform that
allows sales personnel to connect, manage and analyze customer requirements in real
time. SAP is quickly emerging as one of the leading providers of mobile enterprise
solutions to help our customers run better on any device,” said Chris McClain,
Executive Vice President, Global Mobile Sales and Solutions, SAP ”

The first adoption in India of the SAP mobile platform on Android enables 700 frontline
salespeople with a 360-degree view of Asian Paints customers. The company has
custom-built a mobile app on the SAP mobile platform. With the new app internally
called as “ExSell”, Asian Paints sales force has access to both offline and real-time
information at their fingertips —
truly an “anytime anywhere” information situation. As a result, workflow approvals and
dealer

PRE READING : CASE STUDY 1

THE CONNECTED COW

you can watch the video here on YouTube.

And then list five concepts or takeaways on how we think about IoT devices and how we can use the data.
WATCH VIDEO
"Connected Cows?" - Joseph Sirosh (Strata + Hadoop 2015) - YouTube
Response: Case study, the connected cow

. In this case study, we learned that the IOT can do the following. The farmer can place an IOT device in a cow's
stomach compartment to monitor acid levels, which can help detect possible digestive problems. Sensors can
detect health issues by monitoring their movement by detecting signs of illness at an early stage this can prevent
loss. We can also use the IOT data to improve cattle production by accurately detecting the onset of estrus. This is
achieved by using a pedometer light device that monitors steps taken by the cow. When an estrus cow's move
about more sensors can monitor for signs of mastitis. Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland in utter
tissue, which is a serious disease in dairy cattle. And sensors can also monitor ready to give birth by observing the
tail movements, the farmer be better prepared. The sensors monitor the tail movements that are triggered by labor
contractions and send the farmer an early alert approximately one hour before a cow is ready to give birth. Early
intervention can help detect if a cow is stress and help prevent birth-related complications.
 inquiries can be concluded more quickly and easily and sales people can eliminate
error-prone manual processes while being empowered to work independently and
address customer demands with superior efficiency.
“We believe that the speed and efficiency of processing data will be the key drivers for
businesses in the years to come,” said Mr. Harish Lade, General Manager-IT “Even more
critical will be the ability to ensure that information is available — anytime, anywhere
and on any device.. We will continue to deploy relevant IT Tools and Technology at the
right TCO for providing optimum customer satisfaction and improving operational
efficiencies.”

****************************************************************

BLENDED LEARNING
Exercise : students need to learn and create account in AWS and present it in class in
group it feature.

AWS is Amazon web service which is cloud computing palteform. It offers IT infrastructure services to
businesses and organizations as web services to help them scale and grow efficiently. AWS provides what
used to be purchased as hardware, such as network switches and servers, as resources to be accessed using
the internet. Because of cloud computing's pay as you go model and robust resources, organizations are able
to save time, money, and human resources by moving their resources to AWS. As of winter 2020, there are
24 groups of services offered by the platform ranging from compute to storage to game development. Each
group contains anywhere between one to 12 services with more being added all the time. You can host your
static files using simple stores service, host a WordPress blog using elastic compute cloud, send emails using
work mail, stream desktops using workspaces or create games using game lift. It's probably not far from the
truth to say that your imagination is the limit for what you can potentially architect and create using Amazon
Web Services. As a cloud computing service provider, AWS boasts flexibility, scalability, and
reliability alongside affordability that was impossible with traditional on premises IT infrastructure. With
AWS, engineers can concentrate on building your products and features instead of worrying about the it
infrastructure's ability to handle their scaling.
-
Big companies using AWS
 Amazon Web Services is a pretty big deal and a lot of companies use the platform to serve their
computational, storage, hosting, and IT infrastructure needs. AWS has more than a million active
customers ranging from Airbnb to General Electric. Let's see how various companies are using AWS to
power their infrastructure, to work for them in the background, so they can focus more on growing their
businesses. Utilizing the hybrid cloud deployment model, Comcast built an app for Xfinity services that links
AWS Cloud and their on-premises data centers seamlessly. Comcast is the world's largest cable company, and
thanks to having their hybrid environment, they're able to deploy features to Xfinity X1 several times a week
instead of every 12 to 18 months, which was the timeline with their old architecture. Expedia, your friendly
travel companion, is in the process of migrating 80% of its mission critical apps to AWS within the next few
years. Expedia provides travel related services through expedia.com, and 200 other travel booking sites all
around the world. Because of their extensive global footprint that requires continuous updates and
innovations, they chose AWS to host a new service called Expedia Suggest Service. At the time, AWS was
the only cloud service provider that supported the Asia-Pacific customers. This made them a great fit as the
global travel company serves customers from all over the world, including Asia. Investors use Dow Jones to
learn about the going ons of the financial markets around the world. When the lease of their physical data
center in Asia hosting the Wall Street Journal for agent customers ran out in 2013, they moved to AWS. Now,
all of their Asia traffic is running through AWS, and the transition has saved Dow Jones 25% every year over
the cost of leasing a data center. Atlassian, who owns popular product and project management tools, such as
JIRA and Confluence, uses AWS to scale and enhance availability and disaster recovery. Breakfast cereal
tycoon, Kellogg's, has tight margins, and estimates that it will save a million dollars over the next five years in
software, hardware, and maintenance costs, by using AWS. Some other companies you might have heard
of running on AWS, are Citrix, Square Enix, Spotify, USDA, UK Ministry of Justice, and Netflix. Anyone
choosing to run their cloud infrastructure on AWS, will be in good company.
Popular services offered in AWS

Compute services provide virtual server hosting, container management, and serverless computing. You can
set code to run to certain triggers using Lambda, run virtual machines using Elastic Compute Cloud or
EC2, quickly set up and run small websites using LightSail, or create a unit of software to ship out to your
users using Elastic Container Services or ECS. Compute services are backbones of cloud computing
platforms as they provide the much-coveted computing resources that many companies are looking
for. Instead of having to host their own servers in their own data centers, they can rent servers from AWS for
pennies on the dollar. Storage services provide storage for both in-use and archival files. You can use Elastic
File System or EFS to create shared folders in the cloud. You can upload flat files like images, videos, or text
files to Simple Storage Service or S3 and link to it directly to use on your website. You can also archive files
and store large amounts of data for cheap using Glacier or you can use Storage Gateway to take daily backups
of your company's on-premises data and send them to the cloud for safekeeping. Storage solutions are cheaper
than ever with cloud computing and AWS provides many options depending on the frequency of access and
durability of data you require. AWS also offers fully-managed relational and NoSQL databases. Their cost-
efficient relational database is called Relational Database Service or RDS and a highly scalable NoSQL
database is called DynamoDB. They also offer a fully managed, easily scalable petabyte-scale data warehouse
service called Redshift and a highly scalable caching service called ElastiCache. ElastiCache allows you to
run extremely intensive computations by caching necessary data in the cloud. All of the database services are
highly scalable and cost efficient so you can crunch all the numbers and data you need for a fraction of the
cost of an on-site database server. It's easy to get lost in the abundance of options but it's also exciting to
consider the almost limitless potentials in what we can create using these resources.
Create an AWS account

You'll need to go to aws.amazon.com. Just as a warning, creating an account requires to have a valid phone
number and a credit card. To create the account, click on the very aptly labeled button here that says "Create
an AWS Account." Fill in your email address and create a password. An AWS account name is a unique
username for AWS. You might have to try a few times before you hit an account no one has taken yet. Once
you're done filling out the form, click Continue. For the account type, choose Personal, as you are creating
this account to learn and explore. Enter your full name, phone number, as well as your address. Make sure to
read the agreement and check the box before proceeding. Once you're done, click Create Account and
Continue. We're almost done. The next page asks for your payment information. For the first 12 months after
your account creation, you are eligible for what is called the AWS Free Tier. This means that up a certain
usage level, you can try out many of AWS's most popular features for free. The payment information is in
case you use features that require payment, or if you go past your free tier limits. They will make a small test
charge to make sure your payment method is valid. It will go away once your account confirmation is
complete. Now click Secure Submit. We're almost done. This page will ask you to verify your account
creation with a phone verification. They will call you so you can put in a code to verify that you indeed did
create this new account. This number can be any phone number that you can receive calls at, so it can be an
extension at work if needs be. Put in your phone number, type in the code in the security check, and click on
Contact me. When prompted, enter the four numbers that came up after clicking the button when you received
the call. Feel free to pause this video now to receive the phone call. Once you complete the verification, click
Continue. Now you'll select a support plan for your account. As you can see on this page, there are three kinds
of support plans available to you, which are Basic Plan, Developer Plan, and Business Plan. There is also a
fourth one, Enterprise, but that's only for bigger companies that require a lot of support. Each plan has
different features, support tiers, and costs associated. You can click on the Basic Plan, as it's free and provides
you access to health status and notifications for your various services. You can learn more about each support
plan by clicking on Learn More. Now we wait for AWS to finish creating your account. The page you're on
now helps you personalize your account by picking your role and interests while you wait for the account to
be activated. Once your account is fully ready, which generally only takes a few minutes at most, they will
notify you by email. There you have it. You've successfully created an AWS account. Go check your email
to log in to your own AWS management console for the first time.

Exploring the AWS dashboard

When you first log in to the AWS Management Console, you'll immediately notice that there's a lot going
on. No worries. Most of the time, we only work with one or two of the resources on this dashboard. First off,
let's take look at the right top corner of the browser. Here, you'll see your user name you chose for
yourself when you signed up for an account. When you click on your user name, you can find out information
and have a quick way of accessing your security credentials. The billing portion is important as you start
exploring different services, as some of them will cost money, even during the free tier. Let's move on to the
link near the user name labeled Support. Here, you can explore different ways of finding documentation and
support resources for your issues or questions. You can create tickets in the support center or ask peers in the
forum. You can also find documentation and tutorials on how to troubleshoot or create certain functions in
the documentations and trainings offered by AWS for free. The Services link at the top left corner of the
browser takes you to the list of all the services AWS offers. This list expands as new services are
announced, and just in October of 2018, AWS added new categories, like Blockchain and Satellite. Some of
the most popular categories of services are Storage, Commute, and Database. You can click on any of them
and they will provide you information and introduction to the services, as well as resources you could check
out to learn more about them. Back on the main dashboard, there are resources to learn about various
services and what they can do for you, such as the Build a solution and Learn to build section. You can also
go to the Explore AWS column to the right and see what AWS things you should check out now. There are
many parts to the AWS Management Console dashboard, but we've gone over many of the main resources
available for you to begin your dive in to AWS. A big portion of learning a new system or technology is
knowing where to look for answers. And the support resources available on the dashboard can answer many
of your potential questions and issues. Go ahead and take a little while to explore the dashboard on your own.

AWS Free Tier

Go to AWS.Amazon.com/free. AWS Free Tier allows new potential customers to test out and use many
services offered by AWS for free. This allows you to become comfortable with many of the services and
AWS gains a potential customer. When the 12 months are over, you begin to be charged for services you
consume at regular rates. As a warning, you will get a notification when your 12 months are expiring, but you
will then need to manually turn down or delete your services if you don't want to be charged. There are three
different types of Free Tier offerings. They are 12 months free, always free, and trials. Let's take a look at
each option. The first option is 12 months free. As the naming suggests, these are offers that expire 12 months
after you sign up for your account. All of the services have usage limits, and if you go above the limit, you
will be charged at normal rates even within the first 12 months. Some of the common limitations are use
time, number of requests, amount of storage, number of characters, and actions per month. The second option
is always free. And, you guessed it, it's always free, up to a certain point. The final type of Free Tier offering
is trials. Most of the trials are for less than 12 months, and have stricter limits. Take note, one important
thing is that being on the AWS Free Tier plan doesn't mean you have unlimited use of everything. Depending
on the service, there are different limits. AWS Free Tier is a generous offering that helps bring in new
customers for AWS, and as a brand new user of AWS, it allows you to test out the services and learn and
explore this powerful system.

************************************************************************************
 QUESTIONS

Section A (2 marks each)

1. What is Saas ?
2. What is RMDA?
3. What is cloud computing?
4. What is the difference between RAM and ROM?
5. What are the components of CPU?
6. Write example of microcomputers?
7. Give example of system software.
8. How do you find out the create account in AWS?
9. Name the two processor making companies in the market?
10. What is OLAP?
11. Give two example of Input device and output device.
12. What is Iaas?
13. What is the difference between Iaas and Paas?
14. What is Saas?
15. List the different types of system software use by computers.
16. What is Firmware?
17. Give 4 example of OS of computer.
18. List the devices which need drivers.
19. What is data mining?
20. List the data mining techniques.
21. What are data analytics process?

22. Name the Basic analytical operations of OLAP.

 23. What is data analytics?
24. List some latest data analytical tools.
25. What is IOT?
26. What is the use of IOT in smart house?

Section B (4 Marks)

1. Explain the different categories of computers with example.

2. Explain computer system architecture with block diagram.

3.list out the various component of computer with example.

3. Explain the deployment model of cloud hosting.

4. What is the difference between system software and application software?

5. What is system software? Explain by giving example.

7.Give example of operating system and explain any two

OS.

8. What is application software. Give Example.

9. Explain any two-application software use in business.

10. Why do we need cloud computing? What is the benefit of cloud computing?

11. What are the different kind of software used by companies for digital marketing.

12. What are the use of IOT in business?

Section C (10 Marks)

1. Explain the latest trends in technology.

2. Explain the different service model of cloud computing.
3. Explain the different cloud deployment model?
4. Explain mobile computing hardware, software and mobile communication.
5. Explain different types of computer software with example.
6. Which business software applications do the most successful banking and financial companies
use?
7. Which business software applications do the most successful companies use for marketing?
8. Explain different types of database management system.
9. What is the latest trends in database management?
10. What is data analytics? Why it is useful?