TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

Learning Outcomes

As a result of studying this topic, students will be able to:

a) Decide when it is appropriate to use the method of integration by parts to
solve integrals.
b) Apply the formula for integration by parts to definite and indefinite integrals.
c) Perform integration by parts repeatedly if appropriate.
d) Perform integration using substitution method, including t-substitution.
e) Solve basic trigonometric integrals.
f) Solve the integrals using the method of completing the square.

Introduction
We are going to examine some techniques that are frequently used when seeking
antiderivatives of functions. Sometimes this is a simple problem, since it will be
apparent that the function you wish to integrate is a derivative in some
straightforward way. However not all cases are straight forward, and hence the
need to learn various methods of integration.

1. Integration by Parts
This is a special rule for integrating a product of two functions. If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
where u and v are in turn functions of x, then by Product Rule,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 (𝑢𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑢
=𝑢 +𝑣 => 𝑢 = −𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑(𝑢𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑢
=> ∫ 𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑣 . 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=> ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑 (𝑢𝑣 ) − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

=> ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢 (1)

1
Solved Examples
1) Find ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
Thus using (1):
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

=> ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=> ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 where C is the constant of

integration.
2) Find ∫ 𝑥𝐼𝑛|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
Solution
1 𝑥2
Let 𝑢 = 𝐼𝑛|𝑥| and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = .
𝑥 2

Thus using (1): ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

𝑥2 𝑥2 1
=> ∫ 𝑥𝐼𝑛|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛|𝑥|. ( ) − ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑥
𝑥2 1 𝑥2 𝑥2
= 𝐼𝑛|𝑥| − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐼𝑛|𝑥| − +𝐶
2 2 2 4

where C is the constant of integration.

=> ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 where C is the constant of

integration.
3) Find ∫ 𝐼𝑛|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
Solution
1
Let 𝑢 = 𝐼𝑛|𝑥| and 𝑑𝑣 = 1𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥 .
𝑥

2
 Thus using (1):
∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢
1
=> ∫ 𝐼𝑛|𝑥| 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝐼𝑛|𝑥| − ∫ 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

= 𝑥𝐼𝑛|𝑥| − ∫ 1. 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥𝐼𝑛|𝑥| − 𝑥 + 𝐶 where C is the constant of integration.

4) Find ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = − cos 𝑥 .
Thus using (1): ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

=> ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (− cos 𝑥 ) − ∫(− cos 𝑥 ). 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1)

Next evaluate∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = sin 𝑥 .

=> ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 ) − ∫ sin 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

So (1) becomes:
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 ) − ∫ sin 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=> 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 ) + 𝐶′

𝑒𝑥
=> ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ) + 𝐶 where C is the constant of
2
integration. (Note that C=C’/2)

𝑒 𝑎𝑥
NB: From mathematical tables, ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 2 (asin 𝑏𝑥 −
𝑎 +𝑏
𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑏𝑥 ). In our case a = 1 and b = 1.

3
5) Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution
1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 .
3

1 1
=> ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2. ( 𝑒 3𝑥 ) − ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 . 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1)
3 3
1
Next evaluate∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 . 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
2 2 1
Let 𝑢 = x and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑒 3𝑥 .
3 3 3

2 2 1 1 2 2 2
=> ∫ 𝑥𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑒 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3 3 3 3 9 9
2 2
= 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶′
9 27

So (1) becomes:
1 2 2
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − (9 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 − 27 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶′)
1 2 2
= 𝑥 2 𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3 9 27
1 2 2
= 𝑒 3𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + ) + 𝐶 where C is the constant of integration.
3 3 9
2
6) Evaluate the definite integral ∫−1 𝑥𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution
1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑒 6𝑥 .
6

2
6𝑥
𝑥 6𝑥 2 1 2 6𝑥 𝑥 2 1 6𝑥 2
=> ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 | − ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 6𝑥 | − 𝑒 |
−1 6 −1 6 −1 6 −1 36 −1
11 12 7 −6
= 𝑒 + 𝑒
36 36
4
7) Evaluate the definite integral ∫2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

4
 Solution
1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 .
2

4 1 1 4
=> ∫2 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 | 42 − ∫2 𝑒 2𝑥 (2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 (1)
2 2
1 4
We next evaluate ∫2 𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥:
2
1 1
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 .
2 4

1 4 2𝑥 1 2𝑥 4 2 4 2𝑥 𝑥 4 1 4
=> ∫ 𝑒 (2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥. 𝑒 | − ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥 | − 𝑒 2𝑥 |
2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2

So (1) becomes:
4
1 4 1 4 1 4 25 8 5 4
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 | − 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 | + 𝑒 2𝑥 | = 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
1
Note that without the definite integrals the answer is 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑥 −
2
1 2𝑥 1 2𝑥
𝑥𝑒 + 𝑒 + 𝐶|
2 4

Exercise
1. Evaluate the following integrals:
𝑎) ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

c) ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 d) ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒) ∫ 2𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

g) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 𝑑𝑥 h) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥

j) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

Answers
1 1
𝑎) − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 b) sin 4𝑥 + cos 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4 16

5
 c) − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 d) 𝑥 2sin 𝑥 + 2𝑥cos 𝑥 − 2sin 𝑥
+𝐶
1 3 1
e) 2𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 f) 𝑥 In|𝑥| − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
3 9
1
g) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 − In|1 + 𝑥 2| + 𝐶 h) 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛−1𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
1
i) 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
2
1 2
h) − (cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 )−1𝑥 + 𝐶 (= − cos 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 + cos 3 𝑥 +
3 3
𝐶)

2. Calculate the value of each of the following:

𝜋 1 2 𝜋/4
1 2 𝑥
𝑎) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) ∫ 𝑥 3 In|𝑥|𝑑𝑥 𝑑) ∫ 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 2 0 1 0

Answers

15
𝑎) 2𝜋 − 4 = 2.2832 b) 𝑒 − 2 = 0.71828 𝑐)4In2 − = 1.83409
16
𝜋 1
d) − = 0.1427
8 4
2. Integration by Substitution
This involves eliminating all instances of the original integral.
Examples
a) Evaluate∫ 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 => 𝑑𝑢 = 2x 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 = .
2𝑥

𝑑𝑢
∫ 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 .
2𝑥
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 = sin(𝑥 2 ) + 𝐶

where C is the constant of integration.

6
 Note that the integral involves only u, thereby making it easier to integrate.
So variable x in the initial x is substituted with variable u.
b) Evaluate∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)𝑛 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 => 𝑑𝑢 = a 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢𝑛+1 1
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 )𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 . 𝑛
= . +𝐶 = 𝑢𝑛+1 + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎 𝑛+1 𝑎(𝑛 + 1)
where C is the constant of integration.
c) Evaluate∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 => 𝑑𝑢 = a 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑎
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶 =
𝑎 𝑎
1
sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶.
𝑎

Solved Examples
4
1) Evaluate∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥. Hence find the value of ∫2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥.

Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 => 𝑑𝑢 = 2x 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 1
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 2𝑥
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝐶 =
2 2
1 2)
− cos(𝑥 + 𝐶.
2
4 1 1 1
Thus ∫2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 2)| 42 = − cos(42 ) − (− cos(22 )) =
2 2 2
−0.30402
1/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋𝑡)
2) Evaluate ∫1/4 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜋𝑡)

Solution

7
 1 𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋𝑡) => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋𝑡) 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋𝑡)

𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋𝑡 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋𝑡) 1 𝑑𝑢

∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ .
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜋𝑡) 𝑢2 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋𝑡 )
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 = (− ) = (− )
𝜋 𝑢 𝜋 𝑢 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋𝑡)
1/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜋𝑡) 1 1 1 1 1
Thus ∫1/4 𝑑𝑥 = (− )| 1/2 = [−
(𝜋𝑡) 1/4 𝜋 − (− 𝜋 )]
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜋𝑡) 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 4 )
2

1 1 1
= [− − (− )]
𝜋 1 √2/2

1 √2
=− + = 0.131848
𝜋 𝜋

3) Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥.

Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 2 => 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 =
3

𝑑𝑢 1 1 1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 . = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 3𝑥−2 + 𝐶
3 3 3 3
4) Evaluate ∫ 𝑥(2𝑥 2 + 5)4 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 2 + 5 => 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 =
4𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 1 𝑢5
∫ 𝑥 (2𝑥 2 + 5)4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥. 𝑢4 4𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 = .
4 4 5
+𝐶
1 1
= 𝑢5 + 𝐶 = (2𝑥 2 + 5)5 +C
20 20

5) Evaluate ∫ 𝑥√2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥.

Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 1 => 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢 1 1 2
∫ 𝑥 √2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥. √𝑢 2𝑥 = 2 ∫ √𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 2 . 3 𝑢 2 + 𝐶

8
 3
1
= (2𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶
3
3𝑥
6) Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
4𝑥+1

Solution
𝑑𝑢 𝑢−1
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 1 => 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 = . Also 𝑥 =
4 4

3𝑥 𝑢 − 1 1 𝑑𝑢 3 𝑢−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 ( ) . = ∫ 𝑑𝑢
4𝑥 + 1 4 𝑢 4 16 𝑢
3 1 3
=
16
∫ (1 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 16 (𝑢 − In|𝑢|) + 𝐶

3
= [4𝑥 + 1 − In|4𝑥 + 1|] + 𝐶
16
7) Evaluate ∫(x + 2)3 (x + 4)2 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 . Also 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 2 => x + 4 = u + 2.
∫(x + 2)3(x + 4)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ u3(u + 2)2𝑑𝑢
= ∫(u5 + 4u4 + 4u3 )𝑑𝑢
u6 4u5 4u4
=( + + )+C
6 5 4
1 4
= (𝑥 + 2)6 + (𝑥 + 2)5 + (𝑥 + 2)4 + C
6 5
2x+3
8) Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
x2 +3𝑥+1

Solution
𝑑𝑢
Let 𝑢 = x 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 => 𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑥+3
2x+3 2x+3 𝑑𝑢 1
∫ x2 +3𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ =∫ 𝑑𝑢 = In|𝑢| + 𝐶 = In|x 2 + 3𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
u 2𝑥+3 u
.

9
 Exercise
1. Evaluate the following integrals:
𝑥 𝑥3
𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 + 1 √1 − 𝑥 4
sin 𝑥
d) ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑒) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓) ∫ (sint) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2(cost) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥
3𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋/𝑥 ) In|x| 3
g) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 h) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑖) ∫ 𝑥 5 √𝑥 3 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥
j) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

Answers
2 3 1 1 1 1
𝑎) (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶 b) (𝑥 3 + 5)8 + 𝐶 𝑐) − (1 − 𝑥 4 )2
3 8 2
+𝐶
2 5 4 3 1
d) (𝑥 + 2)2 − (𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐶 e) +𝐶 𝑓) −𝑡𝑎𝑛(cos 𝑡) +𝐶
5 3 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
3 (In|x|)2
g) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋/𝑥 ) + 𝐶 h) +𝐶
𝜋 2
1 1
𝑖) (𝑥 3 + 1)7/3 − (𝑥 3 + 1)4/3 + 𝐶
7 4

3. Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

When:
 (𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 ) is embedded in an integral, use the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃.
 (𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) is embedded in an integral, use the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃.
 (𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) is embedded in an integral, use the substitution 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃.

Examples
√9−𝑥2
1. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥2

Solution
Let 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 32 −𝑥 2 => 𝑥 = 3 sin 𝜃 since 𝑎 = 3 .
So 𝑑𝑥 = 3 cos 𝜃 d 𝜃

10
 √9 − 𝑥 2 √9 − 32 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ .3 cos 𝜃 d 𝜃
𝑥2 32𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
3√𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃
= ∫ 2 2 .3 cos 𝜃 d 𝜃
3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
=∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= ∫(𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝐶
𝑥 3
Since 𝑥 = 3 sin 𝜃 => sin 𝜃 = .
3 x
√9−𝑥 2 √9−𝑥 2 𝑥 ϴ
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑥2 𝑥 3
√9 − 𝑥 2

where C is the constant of integration.

1
2. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 +4

Solution
Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 = 𝑥 2 + 22 => 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝜃 since 𝑎 = 2 .
So 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sec 2 𝜃 d 𝜃
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ .2 sec 2 𝜃 d 𝜃
𝑥 2 √𝑥 2 +4 (2 tan 𝜃 )2√22 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 +4
1
=∫ .2 sec 2 𝜃 d 𝜃 2
(2 tan 𝜃 )2 2√𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 1 √𝑥 + 4
1 x
=∫ (2 .2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃)2 .2𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ϴ
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃
4 (tan 𝜃 )2
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 + 𝐶
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 4 4

11
 1 √𝑥 2 + 4
=− +𝐶
4 𝑥

3
3. Evaluate∫(𝑥 2 + 4)− 2 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
Let 𝑥 2 + 4 = 𝑥 2 + 22 => 𝑥 = 2 tan 𝜃 since 𝑎 = 2 .
So 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sec 2 𝜃 d 𝜃
3 3
∫(𝑥 2 + 4)− 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(22 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 + 22 )− 2 .2 sec 2 𝜃 d 𝜃

3
= 2 ∫(4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃 )− 2 . sec 2 𝜃 d 𝜃
√𝑥 2 + 4
1 1 1 x
= ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
4 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 4 ϴ
1 1 𝑥 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝐶 = +𝐶
4 4 √𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate∫ .
1+𝑥 2

Solution
𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 => 𝑎 = 1 => 𝑥 = atan 𝜃 = 1 tan 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = asec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑥 asec 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
∫ 2 =∫ 2 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝐶 = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝐶
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
Exercise
1. Evaluate the following integrals:
1
𝑎) ∫ √9 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) ∫ √4 − 9𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥 2 −1
1 1 1
𝑑) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 e) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1 3 + 4𝑥 2

12
 Answers
9 −1 (
𝑥 √9 − 𝑥 2 1
𝑎) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥/3) + ( )+𝐶 b) In |2x + √4𝑥 2 − 1| + 𝐶
2 3 3 2
2 𝑥
𝑐) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (3𝑥/2) + √4 − 9𝑥 2 + 𝐶 𝑑) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑒) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1𝑥
3 2
+𝐶
1 2
𝑓) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( 𝑥) + 𝐶
√3 √3

4. Integration of Product of Sines and Cosines

The powers of since and cosines may be even, odd or even a fraction. The double
angle formula is used in solving problems involving even powers of sines and
cosine:
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
cos 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 1
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙
=> 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = and 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 =
𝟐 𝟐
Examples
1. Evaluate∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) + 𝐶
2 2 2
2. Evaluate∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥𝑑𝑥.
Solution

13
 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1
= ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 22𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
4
1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
4

1 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥) + 𝐶
4 2 8 4

3. Evaluate∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2/3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥𝑑𝑥.

Solution
𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 )2 = sin 𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 )2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2/3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2/3𝑥 sin 𝑥 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 )2𝑑𝑥 (1)
Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 => 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
So (1) becomes:
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2/3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑢2/3 (1 − 𝑢2 )2 𝑑𝑢

= − ∫(𝑢2/3 − 2 𝑢8/3 + 𝑢14/3)𝑑𝑢

3 5 6 11 3 17
= −( 𝑢 −
3 𝑢 +
3 𝑢3)+𝐶
5 11 17
3 6 3
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠 5/3 𝑥 ( − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥) + 𝐶
5 11 17

4. Evaluate∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 2
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 2
) 𝑑𝑥 (1)
1
= ∫(1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 22𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
4

14
 1 1
= ∫ (1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 )) 𝑑𝑥
4 2
1 1 1
= {𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥)}
4 2 4
3 1 1
= 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 + 𝐶
8 4 32

Exercise
1. Evaluate the following integrals:
𝜋/2 𝜋/4
2 4 √1 −
𝑎) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 b) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) ∫ √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝜋/2 0

𝑑) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 e) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 f) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )3/2 𝑑𝑥

Answers
1 1 1 √2
𝑎) 𝑥 − sin 4𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑥 + 𝐶 b) 2 𝑐)
16 64 48 2
1 1 1 2 5
𝑑) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 + 𝐶 e) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑓) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
5 3 3 5
+𝐶

5. Integration using the t-substitution

sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Integrals involving trigonometric integrals such as ∫ 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑑𝑥, etc can
cos 𝑥 1+cos 𝑥
𝑥
be solved using t-substitution. The variable t is introduced as 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 . The
2

trigonometric functions sin x, cos x and tan x can be expressed in terms of t as

follows:
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 ) 2𝑡𝑎𝑛(2 )
2 𝑥
 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) = 𝑥 .
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( )
2
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (2 )

15
 𝑥
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 2𝑡
= 2 =
𝑥 2
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( ) 1 + 𝑡
2
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2 )−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (2 ) 𝑥
 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) = 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( )
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2 ) 2

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( )−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( ) 𝑥 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ( ) 1−𝑡 2
= 2
𝑥
2
. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) = 𝑥
2
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( ) 1+𝑡 2
2 2
𝑥 2𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛( ) 2𝑡
 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 2
= 1+𝑡2
= 1 + 𝑡2
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠( ) 1−𝑡2 1−𝑡 2
2 1+𝑡2 2t
x
2
1-𝑡
The right-angled triangle summarizes these three results.
1 𝑥 1 𝑥 2
Also 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 = (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 ) 𝑑𝑥 => 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2 2 2 2 1+𝑡 2

Examples
1
1. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Solution
1 1+𝑡 2 2 1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑡
.
1+𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = In|t| +C.
𝑡
1
2. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Solution
1 1−𝑡 2 2 1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 . 2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = In|t| +C.
1+𝑡 1+𝑡 𝑡
sin 𝑥
3. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Solution
2𝑡
sin 𝑥 1 + 𝑡 2 . 2 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 − 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
1` +
1 + 𝑡2
4𝑡
=∫ 𝑑𝑡 = In|1 + 𝑡 2 | +C
2(1+𝑡 2 )

16
 sin 𝑥
4. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

Solution
1 1 2
∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑡
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 − 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2
1` −
1 + 𝑡2
1
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
1 1
= − +C = − 𝜃 +C
𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛( )
2

𝜋 1
5. Evaluate ∫0 𝑑𝑥
2+cos 𝑥

Solution
1 1 2 2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 − 𝑡2 1 + 𝑡2 3 + 𝑡2
2+
1 + 𝑡2
Let 𝑡 = √3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 => 𝑑𝑡 = √3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃. Thus
2 2
∫ 2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 2 2 . √3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3+𝑡 (√3 ) + (√3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
2
=∫ 2 . √3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(√3 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
2 2 2 𝑡
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃+𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝐶
√3 √3 √3 √3
𝑥 𝜋
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
= −1
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 2 ) + 𝐶|
√3 √3 0

2 𝜋 𝜋
= ( − 0) =
√3 2 √3

Exercise
Evaluate the following integrals:

17
 𝜋 1 1 1 cos x
𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) ∫ dx d) ∫ dx
0 1 + sin 𝑥 1 − sin 𝑥 2 + cos x 2 − cos x
Answers
𝑥
2 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )
𝑎) 2; b) − ; 𝑐) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 { 2 }
𝑥 √3 √3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) − 1
2
4 𝑥
+ 𝐶 ; 𝑑) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )) + 𝐶
√3 2

6. Integration by Completing the Square

Completing the square helps when quadratic functions are involved in the
integrand.
Examples
𝑥
1. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+6

Solution
Complete the square in the denominator.
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 2
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6 (𝑥 + 2)2 + 2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑢−2 𝑢 2
Thus ∫ (𝑥+2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ ( − ) 𝑑𝑢.
+2 𝑢2 +2 𝑢2 +2 𝑢2 +2

1 2 𝑢
= In|𝑢2 + 2| − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝐶
2 √2 √2
1 (𝑥 + 2)
= In|(𝑥 + 2)2 + 2| − √2𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝐶
2 √2
1 1 𝑥
Note that from the Tables: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑥2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥+4
2. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5

18
 Solution
Complete the square in the denominator.
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 = (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
𝑥+4 𝑥+4
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5 (𝑥 + 1)2 + 4
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+4 𝑢+3
Thus ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
+4 𝑢2 +4

𝑢 3
= ∫( + ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2 + 22 𝑢2 + 22
1 3 𝑢
= In|𝑢2 + 4| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 + 𝐶
2 2 2
1 3 (𝑥 + 1)
= In|(𝑥 + 1)2 + 2| − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝐶
2 2 2
1
3. Evaluate∫ 2 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 +4𝑥+1

Solution
Complete the square in the denominator.
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 + 2)2 − 3
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 2)2 − 3
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 2 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Thus ∫ (𝑥+2)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑢.
−3 𝑢 −3
1
Using partial fraction decomposition of 2 :
𝑢2 −(√3)

1 𝐴 𝐵
2 = + => 𝐴(𝑢 − √3) + 𝐵(𝑢 + √3) = 1
𝑢2 − (√3) 𝑢 + √3 𝑢 − √3
1
If 𝑢 = √3 => 2𝐵√3 = 1 => 𝐵 =
2√3
1
If 𝑢 = −√3 => −2𝐴√3 = 1 => 𝐴 = −
2√3

19
 1 1 1 1 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ ( )− ( ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑢2 − (√3) 2√3 𝑢 − √3 2√3 𝑢 + √3
1 1
= In|𝑢 − √3| − In|𝑢 + √3|
2√3 2√3
1 𝑢 − √3 1 𝑥 + 2 − √3
= In | |= In | |
2√3 𝑢 + √3 2√3 𝑥 + 2 + √3
1
4. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
2𝑥 2 −4𝑥+11

Solution
Complete the square in the denominator.
11 9
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 11 = 2 (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 +
) = 2 ((𝑥 − 1)2 + )
2 2
1 1 1
∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 11 2 (𝑥 − 1)2 + 9
2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
Thus ∫ 9 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 2
𝑑𝑢
2 (𝑥−1)2 + 2 𝑢2 +( )
2 √2

1 √2 √2𝑢
= . 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 +𝐶
2 3 3
1 √2(𝑥 − 1)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 { }+𝐶
3√2 3
1
5. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
√8𝑥−𝑥 2 −7

Solution
Complete the square in the denominator.
8𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 7 = −(𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7) = −((𝑥 − 4)2 − 9)
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√8𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 7 √−((𝑥 − 4)2 − 9)

20
 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
√9 − (𝑥 − 4)2
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 4 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Thus ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑢
√9−(𝑥−4)2 √3 −𝑢

𝑢 𝑥−4
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 + 𝐶 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 +𝐶
3 3
1
6. Evaluate∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 2 +6𝑥+25

Solution
Complete the square in the denominator.
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 25 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 16
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 25 (𝑥 + 3)2 + 16
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3 => 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. Thus
1 1
∫ (𝑥+3)2 +16 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 +16 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢 1 𝑥+3
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝐶 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 +𝐶
4 4 4 4
Exercise
Evaluate the following integrals:
1 1 𝑥−1
𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑏) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 5 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3
1 1 1
𝑑) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑒) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑓) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 15 2𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 10 √3𝑥 − 𝑥 2
2𝑥 − 9 1 1
𝑔) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ℎ) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑖) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 26 5 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2

Answers
1 5𝑥 + 3
𝑎) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 ; b) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝐶
4 4

21
 1 1 2𝑥 − 1
𝑐) In|4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3| − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+𝐶
8 4√2 √2
1 𝑥+3 1
𝑑) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 ( )+𝐶 𝑒) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1(𝑥 − 2)
√6 √6 2
2𝑥 − 3
+𝐶 𝑓) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (
)+𝐶
3
𝑥−2
g) − 2√4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 ( )+𝐶
2

22