ADVANCED PROGRAMMING

Chapter 1&2 (cont.)

CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS

Program Control Structures
 Control flow statement
When writing a program, you type statements into a
file. Without control flow statements, the interpreter
executes the statements in the order they appear in the
file from left to right, top to bottom. You can use
control flow statements in your programs to
conditionally execute statements; to repeatedly execute
a block of statements; and to otherwise change the
normal, sequential flow of control.
Statement Type Keyword
looping while, do-while, for
decision making if-else, switch-case
exception handling try-catch-finally, throw
branching break, continue, label:, return

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 While statement
◼ You use a while statement to continually execute a
block of statements while a condition remains true.
The following is the general syntax of the while
statement.

while (logical expression) {

statement
}

◼ First, the while statement evaluates expression,

which must return a boolean value. If the expression
returns true, the while statement executes the
statement(s) in the while block. The while
statement continues testing the expression and
executing its block until the expression returns false.

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 Example for while statement
class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
int count = 1;
while (count < 11) {
System.out.println("Count is: " + count);
count++;
}
}
}

We can implement an infinite loop using the while statement

as follows:
while (true){
// your code goes here
}

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 do – while statement

do {
statement(s)
} while (expression);

◼ Instead of evaluating the expression at the top of the

loop, do-while evaluates the expression at the bottom.
Thus, the statements within the block associated with
a do-while are executed at least once.
int count = 1;
do {
System.out.println("Count is: " + count);
count++;
} while (count <= 11);

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 Comparing the while and do – while
while (expression) { do {
statement statement(s)
} } while (expression);

statement
condition
true

true false
condition

statement
false

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 while loop statement example
◼ Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)

GCD( a − b, b), if a  b

GCD( a, b) = GCD( a, b − a ), if a  b
a, if a = b

int a = 15;
int b = 6;
while (a != b){
if (a > b) a = a - b;
else if (a < b) b = b - a;
}
System.out.println("GCD is " + a);
// 3

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 The for Statement

Phần khởi đầu forInit Lệnh statement được thi

Từ dành
được thi hành 1 lần hành cho đến khi điều
riêng
trước khi bắt đầu vòng lặp kiện condition là false

for ( forInit ; condition ; forUpdate )

statement;

Phần forUpdate được thi hành cuối mỗi vòng lặp.

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 The for Statement
for (initialization; termination; increment) {
statement(s)
}
◼ The initialization expression initializes the loop; it's executed
once, as the loop begins.
◼ When the termination expression evaluates to false, the loop
terminates.
◼ The increment expression is invoked after each iteration
through the loop; it is perfectly acceptable for this
expression to increment or decrement a value.
for(int i=1; i<11; i++){
System.out.println("Count is: " + i);
}
◼ for ( ; ; ) { // infinite loop
// your code goes here
}

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The for Statement

forInit forInit;
while ( condition )
condition {
statement;
true false forUpdate;
statement
}

forUpdate “for” ekvivalent

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 For loop statement example
◼ Compute n! = 1 x 2 x … x n

int n = 10;
long s = 1;
for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++){
s *= i;
}
System.out.println("Factorial is " + s);

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 Assignment 1
◼ A magic square of order n is an arrangement of n × n
numbers, usually distinct integers, in a square, such
that the n numbers in all rows, all columns, and both
diagonals sum to the same constant (see Wikipedia:
Magic Square).

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 Assignment 2
◼ Write a Java program to find the k largest elements in
a given array. Elements in the array can be in any
order.
◼ Expected Output:
Original Array:
[1, 4, 17, 7, 25, 3, 100]
3 largest elements of the said array are:
100 25 17

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 Assignment 3
◼ Write a Java program to create a two-dimensional
array (m x m) A[][] such that A[i][j] is false if I and j are
prime otherwise A[i][j] becomes true.
◼ Sample Output:
true true true
true true true
true true false

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 Assignment 4
◼ Write a Java program to display the pattern like a
right angle triangle with a number.
◼ Test Data
Input number of rows : 10
Expected Output :

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 Assignment 5
Write a Java program to remove duplicate
elements from an array.

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 for vs. while
◼ These statements provide equivalent functionality
◼ Each can be implemented in terms of the other
◼ Used in different situations
◼ while tends to be used for open-ended looping
◼ for tends to be used for looping over a fixed number
of iterations
int sum = 0;
for (int index = 1; index <= 10; index++) {
sum += index;
}
int sum = 0;
int index = 1;
while (index <= 10) {
sum += index;
index++;
}
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 Iterating with Enhanced for

int[] arrayOfInts = { 32, 87, 3, 589, 12,

1076, 2000, 8, 622, 127 };
for (int element : arrayOfInts) {
System.out.print(element + " ");
}
System.out.println();
void cancelAll(Collection<TimerTask> c) {
for (TimerTask t : c)
t.cancel();
}

for (Suit suit : suits) {

for (Rank rank : ranks)
sortedDeck.add(new Card(suit, rank));
} Khoa CNTT – ĐH Nông Lâm TP. HCM 01/2016 18/48
 The if and else Statements

condition condition

true false true false

statement statement1 statement2

if (expression) {
statement1(s)
if (expression) {
} else {
statement(s)
statement2(s)
}
}
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 Example for if-else statement
public class IfElseDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int testscore = 76;
char grade;
if (testscore >= 90) {
grade = 'A';
} else if (testscore >= 80) {
grade = 'B';
} else if (testscore >= 70) {
grade = 'C';
} else if (testscore >= 60) {
grade = 'D';
} else {
grade = 'F';
}
System.out.println("Grade = " + grade);
}
}

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 The Ternary Operator

◼ Shortcut for if-else statement:

(<boolean-expr> ? <true-choice> : <false-choice>)
◼ Can result in shorter code
◼ Make sure code is still readable

int max;
if (x > y) {
max = x; VS. max = (x > y) ? x : y;
} else {
max = y;
}

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 Switch statement

switch ( value )
{
case value_1 :
statement_list_1
case value_2 :
statement_list_2
case value_3 :
statement_list_3
default: ...
}
Use the switch statement to conditionally perform
statements based on an integer expression or
enumerated type (byte, short, char, and int
primitive data types )

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 Example for switch statement
int month = 8;
switch (month) {
case 1: System.out.println("January"); break;
case 2: System.out.println("February"); break;
case 3: System.out.println("March"); break;
case 4: System.out.println("April"); break;
case 5: System.out.println("May"); break;
case 6: System.out.println("June"); break;
case 7: System.out.println("July"); break;
case 8: System.out.println("August"); break;
case 9: System.out.println("September"); break;
case 10: System.out.println("October"); break;
case 11: System.out.println("November"); break;
case 12: System.out.println("December"); break;
default: System.out.println("Not a month!");break;
}

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 Ex.: Calculte a number of days in a month
int month = 2;
int year = 2000;
int numDays = 0;
switch (month) {
case 1:
case 3:
case 5:
case 7:
case 8:
case 10:
case 12:
numDays = 31;
break;

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 Ex.: Calculte a number of days in a month
case 4:
case 6:
case 9:
case 11:
numDays = 30;
break;
case 2:
if ( ((year % 4 == 0) && !(year % 100 == 0))
|| (year % 400 == 0) )
numDays = 29; else numDays = 28;
break;
default:
numDays = 0;
break;
}
System.out.println("Number of Days = " +
numDays);
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 Enumerated Types in switch Statements
public class SwitchEnumDemo {
public enum Month { JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL,
MAY, JUNE, JULY, AUGUST, SEPTEMBER,
OCTOBER, NOVEMBER, DECEMBER }

public static void main(String[] args) {

Month month = Month.FEBRUARY;
int year = 2000;
int numDays = 0;

switch (month) {
case JANUARY:
case MARCH:
case MAY:
case JULY:
case AUGUST:
case OCTOBER:
case DECEMBER:
numDays = 31;
break;

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 Enumerated Types in switch Statements
case APRIL:
case JUNE:
case SEPTEMBER:
case NOVEMBER:
numDays = 30;
break;
case FEBRUARY:
if ( ((year % 4 == 0) && !(year % 100 == 0))
|| (year % 400 == 0) )
numDays = 29;
else
numDays = 28;
break;
default:
numDays=0;
break;
}
System.out.println("Number of Days = " + numDays);
}
}

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 Branching Statements
◼ The Java programming language supports the
following branching statements:
◼ The break statement

◼ The continue statement

◼ The return statement

◼ The break and continue statements, which

are covered next, can be used with or without
a label. A label is an identifier placed before a
statement; it is followed by a colon (:).
statementName : someStatement;

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 Sample Branching Statements

public int myMethod(int x) {

int sum = 0;
outer:
for (int i=0; i<x; i++) {
inner:
for (int j=i; j<x; j++) {
sum++;
if (j==1) continue;
if (j==2) continue outer;
if (i==3) break;
if (j==4) break outer;
}
}
return sum;
}

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 The break Statements
The break statement has two forms:
◼ unlabeled form: The unlabeled form of the break
statement was used with switch earlier. As noted
there, an unlabeled break terminates the enclosing
switch statement, and flow of control transfers to the
statement immediately following the switch. That is
mean unlabeled break terminates the enclosing loop.
The unlabeled form of the break statement is used to
terminate the innermost switch, for, while, or do-
while statement;
◼ labeled form: the labeled form terminates an outer
statement, which is identified by the label specified in
the break statement.

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 Unlabled break statement
public class BreakContinue extends TestCase{
public void test(){
int out,in=0;
for (out = 0 ;out<10; out++){
for (in =0; in<20; in++){
if (in>10) break;
}
System.out.println("inside the outer loop: out = " +
out + ", in = " + in);
}
System.out.println("end of the outer loop: out = " +
out + ", in = " + in)
}
}
What do you see?
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 Labeled break statement
public class BreakContinue extends TestCase{
public void test(){
int out,in=0;
outer:
for (out = 0 ;out<10; out++){
for (in =0; in<20; in++){
if (in>10) break outer;
}
System.out.println("inside the outer loop: out = " +
out + ", in = " + in);
}
System.out.println("end of the outer loop: out = " +
out + ", in = " + in)
}
}
What do you see?

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 Assignment 6
◼ Write a Java program to find the first duplicate value
and return that index in an array of integer values.
◼ Input: int[] arrays = {1,4,5,7,8,5,9}
int numberFind = 5;
❑ Output: 2

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 The continue Statement
◼ The continue statement is used to skip the current
iteration of a for, while , or do-while loop. The
unlabeled form skips to the end of the innermost
loop's body and evaluates the boolean expression that
controls the loop, basically skipping the remainder of
this iteration of the loop.
◼ The labeled form of the continue statement skips
the current iteration of an outer loop marked with the
given label.

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 Unlabled continue statement
StringBuffer searchMe = new StringBuffer(
"peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers");
int max = searchMe.length();
int numPs = 0;
System.out.println(searchMe);
for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
//interested only in p's
if (searchMe.charAt(i) != 'p') continue;

//process p's
numPs++;
searchMe.setCharAt(i, 'P');
}
System.out.println("Found " + numPs
+ " p's in the string.");
System.out.println(searchMe);
}
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 The result of mentioned example
peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
Found 9 p's in the string.
Peter PiPer Picked a Peck of Pickled PePPers

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 The Labeled continue statement
//finds a substring(substring) in given string(serchMe)
String searchMe = "Look for a substring in me";
String substring = "sub";
boolean foundIt = false;
int max = searchMe.length() - substring.length();
test:
for (int i = 0; i <= max; i++) {
int n=substring.length(), j=i, k= 0;
while (n-- != 0) {
if(searchMe.charAt(j++)!= substring.charAt(k++)){
continue test;
}
}
foundIt = true;
break test;
}
System.out.println(foundIt ? "Found it" :"Didn't find it");
}

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 The return Statement
◼ The return statement has two forms: (1) one
that returns a value and (2) one that doesn't. To
return a value, simply put the value (or an
expression that calculates the value) after the
return keyword.
◼ return ++count;
◼ The data type of the value returned by return
must match the type of the method's declared
return value. When a method is declared void,
use the form of return that doesn't return a
value
◼ return;

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 The first form of “return” statement
public boolean seachFirst(){
int[] array = {10,5,9,3,8,5,8,5};
int matchValue = 8;
for (int i=0; i<array.length; i++){
if (matchValue == array[i]) return true;
}
return false;
}

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 2. form of “return” Statement (version 1)
public void displayDayOfWeek(int day){
if (day == 1){
System.out.println("Sunday");
return;
}
if (day == 2){
System.out.println("Monday");
return;
}
if (day == 3){
System.out.println("Tueday");
return;
}
if …………………….
}
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 2. form of “return” Statement (version 2)
public void displayDayOfWeek(int day){
if (day == 1){
System.out.println("Sunday");
} else if (day == 2){
System.out.println("Monday");
} else if (day == 3){
System.out.println("Tueday");
} else .....
}
Which version do you like?

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 Summary: Branching Statements
◼ statementName: someJavaStatement;
◼ break;
◼ break label;
◼ continue;
◼ continue label;
◼ return;
◼ return value;

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 Assignment 7
◼ Write a Java program to create a two-
dimensional array (m x m) A[][] such that A[i][j]
is false if I and j are prime otherwise A[i][j]
becomes true.
◼ Input: int m=3; int[][] array= new int[m][m];
◼ Sample Output:
true true true
true true true
true true false

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 Assignment 8
◼ Write a Java program to find the kth smallest and
largest element in a given array. Elements in the array
can be in any order.
◼ Expected Output:
Original Array:
[1, 4, 17, 7, 25, 3, 100]
K'th smallest element of the said array:
3
K'th largest element of the said array:
25

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 Bài tập MyString
Class MyString{
private char[] content;
public MyString(char[] con);
public MyString(String s);
public int indexOf(char c);
public int lastIndexOf(char c);
public int indexOf(String sub);
public int lastIndexOf(String sub);
public void insert(int index, String sub);
public void replace(String old_s, String new_s);
public void replaceAll(String old_s, String new_s);
}

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