Polyphase Induction Machine 211

If you were sitting on the rotor, you would find that the rotor was slipping behind the rotating
field by the slip rpm = ns − n = sns . The frequency f2 of the induced voltage and current in the
rotor circuit will correspond to this slip rpm, because this is the relative speed between
the rotating field and the rotor winding. Thus, from Eq. 5.10,
p
f2 = ðns − nÞ
120
p
= sns
120

= sf1 ð5:33Þ

This rotor circuit frequency f2 is also called slip frequency. The voltage induced in the rotor
circuit at slip s is

E2s = 4:44f2 N2 Φp KW2

= 4:44sf1 N2 Φp KW2
= sE2 ð5:34Þ

where E2 is the induced voltage in the rotor circuit at standstill—that is, at the stator frequency f1 .
The induced currents in the three-phase rotor windings also produce a rotating field. Its
speed (rpm) n2 with respect to the rotor is
120f2
n2 =
p
120sf1
=
p
= sns ð5:35Þ

Because the rotor itself is rotating at n rpm, the induced rotor field rotates in the air gap at
speed n + n2 = ð1 − sÞns + sns = ns rpm. Therefore, both the stator field and the induced rotor
field rotate in the air gap at the same synchronous speed ns . The stator magnetic field and the
rotor magnetic field are therefore stationary with respect to each other. The interaction
between these two fields can be considered to produce the torque. As the magnetic fields tend to
align, the stator magnetic field can be visualized as dragging the rotor magnetic field.

EXAMPLE 5.1
A 3φ, 460 V, 100 hp, 60 Hz, four-pole induction machine delivers rated output power at a slip of
0.05. Determine the

(a) Synchronous speed and motor speed.

(b) Speed of the rotating air gap field.
(c) Frequency of the rotor circuit.
212

(d) Slip rpm.

#
chapter 5 Induction (Asynchronous) Machines

(e) Speed of the rotor field relative to the

(i) rotor structure.
(ii) stator structure.
(iii) stator rotating field.
(f) Rotor induced voltage at the operating speed, if the stator-to-rotor turns ratio is 1:0.5.

Solution
(a) 120f 120 × 60
ns = = = 1800 rpm
p 4

n = ð1 − sÞns = ð1 − 0:05Þ1800 = 1710 rpm

(b) 1800 rpm (same as synchronous speed)

(c) f2 = sf1 = 0:05 × 60 = 3 Hz
(d) slip rpm = sns = 0:05 × 1800 = 90 rpm
(e) (i) 90 rpm
(ii) 1800 rpm
(iii) 0 rpm
(f) Assume that the induced voltage in the stator winding is the same as the applied voltage.
Now,

E2s = sE2
N2
=s E1
N1
460 V
= 0:05 × 0:5 × pffiffiffi
3
= 6:64 V=phase ▪

5.5 THREE MODES OF OPERATION

The induction machine can be operated in three modes: motoring, generating, and plugging.
To illustrate these three modes of operation, consider an induction machine mechanically
coupled to a dc machine, as shown in Fig. 5.10a.

5.5.1 MOTORING
If the stator terminals are connected to a three-phase supply, the rotor will rotate in the
direction of the stator rotating magnetic field. This is the natural (or motoring) mode of
 Power Flow in Three Modes of Operation 233

EXAMPLE 5.4
A three-phase, 460 V, 1740 rpm, 60 Hz, four-pole wound-rotor induction motor has the fol-
lowing parameters per phase:

R1 = 0:25 ohms, R02 = 0:2 ohms

X1 = X20 = 0:5 ohms, Xm = 30 ohms

The rotational losses are 1700 watts. With the rotor terminals short-circuited, find

(a) (i) Starting current when started direct on full voltage.

(ii) Starting torque.
(b) (i) Full-load slip.
(ii) Full-load current.
(iii) Ratio of starting current to full-load current.
(iv) Full-load power factor.
(v) Full-load torque.
(vi) Internal efficiency and motor efficiency at full load.
(c) (i) Slip at which maximum torque is developed.
(ii) Maximum torque developed.
(d) How much external resistance per phase should be connected in the rotor circuit so that
maximum torque occurs at start?

Solution
(a) 460
V1 = pffiffiffi = 265:6 volts=phase
3

(i) At start s = 1. The input impedance is

j30ð0:2 + j0:5Þ
Z1 = 0:25 + j0:5 +
0:2 + j30:5
= 1:08=66# Ω
265:6
Ist = = 245:9=−66# A
1:08=66#

(ii) 1800
ωsyn = × 2π = 188:5 rad=sec
60
265:6ðj30:0Þ
Vth = % 261:3 V
ð0:25 þ j30:5Þ
j30ð0:25 þ j0:5Þ
Zth = = 0:55=63:9#
0:25 þ j30:5
= 0:24 þ j0:49
234 chapter 5 Induction (Asynchronous) Machines

Rth = 0:24 Ω
Xth = 0:49 ’ X1
Pag I0 2 R0 =s
Tst = = 2 2
ωsyn ωsyn
3 261:32 0:2
= ×
188:5 ð0:24 þ 0:2Þ2 þ ð0:49 þ 0:5Þ2 1
3 0:2
= × ð241:2Þ2 ×
188:5 1
s = 185:2 N & m

1800 − 1740
(b) (i) s= = 0:0333
1800
0
(ii) R2 0:2
= = 6:01 Ω
s 0:0333

ðj30Þð6:01 þ j0:5Þ
Z1 = ð0:25 þ j0:5Þ þ
6:01 þ j30:5

= 0:25 þ j0:5 þ 5:598 þ j1:596

= 6:2123=19:7# Ω
265:6
IFL =
6:2123=19:7

= 42:754=− 19:7#

(iii) Ist 245:9

= = 5:75
IFL 42:754

(iv) PF = cosð19:7# Þ = 0:94 ðlaggingÞ

(v) 3 ð261:3Þ2
T= × 6:01
188:5 ð0:24 + 6:01Þ2 + ð0:49 + 0:5Þ2
3
= × 41:292 × 6:01
188:5
= 163:11 N & m

(vi) Air gap power:

Pag = Tωsyn = 163:11 × 188:5 = 30,746:2 W

 Power Flow in Three Modes of Operation 235

Rotor copper loss:

P2 = sPag = 0:0333 × 30,746:2 = 1023:9 W

Pmech = ð1 − 0:0333Þ30,746:2 = 29,722:3 W

Pout = Pmech − Prot = 29,722:3 − 1700 = 28,022:3 W

Pinput = 3V1 I1 cos θ

= 3 × 265:6 × 42:754 × 0:94 = 32,022:4 W
28,022:3
Eff motor = × 100 = 87:5%
32,022:4

Eff internal = ð1 − sÞ = 1 − 0:0333 = 0:967 ! 96:7%

(c) (i) From Eq. 5.58,

0:2 0:2
sTmax = = = 0:1963
2
½0:24 + ð0:49 + 0:5Þ ( 2 1=2 1:0187

(ii) From Eq. 5.59,

2 3
2
3 4 261:3 5
Tmax =
2 × 188:5 0:24 + ½0:242 + ð0:49 + 0:5Þ2 (1=2

= 431:68 N & m
Tmax 431:68
= = 2:65
TFL 163:11

R02 + R0ext R02 + R0ext

(d) sTmax = =
½0:242 + ð0:49 + 0:5Þ2 (1=2 1:0186

R0ext = 1:0186 − 0:2 = 0:8186 Ω=phase

Note that for parts (a) and (b), it is not necessary to use Thevenin’s equivalent circuit.
Calculation can be based on the equivalent circuit of Fig. 5.15 as follows:

Z1 = R1 + jX1 + Re + jXe
= 0:25 + j0:5 + 5:598 + j1:596
3 2
T= I Re
ωsyn 1
3
= × 42:7542 × 5:598
188:5
= 163 N & m ▪