Chapter 1& 2

A Simple Java Program

public class FirstSample{

public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
◼ Java is case sensitive

◼ The keyword public is called an access modifier

◼ The keyword class is there to remind you that everything

in a Java program must be inside a class
◼ The main method in the source file is necessary in order to
execute the program
◼ The System.out.println(..) is used to invoke
method println of an object System.out

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 Comments
System.out.println("We will not use 'Hello world!'");
// is this too cute?
/*
This is the first sample program
Copyright (C) by Cay Horstmann and Gary Cornell
*/
public class FirstSample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("We will not use 'Hello, World!'");
}
}

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 Comments
/**
* The MainClass is the class that help to print out the "Hello
World!" text
* @author yellowcode
* @version 1.0
* @since 2021-05-04
*/
public class MainClass {
/**
* The main function, entry point of this app
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

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 Identifiers

◼ Identifiers are:
◼ Text strings that represent variables, methods,
classes or labels
◼ Case-sensitive
◼ Characters can be digit, letter, '$' or '_'
◼ Identifiers cannot:
◼ Begin with a digit
◼ Be the same as a reserved word.

An_Identifier
a_2nd_Identifier
Go2
✓ An-Identifier
2nd_Identifier
goto

$10 10$
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 Legal Identifiers

◼ Identifiers must start with a letter, a currency

character ($), or a connecting character such as
the underscore ( _ ). Identifiers cannot
start with a number!
◼ After the first character, identifiers can
contain any combination of letters, currency
characters, connecting characters, or numbers.
◼ In practice, there is no limit to the number of
characters an identifier can contain.
◼ You can't use a Java keyword as an identifier
◼ Identifiers in Java are case-sensitive; foo and
FOO are two different identifiers.
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 Complete List of Java Keywords
◼ There are nine categories
Keyword type Keyword
Tổ chức lớp package, import
Định nghĩa lớp class, interface, extends, implements
Dành cho biến và lớp abstract, public, private, protected,
static, synchronized, volatile, final,
native
Các kiểu dữ liệu nguyên thủy byte, short, int, long, float, double, char,
boolean, void
Cho các giá trị và các biến false, true, this, super, null
Xử lý ngoại lệ throw, throws, try, catch, finally
Tạo và kiểm tra các đối new, instanceof
tượng
Lệnh điều khiển chương trình if, else, switch, case, default, break,
for, while, do, continue, return
Chưa được sử dụng byvalue, future, outer, const, genetic,
rest, goto, inner, var, cast, operator
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 What is an example of correct identifier?
1) Tinh Tong
2) Tinh-Tong
3) Tinh_Tong
4) x_Mu_2
5) 2_Mu_2
6) Tien$
7) default
8) yahoo.com

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 Java Code Conventions

◼ Classes: the names should typically be nouns

◼ Dog
◼ Account
◼ PrintWriter
◼ Interfaces: the names should be adjectives
◼ Runnable
◼ Comparable
◼ Methods: the names should be verb-noun
pairs
◼ getBalance
◼ doCalculation
◼ setCustomerName

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 Java Code Conventions

◼ Variables: Like methods, starting with a lowercase

letter. Sun recommends short, meaningful names,
which sounds good to us. Some examples:
◼ buttonWidth
◼ accountBalance
◼ myString
◼ radius
◼ Constants: Java constants are created by marking
variables static and final. They should be named
using uppercase letters with underscore characters as
separators:
◼ MIN_HEIGHT
◼ static final int MIN_A=Integer.MIN_VALUE;
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 The Elements of a class

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 Data Types

◼ Java is a strongly typed language.

This means that every variable must have a
declared type. There are eight primitive
types in Java
◼ Four of them are integer types;
◼ Two are floating-point number types;
◼ One is the character type char, used for
characters in the Unicode encoding,
◼ and one is a boolean type for truth values.

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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)
◼ Data types
◼ Primitive types
◼ Reference types

◼ The primitive types are boolean, byte, char, short, int,

long, float and double
◼ All non-primitive types are reference types, so
classes, which specify the types of objects, are
reference types

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 Primitives: Integers
◼ Signed whole numbers
◼ Initialized to zero

Categories:
1. byte Size: 1 byte
a. integer Range: -27 → 27 - 1

b. floating 2. short Size: 2 bytes

Range: -215 → 215 - 1
c. character
3. int Size: 4 bytes
d. boolean Range: -231 → 231 - 1
4. long
Size: 8 bytes
Range: -263 → 263 - 1

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 Primitives: Floating Points
◼ "General" numbers
◼ Can have fractional parts
◼ Initialized to zero

Categories:
a. integer
b. floating 1. float
Size: 4 bytes
Range: ±1.4 x 10-45 → ±3.4 x 1038
c. character
2. double Size: 8 bytes
d. boolean Range: ±4.9 x 10-324 → ±1.8 x 10308

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 Primitives: Characters
◼ Char is any unsigned Unicode character
◼ Initialized to zero (\u0000)

Categories:
a. integer
b. floating
c. character char Size: 2 bytes
Range: \u0000 → \uFFFF
d. boolean

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 Primitives: Booleans
◼ boolean values are distinct in Java
◼ Can only have a true or false value
◼ An int value can NOT be used in place of a boolean
◼ Initialized to false

Categories:
a. integer
b. floating
c. character
Size: 1 byte
d. boolean boolean Range: true | false

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 Primitive Data Types (summary)

Keyword Description Size/Range

Integers

byte Byte-length
1 byte : –128 to 127
integer
short Short integer 2 bytes : –32 768 to 32 767
int Integer 4 bytes : –2 147 483 648 to 2 147 483 647

long 8 bytes : –9,223,372,036,854,775,808L to

Long integer
9,223,372,036,854,775,807L
Real numbers

float Single-precision 4 bytes :  ±3.40282347E+38F

floating point (6–7 significant decimal digits)

double Double-precision 8 bytes :  ±1.79769313486231570E+308

floating point (15 significant decimal digits)
Other types

char A Unicode
2 bytes
character
boolean A boolean value true or false

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 The Sign bit for a byte

All six number types in Java are signed

(byte, short, int, long, float, double)
Integer literals three way store present integer
numbers in the Java language: decimal(base10),
octal(base8), hexadecimal(base16)
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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)
◼ Decimal Literals: default
◼ int length = 343;

◼ Octal Literals: represent an integer in octal form by

placing a zero in front of the number
◼ int nine = 011;

◼ Hexadecimal Literals: including the prefix 0x or the

optional suffix extension L
◼ int z = 0xDeadCafe;

◼ Note: Java will accept capital or lowercase letters for

the extra digits in hexadecimal
◼ 0XCAFE and 0xcafe are both legal

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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)
◼ Floating-Point Literals:
◼ Default are defined as double (64 bits)

◼ Attach the suffix F or f to the number if want using

floating-point (32 bits)
◼ Example:

◼ float f = 23.467890; // Error

◼ float g = 49837849.029847F;

◼ Boolean Literals
◼ true, false

◼ Character Literals: 16-bit unsigned integer

◼ char letterN = '\u004E'; // The letter 'N’

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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)
◼ Some special characters
◼ \n: Used to denote new line

◼ \r: Used to denote a return

◼ \t: Used to denote a tab

◼ \b: Used to denote a backspace

◼ \f: Used to denote a form feed

◼ \': Used to denote a single quote

◼ \": Used to denote a double quote

◼ \\: Used to denote a backslash

◼ Literal Values for Strings: A string literal is a source

code representation of a value of a String object
◼ String s = "Bill Joy";

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 Casting Primitive Types

◼ Casting creates a new value and allows it to

be treated as a different type than its source
◼ Java is a strongly typed language
◼ Assigning the wrong type of value to a variable
could result in a compile error or a JVM
exception
◼ The JVM can implicitly (ngầm định) promote
from a narrower type to a wider type
double f;
◼ To change
int a, b; to aint
narrower
d; type, you
longmust
g; cast
explicitly
short c;
a = b + c;
(tường
shortminh)
e;
e = (short)d;
f = g;
g = f;//

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 Implicit vs. Explicit Casting

◼ Implicit (ngầm định) casting is automatic

when no loss of information is possible.
◼ byte → short → int → long → float →
double
◼ An explicit cast required when there is a
"potential" loss of accuracy:
long p = (long) 12345.56; // p == 12345
int g = p;//illegal(error)even though an int can hold 12345
char c = 't';
int j = c; // automatic promotion
short k = c; // why is this an error?
short k = (short) c; // explicit cast
float f = 12.35; // what’s wrong with this?

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 Casting Primitive Types in expression

◼ Example:
char ch;
int i;
float f;
double d;

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 Variables and Data Types (cont.)

◼ Accessing Variables: you can access it by

referring to it by its name

x = y;

assign y’s value to the access the variable y

variable x

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 Variables
◼ In Java, every variable has a type. You declare a variable
by placing the type first, followed by the name of the
variable
Variable Type Variable Name

int total;

int count, temp, result;

Multiple declarations on a single line

• A variable name must begin with a letter, and must be a

sequence of letters or digits.
• Symbols like '+' or '©' cannot be used inside variable
names, nor can spaces
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 A variable's scope

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 Variable Scope example
◼ A variable's scope is the region of a program within
which the variable can be referred to
◼ Variables declared in:
◼ Methods can only be accessed in that method
◼ A loop or a block can only be accessed in that loop or
block
int a = 1;
for (int b = 0; b < 3; b++){
int c = 1;
for (int d = 0; d <3; d++){
if (c < 3) c++;
} abcd
System.out.print(c);
System.out.println(b); abc
}
 a = c; // ERROR! c is out of scope a
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 A variable's scope
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n;
...
{
int k;
...
} // k is only defined up to here
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int n;
...
{
int k;
int n; // error--can't redefine n in inner block
...
}
}

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 Variable Classification

◼ Class Variables - Static variables (Static Fields)

The instance variables declared with the modifier
static. This tells the compiler that there is exactly
one copy of this variable in existence, reg. Their
scope is the class in which they are declared.
Example: public static int numberOfStudents;
◼ Instance variables (Non-Static Fields–Member
variable): The variables declared inside a class but
outside of any method. Non-static fields are also
known as instance variables because their values
are unique to each instance of a class (to each
object, in other words)
Example: private String idStudent;

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 Variable Classification

◼ Local Variables All the variables declared inside a

method. Their scope is the method. Similar to how
an object stores its state in fields, a method will
often store its temporary state in local variables.
public int compTotal(int a, int b){
int sum =0;
…..
}
◼ Parameters: In the main method “public static
void main(String[] args)”, the args variable is the
parameter to this method. The important thing to
remember is that parameters are always classified
as "variables" not "fields".
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 Variable Classification

◼ Java 10 introduced a new shiny language feature

called local variable type inference.
var variableName = value;
var x = 123; // int
var y = 123L; // long
var z = 3.14; // double
var s = "Hello"; // String

➢ Notes:
◼ Can only be used to declare local variables inside methods
(functions) or code blocks
◼ You can't use local variable type inference with method
arguments,
◼ You cannot initialize a var variable to null.

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 Variables Declarations

◼ Default Initial values for primitive types

◼ Note:
◼ only the Member variables acquire the default values if not
explicitly initialized
◼ You must initialize the local variables explicitly before you use
them in the code, otherwise you will receive a compiler error.
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 Variable Initialization

//integers
byte largestByte = Byte.MAX_VALUE;
short largestShort = Short.MAX_VALUE;
int largestInteger = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
long largestLong = Long.MAX_VALUE;
//real numbers
float largestFloat = Float.MAX_VALUE;
double largestDouble =
Double.MAX_VALUE;
//other primitive types
char aChar = 'S';
boolean aBoolean = true;
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 Variables declarations

◼ Non-primitive types or Reference types or called

object reference
◼ When you declare a variable of a non-primitive
data type, you actually declare a variable that is
a reference to the memory where an object lives
◼ The name of variable refer to object is called
pointer

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 Cho biết những lỗi sai và sửa lại cho đúng

1) int n = -100;
2) int x = 089, int a = 0x137E
3) unsigned int i = -100;
4) int = 2.9, b = 0x34G;
5) long m = 2, p = 4;
6) int 2k;
7) float y = y * 2;
8) char ch = “b”, m = ‘\n’;

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 Static variable example in Java

public class VariableDemo {

private static int count=0;
public void increment() {
count++;
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
VariableDemo obj1=new VariableDemo();
obj1.increment();
System.out.println("Obj1:count is="+obj1.count);
VariableDemo obj2=new VariableDemo();
obj2.increment();
System.out.println("Obj2: count is="+obj2.count);

System.out.println(”===============“);
System.out.println("Obj1:count is="+obj1.count);
System.out.println("Obj2: count is="+obj2.count);
}
}
→ the result of obj1.count =?? and obj2.count =???

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 Static variable example in Java

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 Arrays

◼ A structure that holds multiple values of the same

type
◼ The length of an array is established when the array
is created. After creation, an array is a fixed-length
structure

◼ An array element is one of the values within an

array and is accessed by its position within the array

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 Arrays example
◼ Arrays:
◼ Declaring an Array Variable

◼ int[] scores;

◼ Creating an Array

◼ scores = new int[3];

◼ Assigning Values to Array Elements

◼ Array variables access by index

◼ Index start from 0

◼ scores[0] = 75;

◼ System.out.print(scores[0])

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 Variables declarations

◼ Arrays: (built-in object)

◼ Arrays in Java are objects that are used to

store multiple variables of the same type

(primitive types or non-primitive types)
◼ Declaring an Array Variable

int [] scores; or int scores []; or int scores [5]

Number
Data type Array variable’s name
elements

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 Declaring Arrays

• Declaring Arrays:
– Declare arrays of primitive or class types:
char s[];
char[] s;
Point p[];
Point[] p;
– The declaration of an array creates space for a
reference
– Actual memory allocation is done dynamically
either by a new statement or by an array
initializer.

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 Creating Arrays

◼ Declare and allocate array in one step

type[] var = { val1, val2, ... , valN };
– Examples:

int[] values = { 10, 100, 1000 };

String[] names = {"Joe", "Jane", "Juan"};
Point[] points = { new Point(0, 0), new
Point(1, 2), new Point(3, 4) };
◼ Use the new keyword
– Step 1: allocate an array of references:
int[] primes = new int[7];
String[] names = new String[someArray.length];
– Step 2: populate the array
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 Accessing Arrays
◼ Accessing an Array Element
◼ the program assign values to the array elements:
for (int i = 0; i < anArray.length; i++) {
anArray[i] = i;
System.out.print(anArray[i] + " ");
}

◼ Getting the Size of an Array

◼ arrayname.length

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 Creating Arrays

◼ An example to create and initialize a primitive (char)

array:
public char[] createArray() {
char[] s;
s = new char[26];
for ( int i = 0; i < 26; i++ ) {
s[i] = (char) ('A' + i);
}
return s;
}

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 Creating object reference Arrays

◼ Creating an Array of Point Objects

class Point {
private int x, y;
public Point(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
}

public Point[] createArray() {

Point[] p;
p = new Point[10];
for ( int i=0; i<10; i++ ) {
p[i] = new Point(i, i+1);
}
return p;
}
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 Multidimensional Arrays
◼ A Multidimensional array is an array of arrays.

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 Multidimensional Array examples
◼ int [][] twoDim = new int[4][];
twoDim[0] = new int[5];
twoDim[1] = new int[2];
◼ int[][] twoD = new int[64][32];
◼ String[][] cats = {{ "Caesar", "blue-point" },
{ "Heather", "seal-point" },
{ "Ted", "red-point" }};

◼ Number of elements in each row need not be equal

◼ int[][] irregular = { { 1 },
{ 2, 3, 4},
{ 5 },
{ 6, 7 } }

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 Matrix Example
public class ArrayOfArraysDemo2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] aMatrix = new int[4][];

//populate matrix
for (int i = 0; i < aMatrix.length; i++) {
aMatrix[i] = new int[5]; //create sub-array
for (int j = 0; j < aMatrix[i].length; j++) {
aMatrix[i][j] = i + j;
}
}

//print matrix
for (int i = 0; i < aMatrix.length; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < aMatrix[i].length; j++) {
System.out.print(aMatrix[i][j] + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}
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 TriangleArray Example

public class TriangleArray {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] triangle = new int[10][];
for (int i=0; i<triangle.length; i++) {
triangle[i] = new int[i+1];
}
for (int i=0; i<triangle.length; i++) {
for (int j=0; j<triangle[i].length; j++) {
System.out.print(triangle[i][j]);
}
0
System.out.println(); 00
} 000
} 0000
00000
} 000000
0000000
00000000
000000000
0000000000
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 Array Bounds

◼ All array subscripts begin at 0.

◼ The number of elements in an array is stored as
part of the array object in the length attribute.
◼ The following code uses the length attribute to
iterate on an array:

public void printElements(int[] list) {

for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
System.out.println(list[i]);
}
}

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 The Enhanced for Loop

• Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE ) version 5.0

has introduced an enhanced for loop for iterating over
arrays:
public void printElements(int[] list) {
for (int element : list) {
System.out.println(element);
}
}

– The for loop can be read as for each element in list

do.

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 Quiz for The Enhanced for Loop
public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] b= new String[20];
b[0]="1";
b[1]="hai";
b[2]="ba";
for (String i : b) {
if(i.isBlank()) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

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 Quiz for The Enhanced for Loop

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] b= new int[20];
b[0]=1
b[1]=100;
b[2]=10;
for (int i : b) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}

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 Array Resizing

• You cannot resize an array.

• You can use the same reference variable to
refer to an entirely new array, such as:
int[] myArray = new int[6];
myArray[0] = 5;
myArray[1] = 12;
myArray = new int[10];
– In the preceding case, the first array is
effectively lost unless another reference to it is
retained elsewhere.

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 Copying Arrays

◼ Use system's arraycopy method to efficiently

copy data from one array into another
arraycopy(Object source, int srcIndex,
Object dest, int destIndex, int length)

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 Copying Arrays

public class ArrayCopyDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {
char[] copyFrom = {'d','e','c','a','f','f',
'e','i','n','a','t','e','d' };
char[] copyTo = new char[7];
System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);
System.out.println(new String(copyTo));
}
}

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 Run-time Memory

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 Memory Usage By Java Program

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 Memory Usage By Java Program

◼ Stack
◼ Local variables: The variables of primitive types
defined inside a method or as method parameters
◼ Local reference variables: The variables that
refer to an object and are defined inside a
method or as a method parameter. Remember
that an object that a local variable refers to lives
on the heap and not on the stack
◼ Method invocations (Parameters): When you
invoke (call) a method, the method is pushed
onto the stack (that is, placed on top of the
stack)

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 Memory Usage By Java Program

◼ Heap
◼ Instance variables: The variables of primitive
types defined inside a class but outside of all its
methods
◼ Instance reference variables: The variables
that refer to an object and are defined inside a
class but outside of all its methods
◼ Objects: Represent the entities in the real-
world problem that the Java program is trying to
solve. All the objects live on the heap, always
◼ Note: the object will not die with the local
reference variable

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 Assignment 1

◼ Cho 3 số nguyên dương a, b, c. Hãy viết

chương trình kiểm tra ba số có lập thành
tam giác không? Nếu có hãy cho biết tam
giác đó thuộc loại nào? (cân, vuông, đều)
◼ Điều kiện để 3 số lập thành tam giác: tổng hai
cạnh phải lớn hơn cạnh còn lại ( a+b>c và
a+c>b và b+c>a)
◼ Xét loại tam giác:
◼ Tam cân: a = b hoặc b = c hoặc c = a
◼ Tam giác đều: a = b = c
◼ Tam giác vuông: a2 = b2 + c2 hoặc b2 = a2 + c2 hoặc
c2 = a2 + b2
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 Assignment 2

◼ Cho 3 số nguyên a, b và c. Viết một chương trình in

ra
◼ tổng, trung bình cộng, tích của chúng,
◼ số nhỏ nhất, số lớn nhất trong 3 số.

(Lưu ý rằng trong bài này, việc tính trung bình cộng cần
cho kết quả là số kiểu nguyên, nghĩa là nếu tổng giá trị
bằng 7 thì trung bình cộng cần in ra phải là 2 chứ không
phải 2.3333.
◼ Cho 2 số nguyên a, b. Viết một chương trình kiểm
tra xem số thứ nhất có chia hết cho số thứ hai hay
không, in ra kết quả kiểm tra

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 Assignment 3

◼ Cho một ký tự N. Viết chương trình hiện

thực theo yêu cầu sau:
◼ Nếu là chữ hoa, xuất CHUHOA
◼ Nếu là chữ thường, xuất CHUTHUONG
◼ Nếu là số chẵn, xuất SOCHAN
◼ Nếu là số lẽ, xuất SOLE

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