Circles

Angles Subtended by Chords at The Centre

We know that the chord of a circle is a line segment having its endpoints on the
circumference of the circle. There can be several chords of the same or different lengths in
a circle. Observe, for example, two unequal chords of a circle with centre O.

In the circle, chord CD is longer than chord AB. Note the angles subtended by the chords at
the centre. While AB subtends an acute angle (i.e., ∠AOB), CD subtends an obtuse angle (i.e.,
∠COD). Thus, in a circle, chords of different lengths subtend different angles at the centre.

On the other hand, equal (or congruent) chords subtend equal (or congruent) angles
at the centre. This is a very useful property of circle. In this lesson, we will learn more
about this property and solve some examples based on the same.

Know More

The diameter of a circle is the longest chord of the circle.

Solved Examples

Easy

Example 1: AB and CD are diameters of the given circle. Show that AC and BD are equal
chords of the circle.
Solution:

Since AB and CD are diameters of the circle, their point of intersection is the centre of the
circle. Thus, O is the centre of the circle.

Chord AC subtends ∠AOC at the centre, while chord BD subtends ∠BOD at the centre.

Now, ∠AOC = ∠BOD (Vertically opposite angles)

∴ AC = BD (∵ Chords subtending equal angles at the centre are equal in length)

Example 2: AB and CD are equal chords of the given circle with centre O. Find the measure
of ∠COA.

Solution:

It is given that AB and CD are equal chords of the circle.

∴ ∠AOB = ∠COD = 78° (∵ Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre)

Now,

∠AOB + ∠COA + ∠COD = 180° (∵ BOD is the diameter of the circle)

⇒ 78° + ∠COA + 78° = 180°

⇒ ∠COA = 180° − (78° + 78°)

⇒ ∠COA = 24°

Medium

Example 1: If WY and ZX are equal chords of the given circle with centre O, then show that
WX and ZY are also equal chords.

Solution:

Construction: Join O to W, X, Y and Z.

It is given that WY and ZX are equal chords.

∴ ∠WOY = ∠ZOX (∵ Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre)

On subtracting ∠XOY from both sides of the equation, we obtain:

∠WOY −∠XOY = ∠ZOX − ∠XOY

⇒ ∠WOX = ∠ZOY

Now, ∠WOX and ∠ZOY are the angles subtended by chords WX and ZY at the centre.

∴ WX = ZY (∵ Chords subtending equal angles at the centre are equal in length)

Hard

Example 1: In the given circle with centre O, AB = AC. Find the measure of ∠BAC.

Solution:

Construction: Join O to A.

It is given that AB = AC.

∠AOB = ∠AOC (∵ Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre)

Let ∠AOB = ∠AOC = x

Now,
∠AOB + ∠BOC + ∠AOC = 360° (Complete angle)

⇒ x + 60° + x = 360°

⇒ 2x + 60° = 360°

⇒ 2x = 360° − 60°

⇒ 2x = 300°

⇒ x = 150°… (1)

Now, in ΔOAB, we have:

OA = OB (Radii of the circle)

⇒ ∠OBA = ∠OAB (Angles opposite equal sides are equal)

Using the angle sum property in ΔOAB, we get:

∠OAB + ∠OBA + ∠AOB = 180°

⇒ 2∠OAB + 150° = 180° (By equation 1)

⇒ 2∠OAB = 180° − 150°

⇒ 2∠OAB = 30°

⇒ ∠OAB = 15°

Similarly, in ΔOAC, we get ∠OAC = 15°

Now, ∠BAC = ∠OAB + ∠OAC

⇒ ∠BAC = 15° + 15°

⇒ ∠BAC = 30°

Perpendicular from The Centre of a Circle to a Chord Bisects The Chord

Perpendicular from the Centre to the Chord

Observe the clock shown below.

 Note how the progression of the second hand from ‘5’ to ‘7’ has been marked on the clock
face. We know that the second hand takes five seconds to cover the distance between ‘5’
and ‘6’. Similarly, it takes five seconds to cover the distance between ‘6’ and ‘7’. Clearly, ‘6’
lies in the middle of ‘5’ and ‘7’. Observe how the line marking the position of the second
hand at ‘6’ is perpendicular to the straight line marking the distance between ‘5’ and ‘7’.
What we have here is a system similar to that obtained on drawing a perpendicular from
the centre of a circle to one of its chords.

In this lesson, we will learn about the property of a circle relating to perpendiculars drawn
to chords from the centre of the circle. We will also solve some problems based on this
property.

Know More

The circle that is centred at the origin with radius 1 is called the unit circle.
Whiz Kid

 For a given length of perimeter, the circle is the shape with the largest area.
 The circle is a highly symmetric shape as every line passing through its centre forms a line
of reflection symmetry and every angle around the centre has rotational symmetry.

 In a circle, parallel chords always cut congruent arcs.

Here, chord AB is parallel to chord CD and arc AC and arc BD are congruent arcs.
Whiz Kid

If the intersection of any two chords divides one chord into lengths a and b and the other
into lengths c and d, then ab = cd.
Solved Examples

Easy

Example 1: In the given circle with centre O, if AB = 6 cm and OC = 4 cm, then find the
perimeter of ΔOCA.

Solution:

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord.

O is the centre of the given circle with chord AB and OC ⊥ AB; therefore, OC bisects AB.

⇒ AC = CB = = = 3 cm

On using the Pythagoras theorem in the right-angled ΔOCA, we get:

OA2 = OC2 + AC2

⇒ OA2 = (42 + 32) cm2

⇒ OA2 = (16 + 9) cm2

⇒ OA2 = 25 cm2

⇒ OA = 5 cm

So,

Perimeter of ΔOCA = OA + AC + OC

⇒ Perimeter of ΔOCA = (5 + 3 + 4) cm

⇒ Perimeter of ΔOCA = 12 cm

Example 2: In the given circle centred at O, find the distance of chord AB from the centre.

Solution:

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord.

O is the centre of the given circle with chord AB and OL ⊥ AB; therefore, OL bisects AB.

⇒ AL = LB = = = 8 cm

On using the Pythagoras theorem in the right-angled ΔOLA, we get:

OA2 = OL2 + AL2

⇒ OL2 = OA2 − AL2

⇒ OL2 = (102 − 82) cm2

⇒ OL2 = (100 − 64) cm2

⇒ OL2 = 36 cm2

⇒ OL = 6 cm

Thus, chord AB is at a distance of 6 cm from the centre of the circle.

Medium

Example 1: In the given circle with centre O, prove that AC = 2OD.

Solution:

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord.

O is the centre of the given circle with chord AB and OD ⊥ AB; therefore, OD bisects AB.

Thus, D is the midpoint of AB.

Since O is the centre, it is the midpoint of diameter BC.

So, in ΔABC, D and O are the midpoints of sides AB and BC respectively.

∴ OD = and OD||AC (By the midpoint theorem)

⇒ AC = 2OD

Example 2: The given circle centred at O has a radius of 5 cm and two parallel chords AB
and CD. If AB = 6 cm and CD = 8 cm, then find the length of PQ.
Solution:

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord.

O is the centre of the given circle with chord AB and OP ⊥ AB; therefore, OP bisects AB.

Thus, P is the midpoint of AB.

⇒ AP = PB = = = 3 cm

Similarly, Q is the midpoint of CD.

⇒ CQ = QD = = = 4 cm

On using the Pythagoras theorem in right-angled ΔOPA, we get:

OA2 = OP2 + AP2

⇒ OP2 = OA2 − AP2

⇒ OP2 = (52 − 32) cm2

⇒ OP2 = (25 − 9) cm2

⇒ OP2 = 16 cm2

⇒ OP = 4 cm

Similarly, in right-angled ΔOQC, we get:

OC2 = OQ2 + CQ2

⇒ OQ2 = OC2 − CQ2

⇒ OQ2 = (52 − 42) cm2

⇒ OQ2 = (25 − 16) cm2

⇒ OQ2 = 9 cm2

⇒ OQ = 3 cm

Now, PQ = OP − OQ

⇒ PQ = (4 − 3) cm

⇒ PQ = 1 cm

Hard

Example 1: In the given circle with centre O, find the distance between the parallel and
equal chords AB and CD.

Solution:

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord.

O is the centre of the given circle with chord AB and OM ⊥ AB; therefore, OM bisects AB.

⇒ AM = MB = = = 6 cm

Similarly, ON bisects CD. Since AB = CD, we get:

CN = ND = 6 cm

On using the Pythagoras theorem in right-angled ΔOMB, we get:

OB 2 = OM2 + BM2

⇒ OM 2 = OB2 − BM2

⇒ OM2 = (102 − 62) cm2

⇒ OM2 = (100 − 36) cm2

⇒ OM2 = 64 cm2

⇒ OM = 8 cm

On joining point O to point D and calculating as above, we get ON = 8 cm.

Now, MN is the perpendicular distance between the given chords.

MN = OM + ON

⇒ MN = (8 + 8) cm

⇒ MN = 16 cm

Thus, the distance between the parallel and equal chords AB and CD is 16 cm.

Example 2: In the given circle centred at O, AB = 8 cm, OR = 3 cm and OS = 4 cm. Find the
length of CD.

Solution:

Construction: Join point O to points A and C.

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord.

O is the centre of the circle with chord AB and OR ⊥ AB; therefore, OR bisects AB.

⇒ AR = RB = = = 4 cm

On using the Pythagoras theorem in right-angled ΔORA, we get:

OA2 = OR2 + AR2

⇒ OA2 = (32 + 42) cm2

⇒ OA2 = (9 + 16) cm2

⇒ OA2 = 25 cm2

⇒ OA = 5 cm

Clearly, OA and OC are radii of the same circle.

∴ OC = OA = 5 cm

On using the Pythagoras theorem in right-angled ΔOSC, we get:

OC 2 = OS 2 + CS2

⇒ CS 2 = OC 2 − OS2

⇒ CS2 = (52 − 42) cm2

⇒ CS2 = (25 − 16) cm2

⇒ CS2 = 9 cm2

⇒ CS = 3 cm

Since OS ⊥ CD, we have:

CS = SD = 3 cm

Now, CD = CS + SD

⇒ CD = (3 + 3) cm

⇒ CD = 6 cm

Only One Circle can Pass Through Three Non-Collinear Points

Limitation of Points Shared by Circles

We know that the most important point required to draw a circle is its centre which is
equidistant from all other points lying on the boundary of the circle. We can also draw
infinitely many circles of different radii with the same centre.

Now, let us observe some points shared by circles on their boundaries. A few circles
passing through common points X, Y and Z are shown below.

It can be observed that when point X is taken alone, we can draw infinitely many circles
passing through it. Similarly, when X and Y are taken together, we can get infinitely many
circles passing through them. However, when we take the three points X, Y and Z together,
we obtain only one circle passing through them. Thus, we can conclude that to draw a
unique circle, we require at least three non-collinear points. In this lesson, we will study
more about this conclusion.

Did You Know?

 Circles were worshiped in ancient Rome as they were thought to be divine and holy.
 A circle is a shape that does not exist in nature. It is a mental construct and a symbolic
representation that was invented in a manner similar to how the alphabet and language
were invented.

Whiz Kid

A tangent is a line that touches a circle at only one point. It always forms a right angle with
a radius of that circle.

Know More

Two lines cannot intersect at more than one point.

Verification of the Uniqueness of a Circle

Let us verify the fact that only one circle passes through three non-collinear points.

The given circle with centre O passes through points X, Y and Z.

Let us assume that another circle with centre O′ and the same radius can pass through X, Y
and Z. Then, O′ must lie on the perpendicular bisectors of XZ and YZ.

We know that two lines cannot intersect at more than one point. So, O′ must coincide with
O.

Hence, one and only one circle can pass through three non-collinear points.

Distance of Chords from The Centre of The Circle

Equal Chords and Their Distance from the Centre

Consider a big circular ground in which three ropes are tied to the circumference. Two
ropes are of the same length and the third is perpendicular to them, as is shown in the
following figure.

Anita, Bindu and Omkar are standing at points A, B and O respectively. The girls begin
walking along the lengths of the shorter ropes to reach points C and D at the same time.
Thereafter, they continue in a similar manner toward point O with the same speed as
before. Who will reach Omkar first?

The answer to the above question is based on an important property of chords which we
will study in this lesson. This property shows the relation between equal chords in terms of
their distances from the centre of a circle.

Equal Chords Are Equidistant from the Centre of a Circle

Consider the given circle centred at O with two equal chords AB and CD.
OX and OY are the perpendicular distances of chords AB and CD respectively from centre O.
Now, the property that relates these perpendicular distances of equal chords is stated as
follows:

Equal chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle.

So, according to this property, since AB is equal to CD, their distances from the centre are
also equal, i.e., OX = OY. This property is also true in case of congruent circles. Consider, for
example, the following congruent circles with centres O and O′, and chords AB and CD.
Now, if AB and CD are equal, then AB and CD are equidistant from O and O′, i.e., OL = O′M.

Know More

Sagitta: It is the perpendicular drawn from an arc of a circle to a chord such that it bisects
the chord.

Here, , where r is the radius of the circle

Whiz Kid

Alternate segment theorem

If a line touches a circle and a chord is drawn from the point of contact, then the angle
between the tangent and the chord is equal to the angles in the corresponding alternate
segments.

Here, x = y

Whiz Kid

The lengths of tangents drawn from a point outside a circle are equal.

Here, PA = PB

Converse of the Property

The converse of the property can be stated as follows:

Chords that are equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal in length.

Consider, for example, the given circle with centre O and chords AB and CD that are
equidistant from O, i.e., OL = OM.
Using the converse of the property, we can say that AB and CD are equal in length.

Did You Know?

Circle of Apollonius

Apollonius of Perga, an ancient Greek geometer, showed that a circle can be defined as a set
of points in a plane having a constant ratio of distances to two fixed foci.

In the given figure, points A and Bare two fixed foci.

Therefore, by the above definition, we have

Note that the constant ratio cannot be equal to 1.

Know Your Scientist

 Apollonius (262 BC−190 BC) was an ancient Greek geometer and
astronomer. He is known as ‘the Great Geometer’. His book Conics is
one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world. Terms
such as ‘parabola’, ‘ellipse’ and ‘hyperbola’ were introduced in this
book. Famous scholars like René Descartes and Isaac Newton were
influenced by his innovative methods and the terms he used in the
field of conics.

Proof of the Converse

Statement: Chords that are equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal in length.

Given: A circle centred at O with chords AB and CD and OE = OF, where OE ⊥AB and OF ⊥
CD.

To Prove: AB = CD

Construction: Join point O to points A and C.

Proof: It is given that OE ⊥ AB and OF ⊥ CD

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord. So, we have

… (1)

… (2)

In ΔAEO and ΔCFO, we have:

OA = OC (Radii of the circle)

∠AEO = ∠CFO = 90° (∵ OE and OF are perpendiculars)

OE = OF (Given)

∴ ΔAEO ≅ ΔCFO (By the RHS congruence rule)

⇒ AE = CF (By CPCT)

⇒ AB = CD (Using equations (1) and (2))

⇒ AB = CD

Solved Examples

Easy

Example 1: In the given circle centred at O, AB and CD are two equal chords. Prove that
∠AEF = ∠CFE.

Solution:

It is given that AB = CD. We know that equal chords are equidistant from the centre of a
circle.

∴ OE = OF

In ΔOEF, we have:

OE = OF

∴ ∠OFE = ∠OEF (∵ Angles opposite equal sides are equal)

⇒ 90° − ∠AEF = 90° − ∠CFE (∵ OE and OF are perpendiculars)

⇒ ∠AEF = ∠CFE

Medium

Example 1: In the given circle with centre O, chords PQ and RQ are equidistant from the
centre. Prove that diameter SQ bisects ∠PQR and ∠PSR.

Solution:

We know that chords which are equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal in length.

∴ PQ = RQ

In ΔQPS and ΔQRS, we have:

PQ = RQ (Proved above)

∠QPS = ∠QRS = 90° (∵ SP and SR are perpendiculars)

QS = QS (Common side)

∴ ΔQPS ≅ ΔQRS (By the RHS congruence rule)

⇒ ∠PQS = ∠RQS and ∠PSQ = ∠RSQ (By CPCT)

Now, ∠PQR = ∠PQS + ∠RQS and ∠PSR = ∠PSQ + ∠RSQ

Thus, diameter QS bisects ∠PQR and ∠PSR.

Example 2: In the given circle, find the length of chord CD which is 3 cm away from centre
O.
Solution:

Construction: Draw a perpendicular OL from centre O to chord AB.

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord.

∴ AL = LB = = = 4 cm

On using the Pythagoras theorem in right-angled ΔOLA, we obtain:

OA2 = OL2 + AL2

⇒ OL2 = OA2 − AL2

⇒ OL2 = (52 − 42) cm2

⇒ OL2 = (25 − 16) cm2

⇒ OL2 = 9 cm2

⇒ OL = 3 cm, which is the distance of chord AB from O

It is given that the distance of chord CD from the centre is also 3 cm. We know that chords
which are equidistant from the centre are equal in length. Therefore, the length of chord CD
is also 8 cm.

Hard

Example 1: In the given circle, PQ and RS are two chords equidistant from centre O and A
is the point of intersection of the chords. Prove that AR = AP.

Solution:

Construction: Draw perpendiculars OX and OY to chords PQ and RS respectively. Join O to

A.

In ΔOXA and ΔOYA, we have:

OX = OY (∵ PQ and RS are equidistant from the centre)

∠OXA = ∠OYA = 90° (∵ OX and OY are perpendiculars)

OA = OA (Common side)

∴ ΔOXA ≅ ΔOYA (By the RHS congruence rule)

⇒ AX = AY … (1) [By CPCT]

We know that chords which are equidistant from the centre are equal in length.

∴ PQ = RS … (2)

We also know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects
the chord.

Using equation 2, we obtain:

PX = RY … (3)

On subtracting equation 1 from equation 3, we obtain:

PX − AX = RY − AY

⇒ AP = AR

Example 2: When two equal chords AB and CD of a circle with centre O are extended, they
meet at a point E as is shown in the figure. Prove that BE = DE and AE = CE.

Solution:
Construction: Join O to E and construct OL ⊥ AB and OM ⊥ CD.

It is given that AB = CD. We know that equal chords are equidistant from the centre.

∴ OL = OM

In ΔOLE and ΔOME, we have:

OL = OM (Proved above)

∠OLE = ∠OME = 90° (∵ OL and OM are perpendiculars)

OE = OE(Common side)

∴ ΔOLE ≅ ΔOME (By the RHS congruence rule)

⇒ LE = ME … (1) [By CPCT]

We know that the perpendicular drawn from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the
chord. Thus L and M are the midpoints of AB and CD respectively.

∴ BL = DM… (2) [∵ AB = CD]

On subtracting equation 2 from equation 1, we get:

LE − BL = ME − DM

⇒ BE = DE

Now, AB = CD and BE = DE

∴ AB + BE = CD + DE

⇒ AE = CE
Relation Between The Lengths of Chords and Their Corresponding Arcs
Observing Chords and Their Corresponding Arcs

Mathematics is an inseparable part of our life. It is hidden in various things around us; we
just need to observe the same. For instance, look at the top of a table shown below. Two
rulers of equal length are placed near the edge.

Clearly, the top of the table is circular and the two rulers near the edge resemble two
chords drawn on the opposite sides of a circle. Can you notice the two arcs formed by the
rulers? What do you observe about the lengths of these arcs? Finally, what can be
concluded from this about the relation between the lengths of chords of a circle and their
corresponding arcs?

Let us go through this lesson to learn about the property of chords that relates their lengths
to their corresponding arcs. We will also test the validity of this property and solve some
problems based on it.

Proof of the Property

Statement:If two chords of a circle are equal, then their corresponding arcs are congruent.

Given: A circle with centre O and two equal chords AB and CD

To prove: ≅

Construction: Join point O to points A, B, C and D.

Proof: In ΔOAB and ΔOCD, we have:

AB = CD (Given)

OA = OD (Radii of the circle)

OB = OC (Radii of the circle)

∴ ΔOAB ≅ ΔOCD (By the SSS congruence rule)

⇒ ∠AOB = ∠COD (By CPCT)

⇒ Length of = Length of

⇒ ≅

Know More

Length of an arc =
Proof of the Converse

Statement: If two arcs of a circle are congruent, then their corresponding chords are equal.

Given: A circle with centre O and two congruent arcs AB and CD

To prove: Chord AB = Chord CD

Construction: Join point O to points A, B, C and D.

Proof: It is given that ≅

⇒ Length of = Length of

⇒ ∠AOB = ∠COD

In ΔOAB and ΔOCD, we have

OA = OD (Radii of the circle)

 ∠AOB = ∠COD (Proved above)

OB = OC (Radii of the circle)

∴ ΔOAB ≅ ΔOCD (By the SAS congruence rule)

⇒ AB = CD (By CPCT)

Whiz Kid

 Two intersecting chords determine four arcs in a circle. The relation between the angle of

intersection of the two chords and the lengths of these arcs is given as .

 If two chords of a circle intersect such that one chord has sub-segment lengths a and b and
the other has sub-segment lengths c and d, then ab = cd.

Solved Examples

Easy
Example 1: In the given circle, find the length of AD if arcs AB and BC are congruent and AC
= 5 cm.

Solution:

We know that if two arcs are congruent, then their corresponding chords are equal.

Since arcs AB and BC are congruent, chords AB and BC are equal.

⇒ ΔABC is isosceles.

We also know that the perpendicular drawn from the vertex to the base of an isosceles
triangle bisects the base.

∴ AD = DC =

⇒ AD =

⇒ AD = 2.5 cm

Example 2: In the given circle, arc QPS is congruent to arc RSP. Prove that PQ = SR.

Solution: It is given that ≅

⇒ =

On subtracting from both sides, we get:

− = −

⇒ =

⇒ ≅

We know that if two arcs are congruent, then their corresponding chords are equal.

∴ PQ = SR

Medium

Example 1: An equilateral triangle ABC is inscribed in the given circle with centre O and
radius 7 cm. Find the lengths of arcs AB, BC and CA.

Solution:

It is given that ΔABC is equilateral.

∴ AB = BC = CA

We know that if two chords of a circle are equal, then their corresponding arcs are
congruent.

∴ = =
Thus, points A, B and C divide the circle into three equal parts.

⇒ = = =

Now,

Circumference = 2πr

⇒ Circumference =

⇒ Circumference = 44 cm

⇒ = = =

⇒ = = =

Example 2: If PQ and SR are two equal chords of the given circle, then show that PR and SQ
are also equal chords.

Solution: It is given that PQ and SR are equal chords of the given circle. We know that if
two chords of a circle are equal, then their corresponding arcs are congruent.

∴ ≅

⇒ =

On subtracting from both sides, we get:

 =

By using the converse of the above property, we get:

PR = SQ

Hard

Example 1: In the given circle, arcs PQ and RS are congruent. Show that SE = QE.

Solution:

We know that equal chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle.

∴ OL = OM

In ΔOLE and ΔOME, we have:

∠OLE = ∠OME = 90° (∵ OL and OM are perpendiculars)

OL = OM (Proved above)

OE = OE (Common side)

∴ ΔOLE ≅ ΔOME (By the RHS congruence rule)

⇒ LE = ME… (1) [By CPCT]

We know that if two arcs are congruent, then their corresponding chords are equal. Since
arcs PQ and RS are congruent, chords PQ and RS are equal.

⇒ PQ = RS
⇒ QL = SM … (2) [∵ Perpendicular from centre to chord bisects chord]

On subtracting equation (2) from equation (1), we get:

LE − QL = ME − SM

⇒ QE = SE
Angles Subtended by Congruent Arcs

The given figure shows five children playing ball in a circular park. They are positioned at
points A, B, C, D and E. The child standing at point A is at the centre of the circle, while the
others are at its circumference.

The lines joining the different points represent the paths followed by the ball during play.
Note how paths BC and DE act as chords of the circle. If we assume that the distances BC
and DE are equal, then the arcs corresponding to them will also be equal or congruent.
Clearly, the angles subtended at centre A by arcs BC and DE are equal, i.e., ∠BAC and ∠DAE
are equal. By this, we can conclude that congruent arcs subtend equal angles at the centre
of a circle. Let us understand this property and solve some problems based on it.

Solved Examples

Easy

Example 1: For each figure, state whether or not the arcs AB and CD are equal.
Solution:

We know that arcs subtending equal angles at the centre of a circle are congruent.

In figure (i):

∠AOB = ∠COD = 60°

⇒ Arc AB = Arc CD

In figure (ii):

∠AOB = 60° and ∠COD = 40°

⇒ Arc AB ≠ Arc CD

In figure (iii):

∠AOB = ∠COD (Vertically opposite angles)

⇒ Arc AB = Arc CD

Example 2: In the given circle with centre O, arcs AB and CD are equal and arcs AB and EF
are equal. If ∠AOB = 55°, then find the measure of ∠FOE and ∠COD.
Solution:

It is given that:

Arc AB = Arc CD

Arc AB = Arc EF

∴ Arc CD = Arc EF

We know that congruent arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of a circle.

⇒ ∠AOB = ∠COD = ∠EOF

Now, ∠AOB = 55°

∴ ∠COD = ∠EOF = 55°

Example 3: In the given circle with centre O, AF = BE and ∠FOE = 50°. Find the measure of
∠AOF.

Solution:
It is given that:

Chord AF = Chord BE

We know that congruent arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of a circle.

∴ ∠AOF = ∠BOE … (1)

AOB is a straight line; therefore, we have:

∠AOF + ∠FOE + ∠BOE = 180°

⇒ 2∠AOF + 50° = 180° (By equation 1)

⇒ 2∠AOF = 180° − 50°

⇒ 2∠AOF = 130°

⇒ ∠AOF = 65°

Medium

Example 1: The given figure shows two congruent circles with centres P and Q, and
intersecting each other at points A and B. Show that ∠APB = ∠AQB.

Solution:

Construction: Draw a chord AB that is common to the given circles.

We know that if two chords of congruent circles are equal, then their corresponding arcs
are congruent.
We have AB as the common chord of the two given circles. Therefore, the length of arc AB is
the same in both circles.

We know that congruent arcs subtend equal angles at the centre of a circle.

∴ ∠APB = ∠AQB

Relation between Angles Subtended by an Arc at The Centre and Anywhere on the
Circle
Observing the Angles Subtended by an Arc at the Centre and on the Circle

We know that an infinite number of points lie on the circumference of a circle. The portion
of circumference between any two such points is known as an arc. Every arc subtends an
angle at the centre and a particular angle at any point on the circle.

Let us consider any angle ∠ACB inscribed in the major arc ACB of a circle having centre at
point O as shown below.

It can be seen that the arc APB is intercepted by∠ACB.

Also, the arc APB subtends ∠AOB at the centre. Thus, ∠AOB is the measure of arc APB.

In other words, ∠AOB and ∠ACB are subtended by the same arc APB at the centre O and at
any point C on the circle respectively.

There is a relation between ∠AOB (measure of intercepted arc) and ∠ACB (inscribed
angle).

In this lesson, we will learn the theorem defining the relation between these two types of
angles. We will also solve some examples related to the same.

Know More
The relation between the angles subtended by an arc at the centre and on the
circumference of a circle is known as the central angle theorem.

This relation holds true only when the inscribed angle (i.e., the angle subtended at the
circumference) is in the major arc. If, however, the inscribed angle is in the minor arc (as is
∠BPA in the following figure), then its relation with the central angle (i.e., the angle at the
centre) is given by the formula:

Angle in a Semicircle is a Right Angle

Statement: Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

Given: A circle with centre O and diameter AB

To prove: ∠ACB = 90°

Proof: We know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is twice the
angle subtended by it at the circumference of the circle.

∴ ∠AOB = 2∠ACB
⇒ 2∠ACB = 180° (∵ AOB is a straight line)

⇒ ∠ACB = 90°

Now, AB is the diameter of the circle and it divides the circle into two semicircles. ∠ACB is
inscribed in the semicircle. Hence, an angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

Solved Examples

Easy

Example 1: Find the value of x in the given circle with centre O and diameter AB.

Solution:

We know that an angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

∴ ∠ACB = 90° (∵ AB is the diameter of the circle)

On using the angle sum property in ΔACB, we get:

∠ACB + ∠CBA + ∠BAC = 180°

⇒ 90° + 60° + x = 180°

⇒ 150° + x = 180°

⇒ x = 180° − 150°

⇒ x = 30°

Example 2: Find the measure of ∠APB in the given circle.

Solution:

In ΔOAB, we have:

OA = OB (Radii of the circle)

⇒ ∠OBA = ∠OAB = 70° (∵ Angles opposite equal sides are equal)

Using the angle sum property in ΔOAB, we get:

∠OAB + ∠OBA + ∠AOB = 180°

⇒ 70° + 70° + ∠AOB = 180°

⇒ 140° + ∠AOB = 180°

⇒ ∠AOB = 180° − 140°

⇒ ∠AOB = 40°

We know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the angle
subtended by it at the circumference of the circle. In the given circle, arc AB subtends ∠AOB
at the centre and ∠APB at the circumference.

So, ∠AOB = 2∠APB

⇒ 40° = 2∠APB

⇒ ∠APB =
⇒ ∠APB = 20°

Medium

Example 1: Find the measure of ∠POQ in the given circle.

Solution:

In the given circle, ⇒OPR = 30° and ⇒OQR = 15°.

In ΔOPR, we have:

OP = OR (Radii of the circle)

⇒ ⇒ORP = ⇒OPR = 30° (∵ Angles opposite equal sides are equal)

Similarly, we can find that ⇒ORQ = ⇒OQR = 15°

Now, ⇒PRQ = ⇒ORP + ⇒ORQ

⇒ ⇒PRQ = 30° + 15°

⇒ ⇒PRQ = 45°

We know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the angle
subtended by it at the circumference of the circle. In the given circle, arc PQ subtends ∠POQ
at the centre and ∠PRQ at the circumference.

So, ∠POQ = 2∠PRQ

⇒ ∠POQ = 2 × 45°
⇒ ∠POQ = 90°

Example 2: In the given circle with centre O, chord AB is equal to the radius of the circle.
Find the measure of ∠ACB.

Solution:

It is given that chord AB is equal to the radius of the circle.

So, AB = OA = OB (∵ OA and OB are radii of the circle)

Thus, ΔOAB is equilateral.

⇒ ⇒AOB = 60° (∵ Each angle of an equilateral triangle measures 60°)

We know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the angle
subtended by it at the circumference of the circle. In the given circle, arc AB
subtends ⇒AOB at the centre and ⇒ACB at the circumference.

So, ∠AOB = 2∠ACB

⇒ 60° = 2∠ACB

⇒ ∠ACB =

⇒ ∠ACB = 30°

Hard

Example 1: Find the measure of ∠ACD in the given circle.

Solution:

Construction: Join B to C.

We know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the angle
subtended by it at the circumference of the circle.

In the given circle, arc AB subtends ∠AOB at the centre and ∠ACB at the circumference.

So, ∠AOB = 2∠ACB

⇒ 100° = 2∠ACB

⇒ ∠ACB =

⇒ ∠ACB = 50°
Also, arc BD subtends ∠BOD at the centre and ∠BCD at the circumference.

So, ∠BOD = 2∠BCD

⇒ 120° = 2∠BCD

⇒ ∠BCD =

⇒ ∠BCD = 60°

Now, ∠ACD = ∠ACB + ∠BCD

⇒ ∠ACD = 50° + 60°

⇒ ∠ACD = 110°

Angles in The Same Segment of a Circle

Angles in the Major and Minor Segments

We know that the chord of a circle divides it into two regions. These regions are
called segments of the circle and are classified as the major segment and the minor
segment.

Observe the given circle.

In this circle, ∠BAC lies in the major segment whereas ∠BDC lies in the minor segment. It
can be seen that ∠BAC is an acute angle while ∠BDC is an obtuse angle.

So, it can be concluded that the angle lying in the major segment is an acute angle and the
angle lying in the minor segment is an obtuse angle. This statement is true for all major and
minor segments in a circle.
There is no relation between angles in different segments, but what about the angles
in the same segment?

In this lesson, we will learn about the angles in the same segment of a circle and the
relation between them. We will also solve some examples dealing with the same.

Did You Know?

Angle for scoring a goal in soccer

The angle of every possible shot to score a goal is constant for all positions on the same arc
of a circle; however, the distance of a shot changes with change in position.

Solved Examples

Easy

Example 1: In the given circle, chords PQ and RS are equal and chords PS and QR intersect
at point T. Show that PT = RT and TQ = TS.

Solution:
In ΔPQT and ΔRST, we have:

PQ = RS(Given)

∠TPQ = ∠TRS(∵ Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal)

Similarly, ∠TQP = ∠TSR

∴ ΔPQT ≅ ΔRST(By the ASA congruence criterion)

⇒ PT = RT and TQ = TS (By CPCT)

Example 2: In the given circle, find the value of ∠DAB if ∠BCA = 80° and DA = DB.

Solution:

From the figure, we have:

∠BCA = ∠BDA = 80° (∵ Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal)

DA = DB (Given)

⇒ ∠DBA = ∠DAB … (1) [∵ Angles opposite equal sides are equal]

On using the angle sum property in ΔADB, we get:

∠DAB + ∠DBA + ∠BDA = 180°

⇒ 2∠DAB + 80° = 180° (By equation 1)

⇒ 2∠DAB = 180° − 80°

⇒ 2∠DAB = 100°

⇒ ∠DAB = 50°

Example 3: What is the value of x in the given figure?

Solution:

We know that angles in the same segment are equal.

∴ ∠CAD = ∠CBD = 60°

Now, ∠BDE is an exterior angle of ΔBCD.

So, ∠BDE = ∠CBD + ∠DCB (∵ Exterior angle equals sum of interior opposite angles)

⇒ x = 60° + 40°

⇒ x = 100°

Medium

Example 1: What are the measures of ∠BAC, ∠ACD, ∠ABC, and ∠DBC?
Solution:

We know that angles in the same segment are equal.

So, ∠BAC = ∠BDC = 45°

Similarly, ∠ABD = ∠ACD = 40°

On using the angle sum property in ΔABC, we get:

∠ABC + ∠BAC + ∠ACB = 180°

⇒ ∠ABC + 45° + 55° = 180°

⇒ ∠ABC + 100° = 180°

⇒ ∠ABC = 180° − 100°

⇒ ∠ABC = 80°

Now, ∠ABC = ∠ABD + ∠DBC

⇒ 80° = 40° + ∠DBC

⇒ ∠DBC = 80° − 40°

⇒ ∠DBC = 40°

Example 2: In the given circle with centre O, ∠PQR = 37° and ∠QRP = 83°. What are the
measures of ∠RSQ and ∠ROQ?
Solution:

On using the angle sum property in ΔPQR, we get:

∠PQR + ∠QRP + ∠RPQ = 180°

⇒ 37° + 83° + ∠RPQ = 180°

⇒ 120° + ∠RPQ = 180°

⇒ ∠RPQ = 180° − 120°

⇒ ∠RPQ = 60°

We know that angles in the same segment are equal.

∴ ∠RPQ = ∠RSQ = 60°

We also know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the angle
subtended by it at the circumference of the circle.

So, ∠ROQ = 2∠RSQ

⇒ ∠ROQ = 2 × 60°

⇒ ∠ROQ = 120°

Hard
Example 1: In the given circle, ∠TQR = 70° and PR is the diameter. If TS||PR, then find the

measure of ∠STR.

Solution:

We know that angles in the same segment are equal.

∴ ∠TQR = ∠TPR = 70°

We also know that an angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

∴ ∠RTP = 90° (∵ PR is the diameter)

On using the angle sum property in ΔRTP, we obtain:

∠TPR + ∠RTP + ∠PRT = 180°

⇒ 70° + 90° + ∠PRT = 180°

⇒ 160° + ∠PRT = 180°

⇒ ∠PRT = 20°

Now, PR||TS and RT is the transversal.

So, ∠STR = ∠PRT = 20° (∵ Alternate angles are equal)

Concyclic Points

You must have seen circular running tracks like the one shown below. You can see
concentric circles that divide the track into different paths. Four runners can be seen at
different positions on the track.
Note how the runners are on the circumference of the same circle on the track. Things
which lie on the same circle are referred to as concyclic; so, these runners are also
concyclic. Let us go through this lesson to know more about concyclic points and the
theorem related to them.

Know More

A set of more than four points is concyclic if and only if every four-point subset is concyclic.
This property is the analogue of concyclicity.
Whiz Kid

General condition for concyclicity

If n distinct points lie on a circle and we join any two points, then perpendicular
bisectors of the line segments should meet at a single point that is the centre of the circle.

Solved Examples

Easy

Example 1: For each figure, state whether or not the points A, B, C and D are
concyclic.
Solution:

In figure (a):

Points A and C are present on the same side of the line joining points B and D.

We have ∠BAD = 30° and ∠BCD = 40°.

Clearly, line segment BD does not subtend equal angles at points A and C that lie on the
same side of BD. Therefore, points A, B, C and D do not lie on a circle, i.e., they are not
concyclic.

In figure (b):

Points B and D are present on the same side of the line joining points C and A.

We have ∠ABC = ∠ADC = 80°.

Clearly, line segment CA subtends equal angles at points B and D that lie on the same side of
CA. Therefore, points A, B, C and D lie on a circle, i.e., they are concyclic.
Properties of Cyclic Quadrilaterals
Cyclic Quadrilaterals

We know that points lying on the same circle are called concyclic points. Let us consider
four concyclic points, say E, F, G and H, and the circle passing through them. If we join the
four points, then we get a quadrilateral as is shown in the figure below.
 A quadrilateral whose vertices lie on a circle or through whose vertices it is possible to
draw a circle is known as a cyclic quadrilateral. In the given figure, the vertices E, F, G and
H lie on a circle; hence, EFGH is a cyclic quadrilateral. The circle on which the quadrilateral
lies is called a circumcircle.

Cyclic quadrilaterals are a little different from regular quadrilaterals as they exhibit a few
special properties. In this lesson, we will discuss these properties of cyclic quadrilaterals
and solve some problems based on them.

Did You Know?

If a cyclic quadrilateral has unequal rational sides in either arithmetic or geometric

progression, then there does not exist any cyclic quadrilateral with rational area.
Know More

 A cyclic quadrilateral is also called chordal quadrilateral because the sides of the
quadrilateral are chords of the circumcircle. Another name for this quadrilateral
is concyclic quadrilateral.

 If the opposite sides of a cyclic quadrilateral are extended to meet, say at points E and F,
then the internal angle bisectors of the angles formed at points E and F are perpendicular.

 The opposite sides and the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD are related as:
AC.BD = AD.BC + AB.CD. This relationship is known as Ptolemy’s theorem.

 The area of a cyclic quadrilateral is , where a, b, c and d are the

lengths of the sides of the cyclic quadrilateral and .

Whiz Kid
 In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD with circumcentreO, if the diagonals AC and BD intersect at
point P, then ∠APB is the arithmetic mean of ∠AOB and ∠COD.

 Four line segments are concurrent if each is perpendicular to one side of a cyclic
quadrilateral and passes through the midpoint of the opposite side. These line segments
are called maltitudes, which means ‘midpoint altitudes’.
Proving the Converse of Property

Statement: If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then the

quadrilateral is cyclic.

Given: A quadrilateral ABCD with ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° and ∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180°

To prove: ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Proof: Let us assume that ABCD is not a cyclic quadrilateral. Suppose a circle passes
through the three non-collinear points A, B and C and meets AD or AD produced, at D′.

Now, on joining D′ to C, we get the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD′.

In ABCD′, we have:

∴∠ABC + ∠AD′C = 180° (∵ Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary)

But ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180° (Given)

∴ ∠AD′C = ∠ADC, which can be possible only if D and D′ coincide

Thus, the circle passing through points A, B and C also passes through point D. Therefore,
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Proving that the Exterior Angle of a Cyclic Quadrilateral Is Equal to the Interior
Opposite Angle
Statement: The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite
angle.

Given: A cyclic quadrilateral PQRS with side SR extended up to point T

To prove: ∠QRT = ∠QPS.

Proof: We know that the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

∴ ∠QPS + ∠QRS = 180° … (1)

Also, ∠QRT + ∠QRS = 180°… (2) [Linear pair of angles]

From equations (1) and (2), we obtain:

∠QPS + ∠QRS = ∠QRT + ∠QRS

⇒ ∠QPS = ∠QRT

Solved Examples

Easy

Example 1: What is the measure of ∠ADC in the given figure?

Solution:

In the figure, ∠CAD = ∠CBD = 45°

We know that if a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two other
points lying on the same side of the line segment, then the four points are concyclic.

Therefore, A, B, C and D are concyclic points and ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

We know that in a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary.

So, ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180°

⇒ (40° + 45°) + ∠ADC = 180°

⇒ 85° + ∠ADC = 180°

⇒ ∠ADC = 180° − 85°

⇒ ∠ADC = 95°

Example 2: In ΔAEB, AE = BE. A circle passing through points A and B intersects AE and BE
at points D and C respectively. Prove that the line segment DC is parallel to AB.

Solution: The figure for the given problem can be drawn as is shown.

In ΔAEB, we have:

AE = BE (Given)
⇒ ∠EBA = ∠EAB... (1) [∵ Angles opposite equal sides of a triangle are equal]

Now, ABCD lies on a circle; so, it is a cyclic quadrilateral. We know that the exterior angle of
a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.

So, ∠EDC = ∠CBA

⇒ ∠EDC = ∠EBA ... (2) [∵∠CBA = ∠EBA]

From equations (1) and (2), we obtain:

∠EDC = ∠EAB

We can see that line segments DC and AB are cut by the transversal EA. ∠EDC and ∠EAB are
equal corresponding angles. Therefore, by the converse of the corresponding angles axiom,
we can say that DC is parallel to AB.

Medium

Example 1: Find the values of x and y in the given figure.

Solution:

In the figure, we have two cyclic quadrilaterals ABEF and BCDE.

In ABEF, we have:

∠BAF + ∠BEF = 180° (∵ Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary)

⇒ 95° + y = 180°

⇒ y = 180° − 95°

⇒ y = 85°
In BCDE, we have:

∠BEF = ∠BCD (∵ Exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral equals interior opposite angle)

⇒y=x

⇒ x = 85°

Example 2: What is the measure of ∠PSR in the given figure?

Solution: We know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the
angle subtended by it at the circumference of the circle.

So, ∠POR = 2∠PQR

⇒ ∠PQR = ∠POR

⇒ ∠PQR = × 150°

⇒ ∠PQR = 75° … (1)

Now, quadrilateral PQRS is cyclic.

So, ∠PQR + ∠PSR = 180° (∵ Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary)

⇒ 75° + ∠PSR = 180° (By equation 1)

⇒ ∠PSR = 180° − 75°

⇒ ∠PSR = 105°

Hard

Example 1: In the given figure, find the value of ∠BEF if BF is the bisector of ∠CBE.

Solution:

In ΔOAC, we have:

OA = OC (Radii of the circle)

⇒ ∠OCA = ∠OAC = 20° (∵ Angles opposite equal sides of a triangle are equal)

On using the angle sum property in ΔOAC, we obtain:

∠AOC + ∠OAC + ∠OCA = 180°

⇒ ∠AOC + 20° + 20° = 180°

⇒ ∠AOC + 40° = 180°

⇒ ∠AOC = 180° − 40°

⇒ ∠AOC = 140°

We know that the angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the angle
subtended by it at the circumference of the circle.

So, ∠AOC = 2∠ADC

⇒ ∠ADC = ∠AOC

⇒ ∠ADC = × 140°

⇒ ∠ADC = 70°

Since ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, we have:

∠CBE = ∠ADC (∵ Exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral equals interior opposite angle)

⇒ ∠CBE = 70°

It is given that BF bisects ∠CBE.

So, ∠EBF = ∠CBE

⇒ ∠EBF = × 70°

⇒ ∠EBF = 35°

On using the angle sum property in ΔBEF, we obtain:

∠EBF + ∠BEF + ∠BFE = 180°

⇒ 35° + ∠BEF + 90° = 180°

⇒ ∠BEF + 125° = 180°

⇒ ∠BEF = 180° − 125°

⇒ ∠BEF = 55°

Example 2: If points A, B, C and D divide the circumference of the given circle into four
equal parts, then show that ABCD is a square.
Solution:

It is given that points A, B, C and D divide the circle into four equal parts.

∴ Arc AB = Arc BC = Arc CD = Arc DA

We know that if the arcs in a circle are congruent, then their corresponding chords are
equal.

∴ Chord AB = Chord BC = Chord CD = Chord DA

Thus, all sides of quadrilateral ABCD are equal in length. Therefore, ABCD is a rhombus.

Points A, B, C and D are concyclic; so, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.

Now, we know that in a cyclic quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary.

So, ∠BAD + ∠BCD = 180°

But ∠BAD = ∠BCD (∵ Opposite angles of a rhombus are equal)

⇒ 2∠BAD = 180°

⇒ ∠BAD = 90°

Similarly, ∠ABC, ∠BCD and ∠CDA measure 90°.

Hence, ABCD is a square.