DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Nacharam
Cambridge International Education
AY 2024 - 2025
Revision Toolkit
Social Science Subject Code:
Assessment Cycle: End Term Assessment

Candidate Name: Grade: 8 Section:

Centre Number: Candidate Number:

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

The Revision toolkit is a guide to prepare the candidates for the assessment cycle.
It is a comprehensive document that provides concept-based content, paper pattern, sample question papers,
audio video links and other materials that will help the candidate to prepare for the assessments.
Readiness for assessment is not limited to the revision toolkit only. Candidates must refer to the textbook,
workbook, previous worksheets, notebook and all teaching learning materials for the syllabus outlined for the
assessment.
Candidates must approach their respective subject mentors in case of doubts or guidance needed to prepare well
for the assessment.

This document consists of 6 printed pages [Turn Over]

 Chapters Wise Key Concepts

Sl. No. Chapter Key Concepts

1 The Education and • The Orientalists

British Rule • The Anglicists
(History) • Promotion of Education
• Wood’s Despatch of 1854
• Reformers as educators
2 Reforms in Indian • Associations for
Society (History) reform
• Law against
child marriage
• Fight against
untouchability
3 Major Crops and • Major Crops
Agricultural • Agricultural Development
development • A farm in India
(Geography) • A farm in USA
4 Human Resources • Distribution of
(Geography) Population
• Factors
affecting the
distribution of
population
• Change of
population
• Population
Composition
• Sex Ratio
5. Colonization and • De-Urbanization
Urban Change • Growth of
(History) Towns
• Delhi over the
ages
• Delhi in the 20th
Century
6. Manufacturing • Classification of
Industries Industries
(Geography) • Factors
affecting the
Location of
Industries
• Distribution of
Major Industries
7. The Police and the • FIR
Courts. • Directives of the
(Civics) Supreme Court
on FIR
• Process of
Criminal Justice
8. The National • Rise of
Movement- First Nationalism
Phase (History) • Formation of
Political
Associations
• Indian National
Congress
9. India After • Integration of
Independence the princely
(History) states
• Planning for
Development
• India on the
move
10. Industries- • Iron and
Comparative Industry
Studies • Pittsburgh
(Geography) • Cotton Textile
Industry
• Silicon Valley
11. Untouchability • Law on Manual
(Civics) Scavenging
• Efforts against
Untouchability.

12. Government for • Five Year Plans

Development • Agriculture
(Civics) • Industry
• Social Sector
• Rural
Development

Chapters Wise Key Terminology

Sl. No. Chapter Terminology

1 The Education • Charter Act

and British • Thomas Macaulay
Rule (History) • Madrasah
• Aligarh
• Nai Talim( New Education)
2 Reforms in • Chembeti
Indian Society Sridharalu
(History) • Govind Ranade
• Mahatma Phule
• Jyotiba Phule
• Savitribhai Phule
• Kelappan
• Anti-Untouchability
League
3 Major Crops • Extensive Mechanized
and • Accumulation of water
Agricultural • Undulating Relief
development • Golden Fiber
(Geography) • High Yielding Variety of seeds
4 Human • Sparsely Populated
Resources • Habitation
(Geography) • Labour intensive
• Fiji, Mauritius,
Malaya
5. Colonization • industrialization
and Urban • colonialism
Change • indigenous elite
(History) • port towns
• avenues
• idgahs
• chowks
• mohallahs
6. Manufacturing • Modernizing
Industries • tertiary
(Geography) • eradication
• foreign exchange
• entrepreneur
• infrastructure
• self-reliant
• value added
products
 • Petrochemicals

7. The Police and • First Information

the courts. Report
(Civics) • Custody
• Victim, Accused
• Superintendent of
police
• Defence lawyer
• Public Prosecutor

8. The National • Vernacular Press

Movement- • Petitions
First Phase • Hostile
(History) • Radicals
• Revolutionary
Movement
• Moderates
9. India After • Rehabilitation
Independence • Alignment
(History) • Disarmamant
• Sarva Shikhya
Abhiyan
• Refugees
10. Industries- • Pittsburgh
Comparative • Furnaces
Studies • Cooking Coal
(Geography) • Osaka
• Silicon valley-Don
Hoefler
11. Untouchability • Social Hierarchy
(Civics) • Manual Scavengers
• Harijans
• Punishable offence
• Obnoxious matter
 • Interim order
• Affidavit
12. Government • economic planning
for • 5year plans
Development • utilization of
(Civics) resources
• prosperity
• inequality
• Gross Domestic
Product

Videos links and other help tools

Sl. Chapter Video links

No.

1 The Education https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5ts1nX94M4

and British Rule
(History)
2 Reforms in Indian https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbVEpTznFaQ
Society (History)
3 Major Crops and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvRHqFcBroI
Agricultural https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iB9qXXcvLxg

development
(Geography)
4 Human https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJQF6YvxiZA
Resources
(Geography)
5 Colonization and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_GX9eWlv7g
Urban Change
(History)
Manufacturing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaWnRznp1AU
6
Industries
(Geography)
 7 The Police and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzsZX6RdVGQ
the Courts.
(Civics)
8 The National https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dh7Tq3lc1Is
Movement- First
Phase (History)
9 India After https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AMrAjoaG4r4
Independence
(History)
10 Industries- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPTxA1llHaU
Comparative
Studies
(Geography)
11 Untouchability https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sk-wUXhFCac
(Civics)

12 Government for https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0ZUIiK0er8

Development
(Civics)

Class Notes- Key to the Text book exercises

History
Chapter 7
Education and British Rule
A.
1. d 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. b
B.
1. Science and geography were not taught in pre-British times.
8
2. Warren Hastings set up a madrasah in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Warren Hastings wanted to promote the study
of Islamic law.
3. The English Education Act stated that money allotted for education would be spent on promoting western
education through the medium of English.
4. Most Indian reformers set up schools and institutions of higher learning because they believed that without
education it would be difficult to bring about reforms in society.

C.
1. Education in pre-British times was very flexible. There were pathshalas and madrasahs. There were no
prescribed textbooks. Teaching was imparted orally, generally at the house of the teacher. There was no fixed
curriculum, so the teacher taught whatever he deemed best for students. Sanskrit, Persian and Mathematics
were the most popular subjects. There was no system of examinations.
2. Sir William Jones was a linguist who arrived in Calcutta (now Kolkata) in 1783. During his stay in India he
developed an interest in the Sanskrit language. Sir William Jones studied ancient Indian texts because of the
following reasons.
• It would help the British know about Indian culture.
• It would help Indians understand their own history and rediscover their lost heritage.
3. The ‘downward filtration theory’ was devised by the British to wash their hands off primary education. The
British argued that since it was not possible to educate everybody, they would educate a few Indians from the
upper and middle classes, who in turn would educate the masses.
4. Mahatma Gandhi opposed western education because he felt that such education was not rooted in the reality
of India. Mahatma Gandhi wanted an education that would help Indians take pride in their past. He valued
practical knowledge more than bookish knowledge. He wanted students to learn a craft so that they could earn
their living.
D.
1. The Orientalists and the Anglicists differed on the nature of education and the medium of instruction in which it
was to be imparted. The Orientalists wanted that Indian learning (ancient Indian texts), through Sanskrit and
Persian, should be promoted in India. The Anglicists regarded Indian learning as unscientific that often supported
superstitions. They felt that education to be useful, needed to be practical. Thus, the Anglicists felt that Indians
should be imparted western learning through the medium of English.
2. The Wood’s Despatch outlined the following benefits of promoting western education in India.
• Western education would enable Indians to realize the advantages of expanding trade and commerce.
• It would expose Indians to the western way of life and thus, create a demand for British goods.
• It would develop the skills required for administration among Indians. This, in turn, would ensure a
continuous supply of people to work at the lower levels of administration. It would thus save the Company
from employing Englishmen who would otherwise have to be paid high salaries to work in India.
3. The Wood’s Despatch laid down the following guidelines.
• It made a provision for spreading education from primary up to the university level. Thus, schools,
colleges and universities were set up.
• The medium of instruction at the primary and higher levels was to be vernaculars and English
respectively.
• Departments of education were to be set up in all provinces to provide financial aid and to supervise
education.
• Teacher recruitment and training institutions were to be set up all over the country.
4. Education in ancient India was meant for the upper three varnas, namely the Brahmans, the Kshatriyas and
the Vaishyas. The Shudras were excluded from receiving education. Similarly, in British India, mass education
was neglected. The British believed that by educating a few Indians from the upper and middle classes,
education would filter down to the masses. Last but not the least, both in ancient and British India, the education
of girls was neglected.
5. The reason behind introducing education in India was to fill the low post jobs. This was because it saved the
Company from employing Englishmen who would otherwise have to be paid high salaries to work in India.
9
 History
Chapter - 8
Reforms in Indian Society
Answers to Textbook Exercises
A.
1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. B
B.
1. b 2. e 3. a 4. c 5. D
C. 1. The society in eighteenth century India was divided along gender and caste lines. Women were not allowed
to study and to inherit property. They were married off at a very young age. Widows could not remarry. The social
position of women was low and they were dependent on men in their families. Caste restrictions were also strict.
2. Raja Rammohun Roy launched a campaign against the custom of sati. Due to his efforts, sati was declared
illegal in 1829. The pitiable condition of widows led Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar to launch a campaign for the
remarriage of widows. His efforts led to the passing of the Hindu Widows Remarriage Act in 1856. Vidyasagar
also started many schools for girls.
3. The untouchables were at the bottom of the social ladder. The untouchables were thought to have a polluting
effect on people and therefore a high caste person would not eat or drink anything touched by an untouchable.
Thus, the untouchables were not allowed to draw water from wells used by the people of higher castes. They
were also denied the right to enter temples, or study the shastras.
4. Jyotirao Govindrao Phule, affectionately called Mahatma Phule or Jyotiba was a social reformer. He founded
the Satyashodhak Samaj to promote caste equality.
In 1848, Jyotiba opened a school for girls of the lower castes. He worked for uplifting the status of the
untouchables. He was against the domination of the Brahman priests. He opened many schools for people
considered low in the caste hierarchy.
D. 1. Some associations that worked towards socio-religious reforms included Brahmo Samaj, Veda Samaj,
Prarthana Samaj, Satyashodhak Samaj, Arya Samaj and Ramakrishna Mission.
These associations raised their voice against many social evils such as the practice of sati, caste system,
untouchability, pitiable condition of widows, lack of education of women, the practice of child marriage, belief in
superstitions and so on.
2. The condition of women in nineteenth century India was pitiable. Many social evils plagued them. Some of
them were as follows.
• Widows were burnt alive at the funeral pyre of their husbands. This inhuman custom was called ‘sati’.
• u Widows were not allowed to remarry.
• Women were not allowed to study, nor could they inherit property. u Girls were married off at an early
age. Most marriages were child marriages.
• People did not want girl child. As a result, in some parts of the country, girl child was killed soon after
birth.
• Polygamy and purdah were common, especially among some communities.
3. The reformers sought to end the caste system by making people aware that caste was not sanctioned by
the religious texts. Raja Rammohun Roy translated the Hindu scriptures into Bengali so that people could
read them and see for themselves that caste did not have the sanction of the religious texts. Other reformers
also spoke and wrote against the caste system. All of them also worked to uplift the status of those
considered low in the caste hierarchy.
4. Mahatma Gandhi started a nationwide movement against untouchability. He called people of the so-called
lower castes ‘harijans’ or children of god. He founded the AllIndia Untouchability League and started the
10
 weekly Harijan. B. R. Ambedkar founded several journals to end untouchability, caste discrimination and the
exploitation of the harijans. He also launched campaigns to assert the right of the untouchables to enter
temples and draw water from public wells.
5. Most social reformers formed associations and societies because these associations worked as pressure
groups in the society. These associations also enabled like-minded people to work together.
It would have been very difficult for individuals to reform the society single-handedly as there were numerous
social evils and issues to deal with. Moreover, the reformers needed public support for the causes they were
fighting for.
6. Most social taboos were associated with women because they were the most oppressed in the society.
These social taboos helped in perpetuating women’s subjugation further.

Geography
6. Major Crops and Agricultural Development
A.
1. a 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. B
B.
1. Rice 2. Christopher Columbus
3. inheritance 4. Extensive

C.
1. China, India, Bangladesh, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Egypt, USA
2. Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, China, Argentina, Ukraine, South Africa, India
3. Brazil, Cuba, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Hawaii Islands, Fiji, South Africa, USA
4. India, Bangladesh, Brazil, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Malaysia
5. USA, China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Egypt, Sudan, Mexico, Uzbekistan
6. China, India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Japan, Indonesia, Bangladesh.

D.
1. Coarse grains such as jowar, bajra, ragi and sorghum which have low nutritional value are called millets.
The geographical conditions necessary for the cultivation of millets are:
• High temperature
• Low rainfall
• Less fertile and sandy soil
The countries in which millets are grown are India, China, USA, Brazil, Nigeria, Niger and Egypt.

2. Jute, also known as the golden fibre, is an important vegetable fibre after cotton. It is the cheapest fibre
which can be dyed but not easily bleached. It is mostly used to make packing materials. Alluvial soil, rich in
salts, warm and wet climate and abundant labour are required for the cultivation of jute plants. India,
Bangladesh, Brazil, Taiwan, China, Thailand and Malaysia are the main jute producing countries of which
India and Bangladesh are the leading jute producers in the world.

3. The Green Revolution has changed agriculture in India in the following ways: u Introduced high-yielding
variety (HYV) seeds.
• Ensured enough and timely availability of water through development of irrigation systems.
• Adequate use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides u Consolidation of small
landholdings
• Introduction of farm machinery u Introduction of agricultural credit on soft terms from the banks.
• Setting up of agricultural universities to train farmers.
4. In the Prairies the geographical environment is favourable for farming. The well-drained rolling plains
are suitable for extensive mechanized farming. The dark brown soil rich in humus and organic matter, the
11
 moderate temperature during the spring and summer seasons and the well-developed connectivity of this
region with the consuming centres and port towns through the transcontinental railway have favoured the
development of agriculture.
E.
1. Rice—High temperature of about 25°C during the growing season, high humidity and rainfall of about
150 cm to 200 cm are required for the cultivation of rice.
Sugarcane—Temperature of about 20°C to 26°C and rainfall of about 150 cm are 41Integrated Social
Science Companion 8 Integrated Social Science Companion 8 required for the cultivation of sugarcane.
Cotton—High temperature of about 27°C during the growing period and rainfall of about 60 cm to 100 cm
in frequent showers are required for the cultivation of cotton.
Jute—High monthly average temperature of about 26°C and rainfall of over 150 cm are required for the
cultivation of jute.
Coffee—Average temperature of about 22°C and annual rainfall of about 150 cm to 250 cm are required
for the cultivation of coffee.
2. The geographical conditions necessary for the cultivation of wheat are:
• Rolling or undulating plains
• Moderate temperature of about 15°C
• Moderate rainfall of about 75 cm during the growing season.
• Bright and sunny weather during the time of harvest.
• Well-drained loamy soil or black soil
The geographical conditions necessary for the cultivation of millet are:
• High temperature
• Low rainfall
• Less fertile and sandy soil
3. Indian agriculture is characterized by subsistence agriculture wherein the farmer’s family consumes almost the
entire produce with little or no surplus to sell in the market. This type of agriculture totally depends on monsoon
rain and is characterized by small and uneconomic landholdings. The farm labour is provided by animals and
members of the farmer’s family. In subsistence agriculture food crop is mostly produced and the cultivation of
fodder crop is almost insignificant. On the other hand, in the Prairies, the farmer and his family owns large
landholdings of about 1,000 hectares. Hence, extensive and mechanized farming is carried out. Moreover, crop
rotation, contour ploughing and strip cropping are also practised to maintain soil fertility. Thus, yield per hectare is
moderate but yield per worker is high. In the Prairies, livestock is also reared to supplement farm income.
Therefore, the farmers are rich and they maintain a high standard of living.

5. Temperate lands have cold climate whereas sugarcane plants require hot and humid climate for its growth.
Thus, there is hardly any sugarcane production in the temperate lands.

Geography
9. Human Resources
Answers to Textbook Exercises
A. 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. d 5. b
B. 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False
C.
1. The factors on which human capacity to convert natural resources into useful products depend are:
• People must be literate and should possess technical, vocational and professional skills.
• Availability of proper tools and machines.
• People must work hard in order to understand the dignity of labour.
• Availability of balanced and nutritious food.
2. The fertile river valleys of eastern and southern Asia, the industrial regions of western Europe and east-
12
central North America and the metropolitan urban areas of every country are thickly populated. This is
because suitable climate, fertile soil, mineral resources and development of industries favour human
habitation in such areas. On the other hand, hot deserts, cold deserts, high mountainous areas, tundra region,
thickly forested areas of the Amazon and the Congo basins and the Sahara Desert have sparse population as
the physical environment there is unfavourable for human habitation.
3. The change in the number of people living in a territory during a specific time, i.e. a decade is known as
change of population. It is expressed either in absolute numbers or in percentage. Birth rate, death rate and
migration are the causes of population change. The annual growth rate of population is a measure of
population change. It is the difference between the number of live births or deaths per thousand persons in a
year. If the number of births exceed the number of deaths within a year, the population increases while if the
number of deaths exceed the number of births within a year then the population decreases.
4. The population pyramid of a developed country is narrow at the base as both the birth and the death rates
are low. It shows that the decrease in death rates allows more people to reach the old age. On the contrary,
the population pyramid of an underdeveloped country is broad at the base and tapers to the top. This shows
that although the birth rates are high, still many children die in their infancy and very few people reach their
old age.
D.
1. The factors which affect the distribution of population are relief, climatic conditions, natural vegetation, soil,
water availability, mineral resources, industries, means of transport, urbanization and government policies.
Relief—The mountainous areas restrict the availability of agricultural land, industries, transportation and
settlement whereas the plains favour the same. Thus, more people prefer to settle in the plains than in the
mountainous areas.
Climatic conditions—Extreme climate discourages concentration of population while moderate climate favours
settlement. Therefore, population is concentrated in areas of moderate climate.
Natural vegetation—The dense forests in hot and humid areas discourage population habitation. Thus, the
forested areas of the Amazon and the Congo basins have no large settlement.
Soil—People prefer to settle in areas having fertile alluvial and lava soils than in areas having desert,
mountain and laterite soils as fertile soils help in agriculture.
Water availability—People prefer to settle in river valleys and in Oases where freshwater for domestic
purposes, agriculture, industry and transport are easily available.
Mineral resources—The areas rich in mineral deposits attract more people to settle in such areas. For
example, the gold mines in Australia have attracted people to settle even in the barren desert.
Industries—The development of industries in any region generates employment. Thus, people migrate to
such areas in search of jobs.
Means of transport—The cities located in the plains and in coastal areas have efficient network of
transportation and, thus attracts economic activities. Therefore, such cities are thickly populated.
Urbanization—The urban areas provide better living conditions, diverse economic activities and more
employment opportunities for people than the rural areas. Therefore, urban areas have higher density of
population than rural areas.
Government policies—Often government policies result in population migration from one region to another.
For example, under the British rule, the Indians were sent to Malaya, Fiji and Mauritius to work on plantations.
The Negroes from Africa were brought to work on the farms in America.
2. Density of population—The density of population refers to the number of people living in one Sq. km area
of land.
Birth rate—The number of live births that occur per thousand persons in a year is known as the birth rate.
Death rate—The number of deaths that occur per thousand persons in a year is known as the death rate.
Annual population growth—Annual population growth is the difference between the birth and the death rates.
Age composition—Age composition refers to the number of people in each age groups. For example, the
number of people in the age groups of 0–4 years, 5–9 years and so on.
Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between the males and the females. It is defined as the number of females
per 1,000 males.
3. The structure of population is known as population composition. The different components of population
composition are age, sex and literacy. These components vary from country to country and from time to time.
Age composition—The number of people in each age groups such as 0–4 years, 5–9 years and so on is
called age composition. On the basis of age, the population of a country can be broadly classified into

13
 children, adults and aged. People who are between 0 years and 14 years of age are called children, those
between 15 years and 59 years of age are called adults and those who are 60 years and above are called
aged. Generally, children and aged are considered dependent population whereas adults are considered
economically active population.
Sex ratio—Sex ratio is the ratio between males and females. It is represented as the number of females per
1,000 males. Usually the sex ratio should be balanced but it has been noticed that male births exceed female
births in almost all societies due to biological reasons. In underdeveloped countries the sex ratio is
unfavourable for females due to high female mortality. Also, migration of males in search of employment
disturbs the sex ratio in many parts of the world such as in many European countries, Africa and Kerala in
India.
Literacy—Literacy is an important component of population composition because it influences the social and
economic development of a country. The factors which affect the literacy rate are the levels of economic
development, urbanization, standard of living, social status of women, availability of educational facilities and
government policies. The literacy level is higher in urban areas than in rural areas and also among the males
than the females.
4. Human beings are considered a resource because human beings can discover, exploit, develop and
convert the natural resources into useful articles as per their requirements.
5. The rural areas lack employment, education and health facilities. The poverty in the rural areas force
people to migrate to urban areas in search of better economic conditions. Thus, people mostly migrate from
rural to urban areas.
G.
1. The states with the highest and lowest population density are Bihar and Arunachal Pradesh respectively.
2. The states which have population density between 201 and 600 are Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu,
Jharkhand, Assam and Tripura.
3. Among the north-eastern states, Assam has the highest population density.
4. Uttar Pradesh has fertile alluvial plain which favours human settlement and agriculture whereas three-
fourths of Rajasthan is a desert which is unfavourable for human settlement and agriculture. Thus, Uttar
Pradesh has more population density than Rajasthan.

9. Colonialism and Urban Change

A. 1. c 2. b 3. D 4. D
B. Kotla Firoz Shah—E Tughlaqabad—C Shahjahanabad—G Jahanpanah—D Lal Kot / Qila Rai Pithora—A
Siri—B Dinpanah—F
C. 1. True 2. False
3. True 4. True
D. 1. Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (now Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai) were the port cities in British India. Port
cities played an important role in trade. Raw materials were sent to England from these ports. Manufactured
goods from England came to these port cities from where they were then re-distributed throughout India.
2. The old urban areas had a wall running all around them. Due to this wall, they were called ‘walled cities’. There
were many ‘darwazas’ or gates for entry into these walled cities. The cities were divided into ‘thanas’ or wards,
which were further divided into ‘mohallas’ or neighbourhoods.
3. Delhi became a ‘ghost city’ following the Revolt of 1857. It was looted and all its inhabitants were driven out. It
remained deserted for many months. Many buildings were demolished. Some structures inside the Red Fort were
converted into barracks for British soldiers. The area around the Fort was also cleared. Large areas of the city
were demolished. The British also began expanding beyond the walls built by Shah Jahan.
4. The walled city had no proper system of water supply. Nor did it have proper drainage facilities. There was no
concept of underground drains. At some places, only surface drains were dug. The baolis fell into disuse. The
grand havelis also gradually fell into decay. The afore-mentioned examples show that the British neglected the
walled city.
E. 1. The following reasons were responsible for the large-scale de-urbanization in India.
• India was turned into a British colony. It exported raw materials and imported f inished goods. The
textile industry was ruined by unfair competition. Towns that were dependent on textiles declined in
importance.
14
 • The native rulers had fuelled the demand for luxury goods. With the British annexing large parts, the
rulers were displaced and the towns that produced luxury goods declined in importance.
• Trade shifted to places that were centres of political power. Port towns consequently declined in
importance.
2. Many types of urban centres were set up by the British. They were as follows.
• Planned cities such as New Delhi had an efficient system of water supply, disposal of sewage and good
drainage facilities.
• Port cities such as Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (now Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai) played an
important role in trade.
• Hill stations such as Shimla, Ooty and Darjiling served as cool retreats from the dust of the plains.
• Cantonment towns such as Lansdowne stationed many soldiers. Such towns were built on a European
plan with broad streets and vast open spaces. Residential structures and office buildings were kept
separate.
3. In 1911 the capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta (now Kolkata) to Delhi. The British now set out to
beautify the capital. Edward Lutyens and Herbert Baker embarked on the task of building the city of New Delhi.
The new city took shape along the lines of imperial style of architecture. It had broad roads, big bungalows and
many gardens. It was also a very clean city. There was an efficient system of water supply, disposal of sewage
and good drainage facilities.
4. After the partition was announced, Delhi became a city of refugees. Lakhs of people from Pakistan came to
Delhi, seeking a new life. To accommodate them, numerous refugee colonies came up all over the city. As old
residents mingled with the migrants, the social ethos of the city also changed. The old culture based on Urdu was
replaced by Punjabi culture. Food and dress changed dramatically. Delhi thus underwent a major transformation.
5. yes, this kind of construction would have minimized the chances of a revolt. Wide roads would have facilitated
smooth movement of troops, which would have helped the British to quell the revolt easily.
6. a. Two major principles that guided British urban planning in India were as follows.
• Their perception of the nature of the Indian city.
• The fear of further revolts along the lines of the Revolt of 1857.
• Haussmann’s plan for Paris which had become so popular in Europe and which advocated cutting
through and demolishing old city centres to make space for new construction and boulevards.
• Planning techniques already in use for Britain’s industrial cities.
b. Madras (now Chennai) was divided into ‘White Town’ and ‘Black Town’.
This kind of segregation suggests the racist attitude of the then British government.
c. The cantonments and civil lines were laid out as gridiron planned communities with central thoroughfares (the
famous ‘Mall Roads’), with tree-lined streets, regularly divided building plots and bungalows as the main housing
type. The cantonments and civil lines also had churches and cemeteries, clubs, race and golf courses.

7. Manufacturing Industries
ANSWERS TO TEX TBOOK EXERCISES:
A. 1. D 2. B 3. a 4. B 5. C
B. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C
C. 1. The differences between agro-based and forest-based industries are:
Agro-based industries Forest-based industries

a. The industries which obtain their raw a. The industries which obtain their raw
materials from agriculture, that is, plants and materials from plants, such as trees, bushes
animals are known as agro based industries. and grasses are known as forest based
industries.

15
b.Examples of agro-based industries are b. Examples of forest-based industries are
cotton textiles, silk textiles, vegetable oil, paper, cardboard, rayon, lac, resin and
sugar and food processing industries. furniture.

2. The differences between small-scale and large-scale industries are:

Small-scale industries Large-scale industries

a. Small-scale industries use power-driven a. Large-scale industries use heavy power

machines. driven machines.

b. The raw materials are obtained from b. The raw materials are obtained from far-off
outside and goods are sold through traders places and the finished products are send to
distant markets.

c. Thousands of labourers are employed.

c. Less number of labourers are employed.

d. An individual owns a small scale industry d. Large-scale industry have a complex

management system.

e. Capital invested in a small-scale industry is e. Huge capital investment is required to set

less than that of a large-scale industry. up large-scale industry.

3. The differences between public sector and joint sector industries are:
Public sector industries Joint sector industries

a. Industries owned and managed by the a. Industries owned and managed jointly by
central or state governments or their the private firms and the government
agencies are known as public sector agencies are known as joint sector industries.
industries.
b.Examples of public sector industries are b. Examples of joint sector industries are
Bhilai Steel Plant and Bharat Heavy Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited,
Electricals Limited Punjab National Bank and Oil India Limited.

4. The differences between private sector and cooperative sector industries are:
Private sector industries Cooperative sector industries
a. Industries owned and managed by an a. Industries owned and managed by a group
individual or a group of individuals are known of people are known as cooperative sector
as private sector industries. industries

b.Examples of private sector industries are b. Examples of cooperative sector industries

Reliance Industries Limited, Tata Steel and are handloom, food processing and dairy.
Hindustan Motors.

16
D. 1. The processing of raw materials into usable f inished products such as, cotton into cloth, sugarcane into
sugar, wood pulp into paper and mineral oil into petrochemicals, is known as manufacturing.
Any economic activity which is associated with the production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of
services is known as an industry. Textiles, mining and tourism are examples of industries.
2. The functioning of an industry on a system which consists of inputs, processes and output is known as
industrial system. The different aspects of industrial system are inputs, processes and output. The inputs include
raw materials, sources of power, labour, cost of land, machinery, transport and other infrastructure while the
processes include a variety of activities which convert raw materials into finished products with the application of
suitable technology. The output is the final finished product and the income earned after its sale.
3. In an iron and steel industry the inputs are iron ore, coal, limestone, manganese, labour, capital and other
infrastructure. The processes include smelting iron ore in a blast furnace and making steel. The output is the iron
and steel.
4. In the twenty-first century information technology or IT has enabled transfer of information from one place to
another and thus made communication cheaper, quicker and easily accessible through the introduction of
different high-tech applications and gadgets such as iTunes, iPods and Android. Besides these, E-commerce has
helped small businesses to prosper, Virtual Learning Environments or VLEs has revolutionized education, and
the use of virtual healthcare teams, telemedicine and electronic health records have positively affected the
healthcare industry.
E. 1. On the basis of raw materials used, industries are classified into agro-based, mineral-based, pastoral-
based, marine-based and forest-based.
• Cotton textiles, jute textiles, silk textiles, vegetable oil, sugar and food processing are examples of agro-
based industries.
• Iron and steel, aluminium and cement are examples of mineral-based industries.
• Woollen textiles, leather goods and dairy products are examples of pastoral-based industries.
• Processing of sea food and manufacturing f ish oil are examples of marine-based industries.
• Paper, cardboard, rayon, lac, resin and furniture are examples of forest-based industries.
on the basis of size, industries are classified into cottage, small-scale and large-scale.
• Industries making rope, basket, handloom cloth and leather items are examples of cottage industries.
• Industries producing cloth, paper goods, toys, furniture, machine parts, electrical goods, utensils and
leather goods are examples of small-scale industries.
• Iron and steel mills, textile mills, transport and equipment, and petrochemicals are examples of large-
scale industries.
On the basis of ownership, industries are classified into private sector, public sector, joint sector and cooperative
sector.
• Reliance Industries Limited, Tata Steel and Hindustan Motors are examples of private sector industries.
• Bhilai Steel Plant and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited are examples of public sector industries.
• Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited, Punjab National Bank and Oil India Limited are examples of joint
sector industries.
• Amul is an example of cooperative sector industry.
• Maruti Suzuki India Limited and The Coca-Cola Company are examples of multinational corporations.
2. The different geographical, economic, human and political factors which influence the location of industries are:
Land—Generally level land is preferred over hilly area for setting up of industries.
Raw materials—Regular and assured supply of raw materials is required.
Power—Adequate and cheap supply of power to run the industries is essential.
Labour—Adequate supply of skilled labourers at reasonable wages is required.
Transport—An efficient network of transport system at a reasonable rate is essential so that the raw materials or
finished products can reach easily.
Market—Nearness to market for quick sale of manufactured goods.
Water—Industries which require large quantity of water, such as paper industry, is usually located near rivers,
canals or lakes.

17
Capital—Availability of capital from banks and government. Government policies—The government policies also
play an important role in setting up of industries.
3. The manufacturing of cotton clothes in India was in vogue about 5,000 years ago. For about 3,000 years, that
is, between 1500 BCE and 1500 CE, India held world monopoly for the manufacture of cotton textiles. Before the
advent of the British, Indian handloom clothes like the Muslin of Dhaka, Chintz of Masulipatnam, Calico of Calicut
and the gold wrought brocade work of Burhanpur were in great demand all over the world. However, since the
Industrial Revolution India lost its market due to strong competition from the modern machine-made cloth of
Great Britain. Later in 1854, the first successful cotton textile mill was established in Mumbai. Since then India
made a rapid progress to make cotton textile the largest organized modern industry of India. At present although
cotton textile mills are found in more than 80 cities of India but its maximum concentration is in the states of
Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. Mumbai in Maharashtra developed as the
largest centre of cotton textile and is called the ‘Cottonopolis of India’
4. Information Technology or IT is the science which uses software and computers to manage information. It is
used for processing, protecting, securing, storing, receiving and retrieving information. In the twenty-first century
information technology industry has enabled transfer of information from one place to another and, thus made
communication cheaper, quicker and easily accessible through the introduction of different high-tech applications
and gadgets such as iTunes, iPods and Android. Besides these, E-commerce has helped small businesses to
prosper, Virtual Learning Environments or VLEs has revolutionized education, and the use of virtual healthcare
teams, telemedicine and electronic health records have positively affected the healthcare industry.
5. Iron and steel are important for the growth and development of modern civilization because the products made
from iron and steel are used as raw materials for other industries. It is widely used to make machines, tools and a
variety of durable goods.

5. The Police and the Courts

ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK EXERCISES
A. 1. b 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. D
B. 1. Police 3. Magistrate’s Court 5. State
2. officer incharge 4. cross-examines
C. 1. The police is the primary law enforcement agency. It is responsible for preventing crime, investigating it and
upholding the law. The police are also needed for the protection of the citizens.
2. To prevent misuse of power by the police and to protect the Fundamental Rights of the citizens, the Supreme
Court has laid down some guidelines for the police regarding arrests. These are as follows:
• The time and place of arrest as well as the place of detention of the person arrested has to be noted down
by the police.
• If the person arrested lives alone, his relatives should be informed through a legal aid organization.
• The person arrested should be made aware of his rights at the time of arrest.
3. Two directives laid down by the Supreme Court on FIR are:
• An FIR must be filed as soon as the information about an offence is received.
• Before beginning the investigation, the concerned police officer should make an inference from the facts
mentioned in the FIR that an offence has been committed.
• An FIR can be registered at a police station even if the scene of crime does not fall in its territorial
jurisdiction. However, the FIR should be forwarded to the concerned police station as soon as possible.
4. Charge-sheet—A charge-sheet is a list of charges against the accused. It is filed in the court by the police after
the police finishes its investigations and finds sufficient evidence against the accused. The trial can begin only
after the charge-sheet has been filed.
FIR—FIR or First Information Report is the account of the crime as given by the complainant. The police records
the complete account and gives a copy of it to the complainant. It then begins its investigations.
Public prosecutor—After a crime is committed, the person who makes a formal complaint against the accused is
represented by a lawyer in court. This lawyer, who represents the complainant’s case, is known as the public
prosecutor.
D. 1. The procedure of filing an FIR is as follows:
• The informant tells the officer incharge at the police station the sequence of events, in detail.
18
 • The officer notes down the complaint, which is duly signed by the informant.
• The information details are then entered in the FIR register by the police officer.
• A copy of the FIR is given to the informant.
The details recorded in an FIR are as follows:
• The date and approximate hour when the crime was committed and reported.
• The place where it occurred.
• The name and address of the complainant.
• The name and address of the suspect, if any.
• Description of the crime.
• In case of theft, details of property stolen.
• The section of the law which applies to the offence.
2. In a criminal case, after an FIR is filed by the aggrieved the police begins its investigation. It examines the
crime scene, questions the witnesses, records statements, conducts a search and collects evidence. It also
interrogates the suspects and, if there is sufficient evidence against the suspect, arrests the suspect. Then the
police files a charge-sheet in the Magistrate’s Court and the trial begins. The accused appoints a defence lawyer
to defend himself while a public prosecutor presents the complainant’s case. The court hears the case and then
passes its judgement.
3. The defence lawyer is appointed by the accused to represent the case on his behalf. The defence lawyer
cross-examines the witnesses and also ask the court to summon witnesses to prove that the accused is not
guilty. Therefore, an accused is given full opportunity to defend himself through a fair trial. On the other hand, the
public prosecutor presents the case of the complainant. He is appointed by the State. He presents all the facts,
evidences and witnesses before the court to prove that the accused is guilty.
5. Justice should be impartial so that there can be a fair trial and neither the accused nor the complainant is
wrongly implicated.

11. The National Movement: First Phase

A. 1. c 2. b 3. d 4.a 5.b 6.a
B. 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. C
C. 1. The British exploited the people of India. Peasants were forced to pay high taxes. Unfair competition ruined
the artisans. The factory workers were paid low wages. The British made no attempt to encourage agriculture,
improve industry, reduce poverty and ensure fair treatment to all. They were only interested in amassing as much
wealth as possible and taking it away to England. Due to all these factors, the masses were extremely discontent
with the British rule.
2. The British had introduced modern western education to equip some Indians to work at low posts in
administration. The British also believed that exposure to western thoughts and ideas would make Indians
support the British rule. They also believed that by making Indians dependent on the British for employment, they
could create a class of Indians who would remain loyal to them.
3. Surendranath Banerjea, Dinshaw Wacha, Pherozeshah Mehta and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were some
important moderate leaders.
They were called so because they were ‘moderate’ in their objectives and methods. That is, they believed in
constitutional methods such as sending petitions and resolutions to the British government.
Some of the demands of the moderates were as follows.
• Freedom of speech and expression
• Expansion of welfare programmes
• Promotion of education
• Recruitment of Indians to high administrative posts
• More powers to the Legislative Councils and more Indian members in these Councils
• Holding the Civil Services examination in India and England, simultaneously
• Change in the economic policies of the government to benefit Indian industries
19
 • Cut in military expenditure
• Arresting India’s drain of wealth to Britain
4. The main features of the Morley-Minto Reforms were as follows.
• More members to be included in the Central Legislative Council and the Provincial Legislative Councils.
• Introduction of separate electorates whereby Muslims were grouped into separate constituencies. Only
Muslim candidates could contest elections from those constituencies.
D. 1 The following factors helped in the rise of nationalism in India.
• Discontent with the British rule—All sections of Indian society–peasants, artisans, factory workers and
educated Indians–suffered under the British rule.
• Political, administrative and economic unification of India—Introduction of a uniform system of
governance, railways, telegraph and postal system helped Indians to come in contact with each other.
People realized that the British rule was responsible for their suffering.
• Spread of modern education—The British had introduced modern western education to equip some
Indians to work at low posts in administration. Exposure to western education made people more
conscious of their rights. They began to criticize the government for denying basic human rights to them.
Further, the English language acted as a unifying force because people from different parts of India,
speaking different languages, could now communicate with one another through a common medium.
• Role of the press—The Indian press played an important part in strengthening national consciousness.
Both the English and the vernacular press became a medium to mobilize public opinion and create a
feeling of national bonding. The Indian press highlighted the anti-Indian policies of the British government
and asked the people to unite and work for a common cause.
• Immediate factors—The policies of Lord Lytton intensified discontent with the British rule. He removed
import duties on British goods, made India pay for the war against Afghanistan, passed the Vernacular
Press Act which imposed restrictions on vernacular newspapers, and passed the Arms Act which forbade
Indians from possessing arms. Such policies evoked strong reactions from all sections of society. The
Ilbert Bill Controversy added fuel to fire. Sir Ilbert passed a bill which gave Indian judges the power to try
cases involving Europeans. This was protested by the Europeans. This forced the government to
withdraw the bill. The Indians protested against the withdrawal of the bill but the British government stood
its ground. This made Indians realize that the British would never treat Indians as equals.
2. The British introduced a uniform system of governance throughout the country. Laws, at least on paper, were
applied uniformly to all. The introduction of modern industries interlinked the economic life of Indians. As people
from all parts of the country worked in these industries, it helped in diluting caste, community and regional
boundaries. This helped to develop a feeling of solidarity and togetherness. Further, the introduction of railways,
telegraph and postal system helped people to come in contact with each other and realize that the British rule
was responsible for their suffering. In this way, India was unified under the British rule as one unit.
3. Sir Ilbert was a member in Lord Ripon’s Cabinet. In 1883, he introduced a bill, which was later popularly called
the Ilbert Bill. This bill sought to give Indian judges the power to hear cases in which the Europeans were
involved. The European community vehemently opposed it. Such staunch opposition forced the government to
withdraw the bill. The Indians protested against the withdrawal of the bill but the British government stood its
ground. The controversy over the Ilbert Bill played a crucial role in the development of nationalism in India.
4. The revolutionaries believed in using force to liberate the country. They believed that ‘force must be repulsed
by force’. They formed secret societies and got trained in the use of firearms and explosives. They assassinated
unpopular British officials. They also organized armed uprisings in different parts of the country.
The British response to the revolutionaries was brutal. Many of them were hanged. Others were sentenced to life
imprisonment. These brutal measures were to dissuade people from joining the revolutionaries.
5. Role of the press in arousing national consciousness—Beginning from the second half of the nineteenth
century, the press became a very important tool in the hands of the nationalists. The newspapers published at
this time highlighted the unjust policies of the British government. Writings of scholars and famous writers infused
a sense of pride and national bonding in the people. Thus, the press became a medium to form and express
public opinion.
The Swadeshi and Boycott Movements— Swadeshi and Boycott were two methods of struggle that became
20
popular after the partition of Bengal. ‘Swadeshi’ aimed at asking people to use only those goods which were
manufactured in India. ‘Boycott’ focused on asking people not to use goods manufactured in Britain.
6. The British introduced modern western education to equip some Indians to work at low posts in administration.
The British also believed that exposure to western thoughts and ideas would make Indians supporters of the
British rule in India. On the contrary, exposure to western education made people more conscious of their rights.
They began to criticize the government for denying basic human rights to them. Further, English language acted
as a unifying force because people from different parts of India, speaking different languages, could now
communicate with one another through a common medium.

7. Untouchability—A Social Evil

A. 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. C 5.C
B. 1. The caste system was the basis of the social hierarchy prevalent during the Vedic times. The caste system
was also known as the varna system as it was based on colour and occupation. The social hierarchy from the
highest to the lowest order comprised four castes or varnas namely Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and
Shudras. The Brahmins were at the top of the social hierarchy. They had knowledge of the scriptures, performed
yajnas and worshipped in temples. The kshatriyas were the warrior class who defended and ruled the kingdom.
They were followed by the Vaishyas who worked as craftsmen, farmers, merchants and traders. The Shudras
occupied the lowest rung in the social hierarchy. They were manual workers who served the first three classes
and did physical labour. They were forced to live on the outskirts of the villages and were forbidden to enter any
temple, use public wells and tanks.
2. In India those people who manually remove human excreta from dry toilets are referred to as manual
scavengers. They are known by different names in different parts of the country. They are called bhangi in
Gujarat, pabhi in Andhra Pradesh and sikkaliar in Tamil Nadu. They are the most oppressed section of the
society. They are served in separate utensils, not allowed to enter temples or draw water from the tank used by
the upper castes. They are also not provided with gloves and masks to do the inhuman work of manual
scavenging. Therefore, they are exposed to various skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases.
3. Mahatma Gandhi made great efforts to eradicate the curse of untouchability from society. He called the
untouchables ‘Harijans’ which means ‘children of God’. He treated them as equals. He cleaned toilets, stayed
with them in their colonies and also ate meals with them. He asked his followers to do the same. He did
everything possible to bring the untouchables into the mainstream of society.
4. Two constitutional safeguards that prevent the practice of untouchability are:
• The constitution guarantees the Right to Equality as a Fundamental Right. It says that all citizens shall be
treated equally.
• Reservations have been made for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• Untouchability has been abolished. The preaching and practice of untouchability has been declared a
punishable offence. This has been done under Article 17 and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955.
• All Hindu religious institutions meant for the public should be open to all classes and sections of the Hindu
community.
• The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 contains many
provisions to end the discrimination of the oppressed classes.
C. 1. The removal of human excreta manually from dry toilets is called manual scavenging.
The efforts made by the government to eradicate this practice are:
• The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act was passed in
1993. It forbade the employment of manual scavengers and the construction of dry toilets.
• The Supreme Court has issued notices to the Centre, states and Union Territories to end the practice of
manual scavenging. It has also asked the concerned authorities to rehabilitate the people involved in this
practice.
2. Punishable offences which are recognized under the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention
of Atrocities) Act, 1989 are:
• Forcing a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe member to eat or drink inedible substances.
• Dumping waste, faeces or any other obnoxious matter in the premises or neighbourhood of a Scheduled
Caste or Scheduled Tribe.
21
 • Wrongful occupation or cultivation of land owned by a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe.
• Interfering in the enjoyment of rights over land, premises or water of a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled
Tribe.
• Forcing a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe person not to vote or to vote for a particular candidate.
• Deliberately insulting a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe person in public.
• Assault or use of force to outrage the modesty of a woman belonging to a Scheduled Caste or Scheduled
Tribe.

13. India After Independence

A. 1. a 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D
B. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True
C. 1. Some of the problems that needed immediate solution in post-partition India were as follows.
• Integration of princely states into India
• Rehabilitation of refugees
• Solution to the economic problems and ensuring development
• Drafting a constitution so as to chart the future course of India
2. The Constitution of India states that all Indians, irrespective of their religion, caste and gender are equal before
the law of the country. People of all castes, communities, regions and religions will enjoy the same rights. No
person will face any kind of discrimination.
3. The subjects in the Union List are looked after solely by the central government. The subjects in the State List
are looked after solely by the state governments, and the subjects in the Concurrent List are the joint
responsibility of both the central and the state governments.
D. 1. Some features of the Constitution of India are as follows.
• All Indians are equal before law. All have the same rights and duties. No person would be discriminated
on the grounds of caste, class, religion and gender.
• Some seats are reserved in legislatures and government jobs for the disadvantaged sections. This would
help people from weaker sections to uplift their social and economic status.
• All Indians above the age of 21 (now 18) can vote in the elections.
• There is a division of power between the central government and the state governments.
2. The framers of our Constitution believed that for many centuries, some sections of the Indian society had
been deprived and discriminated against. The framers, therefore, made provisions for granting reservation of
seats in legislatures and in government jobs for these sections. This, they believed, would help such
disadvantaged people to uplift their social and economic status.
3. In the wake of Cold War, India under Jawaharlal Nehru, tried to initiate a movement for world peace. This
policy aimed at healthy cooperation among nations for the benefit of all. This policy came to be defined as the
policy of non-alignment. Non-alignment means taking an independent stand on international issues. It also means
keeping away from military and political groups and promoting peace in the world. India is a non-aligned country.
4. India faces many challenges today. The biggest challenge is to remove poverty. There are crores of people still
below the poverty line. The second challenge is to weed out caste and gender inequality.
The untouchables continue to be discriminated against even after so many years of independence. The third
challenge is to make every Indian educated. The educational progress, so far, has been uneven. The fourth
challenge is creating job opportunities for the educated.
5. The Indian nawabs had to be persuaded because they did not want to surrender their independence to the
Indian Union.
6. This means that the British never treated Indians equally vis-a-vis the Europeans. Thus, it was only after the
British left India that equality before law emerged, which stated that all are equal before the law and no person
shall be discriminated on the grounds of race, religion, caste and gender.

8. Industries—Comparative Studies
A. 1. d 2. a 3. c 4. b 5. B
22
B. 1. Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited
2. Bharat Electronics Limited
3. Hewlett Packard
4. Central processing unit
5. Personal computer
6. Information Communication Technology
C. 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False
D. 1. Jamshedpur became the hub of economic activities as a result of the growth and development of Tata Steel
plant. With the growth and development of the Tata Steel plant in Jamshedpur, a number of technical institutes,
metallurgical laboratories and factories such as machine tools, heavy vehicles, diesel engines, locomotives,
agricultural machinery and tin plates were set up in the city.
2. The reasons for the growth of cotton textile mills in Ahmadabad over Mumbai are:
• Higher land rent and wages in Mumbai.
• The location of Mumbai at a greater distance from the consuming centres.
• The development of railways in other parts of India helped the textile centres of Ahmadabad to collect raw
materials and distribute the finished goods easily.
• Cheap labour cost in Ahmadabad.
3. The factors which favoured the development of IT industry in Bengaluru are:
• The presence of many high-tech industries.
• Availability of highly educated and skilled labour force.
• Science, engineering and technology streams are well developed.
• Strong support from the state and the central governments.
4. The information technology industry has developed in the Silicon Valley due to the following reasons.
• The growth and development of many industrial units in the Silicon Valley as a result of the research and
expansion of US defence programmes in the field of airspace and electronics.
• The development of high technology Stanford Industrial Park in 1951.
• Prof Frederick Terman’s initiative to ask the Stanford University to lease out land to the new graduates so
that their research work can help to start new units for the development of computer and electronics
industry in the region.
E. 1. The locational advantages enjoyed by the steel plant at Jamshedpur are:
• The best quality iron ore mines are located at a distance of about 75 km to 100 km from Jamshedpur in
the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha.
• The best quality coking coal is obtained from Jharia and Raniganj coal mines located at a distance of
about 150 km to 200 km.
• Manganese is obtained from Keonjhar district in Odisha.
• Limestone and dolomite are available from the Sundergarh district of Odisha and Palamau, Hazaribagh
and Ranchi districts of Jharkhand.
• Abundant water for cooling and washing is available from the Subarnarekha river and a reservoir at the
Kharkai river.
• Availability of labourers from the thickly populated areas of Jamshedpur and its surrounding regions as
well as from West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh.
• Kolkata, located at a distance of about 240 km from Jamshedpur, provides a ready market for the finished
products.
• Jamshedpur is well-connected to Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai by an efficient Integrated Social Science
Companion 8 network of roadways and railways. Besides, the Kolkata port also helps to import and export
goods.
2. The factors responsible for the growth of iron and steel industry in Pittsburgh are:
• An early start in 1903 –1904.
• Cheap and efficient transportation of high grade iron ore from the northern fields.
23
 • Availability of high grade coking coal from the nearby Appalachian coalfields.
• Sufficient supply of water from Allegheny and Monongahela rivers.
• Easy and cheap inland water transport provided by the Great Lakes.
• Availability of both skilled and unskilled labourers.
• The furnaces and steel plants located along the river banks facilitate receiving and dispatch of heavy
freight.
• Numerous factories located in this region provide a ready market for finished products.
3. The geographical advantages enjoyed by Osaka for the development of cotton textile industry are:
• Osaka being located in the plains provides the scope for the establishment and future expansion of the
textile mills.
• Warm and humid climate round the year favours spinning and weaving.
• Osaka located on the sea coast provides the ideal location for the import of raw materials and the export
of finished goods.
• Nearness to coalfields and water power resources.
• Availability of cheap labourers.
• Availability of sufficient freshwater from the yodo river.
• Availability of new and technologically advanced machinery, along with efficient organization.
• A large market for the finished goods provided by the Asian and African countries.
4. The Stanford Industrial Park established in 1951 played a major role in the development of the Silicon Valley.
Since the end of the Second World War, the US Defence programmes in the field of airspace and electronics
helped the growth and development of a number of industrial units in the Silicon Valley. As a result, a number of
small towns started developing in and around the Silicon Valley which produced high technical structures to meet
the increasing needs of the industrial units in the Silicon Valley. Around this time, Prof Frederick Terman, who
was a Stanford graduate and is known as the ‘Father of the Silicon Valley’ played a very important role in the
development of the Silicon Valley. He asked his students in Stanford University to start new units for the
development of computer and electronic industry in the Silicon Valley and at the same time asked Stanford
University to lease out land to new graduates so that their research work could help in new projects. As a result of
this initiative of the Stanford University a number of companies such as Fairchild, Intel, IBM, Microsoft and
Hewlett Packard developed in the Silicon Valley which started manufacturing integrated circuits, central
processing units or CPUs, Disc Operating System or DOS and personal computers.
6. Dry climate usually breaks the thread and deteriorates the quality of the cloth while humid climate does not
break the thread. Thus, hot and humid climate favour spinning and weaving.

8. Government for Development

A. 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. d 5. a
B. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True
C. 1. Two important aspects of the Five-year Plans are:
• It helps the government to tackle problems of poverty, unemployment and price rise.
• It helps to improve infrastructure such as to increase power generation and to provide better
communication and transportation facilities. All these in turn have facilitated industrial and agricultural
development.
• It helped in better distribution of public resources for the purposes of socio-economic development.
2. The measures adopted by the government to promote small-scale industries are:
• Tax benefits are given to set up industries.
• Special tax incentives are given to set up small-scale industries in backward areas.
• Some products are reserved for exclusive manufacture by small-scale industries.
• Persons who want to set up small-scale industries are given special training.
3. The programmes undertaken by the government in the field of education and health for the welfare of the
people are: Education—The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan was started by the government in 2001 to encourage and
24
promote universal elementary education for all children in the age group of 6–14 years irrespective of their caste
and gender.
Health—In the health sector the government has launched programmes like National Rural Health Mission and
National Urban Health Mission for the welfare of the people. Under the National Rural Health Mission several
primary and community health centres are set up in rural areas and healthcare facilities are provided to the rural
population throughout the country. Under the National Urban Health Mission, healthcare facilities are provided for
the urban poor living in the slums.
4. The objectives laid down in the Bharat Nirman Plan are:
• Construction of all-weather roads to connect villages across the country.
• Provide telephones for communication.
• Provide clean drinking water.
• Provide electricity to rural households.
• Construction of 60 lakh houses for the poor.
• Bringing as much as one crore hectares of land under irrigation.
D. 1. The Planning Commission ensures the economic development of the country through proper planning. Its
functions are as follows:
• It assesses the resources of the country.
• It makes plans for the effective and balanced utilization of the country’s resources.
• It identifies the objectives of our economic policy.
• It examines the extent of utilization of resources and the progress of the plans.
• It tries to ensure that the benefit of development reaches the largest number of people.
2. The Green Revolution has helped to increase agricultural production by introducing farmers to modern,
scientific methods of farming such as modern agricultural machinery, high yielding variety seeds, fertilizers and
pesticides, and irrigation facilities.
Modern agricultural machinery—Green Revolution has introduced modern agricultural machinery such as
tractors, sowing machines, threshers and harvesters which are more efficient and faster.
High yielding variety seeds—High yielding variety or HYV seeds especially for wheat and rice are extensively
used. These seeds have helped to increase the output.
Fertilizers and pesticides—The use of fertilizers and pesticides was encouraged to increase the fertility of land
and to control crop loss respectively.
Irrigation—Irrigation facilities were increased to provide sufficient water to HYV seeds and also to overcome crop
failure and less productivity due to insufficient and late monsoon.
3. The public sector industries comprise goods and services provided by the government for the benefit of the
public. These goods and services are provided at comparatively cheaper prices than those offered by the profit-
making companies. The money invested in these industries comes from the taxes people pay and the profits
made by these public sector units. Some of the public sector industries are Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
(BHEL), Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT) and Steel Authority of India (SAIL). On the other hand, private sector
industries comprise business activities by private individuals where profit earning is the main motive. Reliance,
Hindustan Unilever Ltd., and Johnson & Johnson are private sector industries. Besides these, there is also a
joint-sector industries where the public and the private companies join hands to establish new enterprises.
4. Rural development has been given great importance by the government. The steps taken by the government
to promote rural development are:
• The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan promotes universal elementary education to all children in the age group of
6–14.
• Nirmal Gram Puraskar, an incentive-based programme was launched to promote rural sanitation.
• National Rural Health Mission was launched to provide better healthcare facilities to the rural population.
Many Primary and Community Health Centres have also been set up in rural areas. For more information
• Employment facilities have been provided for 100 days every year to those adults who live below poverty
line through the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme.
• Houses have been constructed for the rural poor under the Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awaas yojana.

25
 • The government has also started the Bharat Nirman Plan to develop rural areas. It entails the construction
of roads to connect villages, provide telephone facilities, electricity and clean drinking water to people
living in the rural areas, and bringing about one crore hectares of land under irrigation.
5. If there is unsystematic economic development then there will be variations in the levels of development in
different sectors of the economy as well as in different parts of the country.

Revision Worksheet-1
A. Fill in the blanks.

1. In case of a robbery, the first thing to be done is to file ……………………………...

2. The police are the primary law …………………………… agency.

3. Article …………. of our Constitution guarantees certain rights regarding protection against arrest and
detention in certain cases.

4. The police follow a definite ………………………………… system.

5. The laws made by the ……………………………. need to be enforced properly and effectively.

6. The police is responsible for ……………………………… the law.

B: Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which of the following is not a finished product obtained from the manufacturing process?
[ ]
a. sugar b. petrochemicals
c. cloth d. wood pulp

2. The Industrial Revolution began in the eighteenth century in ……….. [ ]

a. France. b. Italy.
c. Great Britain. d. Russia.

3. Which of the following is a product of the cottage industry? [ ]

a. rayon b. machine parts
c. baskets d. steel

4. Which of the following is not manufactured by small-scale industries? [ ]

a. paper goods b. furniture
c. utensils d. cars

5. Which of the following cities is called the ‘Cottonopolis of India’. [ ]

a. Kolkata b. Chennai
c. Mumbai d. Delhi

C. Match the columns.

26
 Column A Column B

1. The accused [ ] a. First Information Report

2. The Supreme Court [ ] b. A record of charges made at

police station

3. Lodged by the aggrieved [ ] c. Laid down the directives on

FIR

4. The police [ ] d. Has the right to be defended

by a legal practitioner
of his/her choice.

5. Charge-sheet [ ] e. Responsible for preventing

crime.

D. Answer the following questions:

1. The iron and steel industry provide the base for all other industries. Give reasons for your answer.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Compare the old city of Shahjahanabad with the new city built by the British.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Write the three directives laid down by the Supreme Court on FIR.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

4. What factors determine the location, development and growth of manufacturing industries?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. What were the port cities and what were they used for?

27
 …………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Why did Shimla and Ooty become popular retreats during the British colonial rule?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. How did the urban towns differ from the old towns in India?

Old town Urban town

8. Name the 7 cities of Delhi

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. How was Shahjahan’s city planning?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. What did the British do to Delhi after they recaptured it in 1857?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

28
**********

29
30