6 DYNAMLLCS OF FLUID

CHAPTER
FLOW
º 6.1 INTRODUCTION
Inthe previouschapter, we studied the
taking into consideration the forcescauingvelocity and acccleration at apoint ín a fluid
the flow, Thischapter includes the flow, wittunt
fluid flow. Thusdynamics of fluid flow is the study of fors CASANZ
study of flujd motion with the forces cAusiny flkrn The
dynamic behaviour of the fluid flow is analysed by the
the acceleration with the forces. The Newton' % second law of motion, which relas
fluid is assumed to be incompressíble and non-vim,
2 EQUATIONS OF MOTION
According to Newton's second law of motion, the net force F, acting on a fluid
elenent in the
direction of xisequal tomass mof the fluid element multiplied by the acceleration a, in the
Thus mathematically, rdiretin.
F,= m.a,
In the fluid flow, the following forces are present :
(i) F gravity force.
(ii) Fp the pressure force.
(ii) F,,force due to viscosity.
(iv) F, force due to turbulence.
y F,force due to compressibjlity.
Thus inequation (6.l), the net force
F,=(F), +(F), + (FJ, +(F), +(FJ,
(i) If the force due to compressibility, F, is negligible, the resulting net force
F,= (F), t+ (F), +(F), +(F),
and equation of motions are called Reynold'sequations of motion.
are known 25
(ii) For flow, where (F) is negligible, the resulting equations of motion
Navier-Stokes Equation. equation of motions are
(ii) If theflow is assumed to be ideal, viscous force (F) is zero and
known as Euler's equationof motion.

259
 260 Fluid Mechanics
%.3 EULER'S EQUATION OF MOTION
This is
tion. This equation
is
of motion in which the forces due to gravity and pressure are taken
into
derived by considering the motion of a fluid element along a
in Fig. 6.1. consider,
stream-line
Consider a stream-line in which flow is taking place in s-direction as shown as:
cylindrical
1. element of cross--section dA and length ds. The forces acting on the cylindrical Consider
Pressure force pdA in the direction of flow. element are:
2. Pressure force|p+ ds dA opposite to the direction of flow.
ds
3.
Let Weight
of element PgdAds.
is the angle
The
resultant forcebetween
on the
the direction of flow and the line of action of the weight of
fluid element in the direction of s must be equal to the element.
element x acceleration in the direction s. mass of fluid
pdA - p+ dsdA - pgdAds cos
=pdAds × a, .(6.2)
where a, is the acceleration in the direction of s. (p
+
Now dv
a, = where v is a function of s and t.
dt
dv ds vdv
+
ds dt
If the flow is steady, =0

dz
a, = pdA
ds
Substituting the value of a, in equation (6.2) and simplify
ing the equation, we get
(mw) PgdAds
•s dsdA - Pg dAds cos = pdAds (a) (b)
ds Fig. 6.1 Forces on a fluid element.
Dividing by pdsdA, dp -8 COs =
vdv
pas
Or +g cOs + v =0
pas ds
But from Fig. 6.1 (b), we have cos = dz
ds
1 dp dz vdv
dp
p ds +8 ds +
ds.
=0 Or + gdz + vdv = (0

or
dp + gdz + vdv = 0
..6.3)
Equation (6.3) is known as Euler's equation of motion.
 FluidFlow 261
Dynamicsof
BERNOULLI'S EQUATION FROM EULER'S EQUATION
6.4
(6.3) as
's equation is
Bernoulli obtained by integrating the Euler's equation of motion

is
incompressible, pis constant and
Ifflow
29-03y
P+ gz+ 2
= constant

P+t 2g = Constant

.6.4)
P, +=Constant
P8 2g
equation in which
Equation(6.4)is. a Bernoulli's pressure head.
P pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or
=
P8
weight or kinetic head.
v12g = kinetic energyper unit weight or potential head.
Z= potential energy per unit

y6.5 ASSUMPTIONS
derivation of Bernoulli's equation :
assumptions made in the
The following are theideal, i.e., viscosity is zero (ii) The flow is steady
() The fluid is The flow is irrOtational.
incompressible (iv)
under a pressure of 29.43 N/cm
(iüi) Theflow is through apipe of S5 cm diameter
energy per unit weight of the
is flowing total
Problem 6.1 Water velocity of 2.0 ms. Find the total head or
(gaugeandwith mean above the datum line.
cross-section, which is 5 m
water at a
Solution. Given :
Diameter of pipe inge.
=5cm = 0.5 m N/m
29.43 x 10
p=29.43 N/cm =
Pressure. V= 2.0m/s
Velocity. Z=5 m head + datum head
Datum head, + kinetic
=pressure head 1000 kg3
Total head 29.43x 10 = 30 m pfor water =
m

Pressure head
P 1000 x 9.81
p8
2x2 = 0.204 m
Kinetic head 2x9.81
2g
+0.204 +5 = 35.204 m. Ans.
+2=30
cm and10cm at
the
Total head pg 28 diameters, 20
which water is flowing, is having given 4.0 m/s. Find the velocity
through is
Problem 6.2 Apipe,respectively. The velocity of water atsection 1
cross-sections l and 2 also rate of discharge.
head at sections l and 2and
 262 Fluid Mechanics
Solution. Given ()
D, 0em 0,2 m 2

Arra, A, ,'(2 (00314 '

4 D, 20 crn
I4.0 m/% |V, 40rn/sec
D, 0.| m
A, m (D'00785 m
4 Pig, 6.2
() Velocity head at section I
V 4.0 x 4.0 0.815 m. Ans.
2g 2x9,81
) Velocity head at section 2 = V2g
To find V, apply continuity equation at I and 2
.0314
A,V, =A,V or V,= .00785
X4.0 = 16.0 m/s
A,
Velocity head at section 2 = V; 16.0 x 16.0 =83.047 m. Ans.
2g 2x9.81
(üi) Rate of discharge = A,V, or A,V
= 0.0314 x 4.0 = 0.1256 m's
= 125.6 1litres/s. Ans.
(: lm' = 1000 litres
Problem 6.3 State Bernoulli's theorem for steady flow of an
incompressible fluid. Derive on
expression for Bernoulli's equation from first principle and state the
derivation. assumptions made for such a
Solution. Statement of Bernoulli's Theorem. It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an
pressible fluid, the total energy at any point of the fluid is constant. The incom
total energy consists of
pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy or datum energy. These
of the fluid are : energies per unit weight
Pressure energy = P
P8

Kinetic energy =
2g
Datum energy =
Thus mathematically, Bernoulli's theorem is written as
+ Z= Constant.
P8 2g
Derivation of Bernoulli's theorem. For derivation of Bernoulli's theorem, Articles 6.3
should be written. ani0
Assumptions are given in Article 6.5.
oblem
6.4

hoinediameters 20 cm
repectively,The and 10) cm atflowing
thsectroughions a Dynamics of Fluid Flow 263
rate of flow
piandpe D-39
1
The section ) is 6 m
above datum. th
If theabovero ugh
datum 2A
N/em. find the pressure at sec-
intensity pressure NIom
solution. Given :
of
6 m/
D,-20 om
AI
SCCtion,.
D, 10 cm
D, = 20 cm = DATUM LINE
0.2 m
A, =
4 (.2) = .0314 m' Fig. 6.3
P=39.24
= Nlcm
39.24Xm 10 Nm
Z=6.0
4(section2.
D, =0.10 m 39.2
f 4

A, = 4 (0.1y = 00785 m?
Zy=4 m 3
P, =?

Rate offlow, Q=35 1it/s = 35 =.035 mis

1000
Now
Q=A,V=.035A,V,
V,= = 1.114 m/s
A, .0314
.035
-=4.456 m/s
A, .00785
Applying Bernoulli's equation at sections l and 2, we get
P1 P2 V
28 P8
=

P8 28 2t22
3924 x104 (L114)? P2 (4.456)?
+ + 6.0 = +4.0
1000 x 9.81 2x9.81 1000 x 9.81 2x9.81

40 + 0.063 + 6.0= P2 + 1.012 + 4.0

9810

46.063 = P2 +5.012
9810
5.012=41.051
P2 = 46.063 -
9810
=41.051 x 9810Nm
P2
41.051 x 9810 N/cm= 40.27 N/cm, Ans.
10
 264 Fluid Mecharics
Problemn 6.6 diameter 1M) mm und 20M) mm an
Water flowing
is
and uppet end respetively through pipe havng
The intensity of pressure at the hottom end is M525 Nh he
pressure at the upper end iIn 9RI N m' Determine the differene in dutum hed if the
through pipe is 40 iws 2
Solution. Given
Section 1,
D, 200) nm

D 300 mm 0.3 m
D 24.525 Nlcm'24,525 1 Nm'
Section 2, D, 200 mm 0,2m
P, 9.81 Nlcm'981 z 10 NIm' D, oe
Rate of flow 40 lit/%
40
=0.04m'% DATUM LINE
1000
Now Fig 6A
A,V, =A,V, = rate of flow= 0.04
.04 04 0.04 =0.5658 m/s
V,=
A,
4
D
B(03
- 0.566 mls
.04 04 0.04
V,= =1.274 m/s
4 4

Applying Bernoulli"'s equation at sections (1) and (2), we get

+ Z, = P2
Pg 2g P8 28
24.525 x 10 566 ×.566 9.81 x10* (1.274)
J000× 9.81 2x9.81 + 2 = 1000 x9.81 2x9.81
or 25 +.32 +Z = 10 +1.623 +
or
25.32 +z =11.623 + y
2y- =25.32- 11.623 = 13.697 = 13.70 m
Difiference in datum head
=2-z =13.70 m. Ans.
Proble6.6 The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100 mhaving diameters 60 mm
at the upper end and 300mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/s. The pipe has a slope of
I in 0
Find the pressure a the lower end if the pressure at the higher level is 19:62 N/cm.
Solution. Given :
mN
m em

Length of pipe, L= 100 m 600

19.62

Dia. at the upper end, D, = 600 mm = 0.6 m

30P,=
D
, :,
=

Area, A, =D=x
4 4
(6 IN m
LENGTH=100
1
2 SLOPE
= 0.2827 m' DATUMLINE
mm
D,=300
P = preSsure at upper end
= 19.62 N/cm'
Fig. 6.5