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SteelStructures - 02

Chapter 2 of the document focuses on tension members, which are structural elements subjected to axial tensile forces, including truss members and cables. It discusses the design considerations for concentrically and eccentrically loaded tension members, including the effects of local stress concentrations and the calculation of net areas for different configurations. The chapter also provides examples of checking the resistance of tension members under various conditions.

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Thanh Hung
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15 views25 pages

SteelStructures - 02

Chapter 2 of the document focuses on tension members, which are structural elements subjected to axial tensile forces, including truss members and cables. It discusses the design considerations for concentrically and eccentrically loaded tension members, including the effects of local stress concentrations and the calculation of net areas for different configurations. The chapter also provides examples of checking the resistance of tension members under various conditions.

Uploaded by

Thanh Hung
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STEEL STRUCTURES

CHAPTER 2
TENSION MEMBERS

SON THAI, PhD


Dept. of Structural Engineering – Faculty of Civil Engineering
University of Technology – VNU-HCM
[email protected]
Chapter 2: Tension members 1
CONTENTS

2.1. Introduction
2.2. Concentrically loaded tension members
2.3. Eccentrically and locally connected tension members
2.4. Design
2.5. Examples

Chapter 2: Tension members 2


2.1. Introduction
- Tension members are structural elements that are subjected to axial
tensile forces.
- Including truss members, bracing for buildings and bridges, cables in
suspended roof systems, cables in suspension and cable-stayed bridges.

Chapter 2: Tension members 3


2.1. Introduction
- Circular rods and rolled angle shapes are frequently used; built-up
shapes from plates and rolled shapes are sometimes used when large
loads must be resisted.
- In some cases the effects of local stress concentrations may be
significant. Then the maximum local stresses should be estimated and
accounted for.

Typical tension sections

Chapter 2: Tension members 4


2.2. Concentrically loaded tension members
Members without holes
- The general yield load capacity: N pl = Af y
- The maximum value: N u = Afu

Load-extension behaviour of a perfect tension member

Chapter 2: Tension members 5


2.2. Concentrically loaded tension members
Residual stress

Effect of residual stresses on load-extension behaviour


Chapter 2: Tension members 6
2.2. Concentrically loaded tension members
Members with small holes
- The presence of small local holes causes early yielding around the
holes, so that the load-deflection behavior becomes nonlinear
- The member may reach the gross yield load because of strain-
hardening effects around the holes

Concentration of tension next to a hole

Chapter 2: Tension members 7


2.2. Concentrically loaded tension members
Members with large (significant) holes
- Local fracture load:
N u = Anet fu

- Anet = the minimum net area of the cross-section measured


perpendicular to the line of action of the load:
Anet = A −  d 0t

- A member which fails by fracture before the gross yield load can be
reached is not ductile, and there is a little warning of failure.
- For staggered holes, the possibility must be considered of failure
along a zig-zag path.

Chapter 2: Tension members 8


2.2. Concentrically loaded tension members
Staggered Fasteners

Space Limitations

Geometry Constraints Inclined Fracture Path


Chapter 2: Tension members 9
2.2. Concentrically loaded tension members
Staggered holes

When actual stagger s < min. stagger sm  4 pd 0 , some reduced part of


the hole area Ah must be deducted from the gross section A
 s2   s2 
Ah = d 0t 1 − 2  = d 0t 1 − 
 sm   4 pd 0 

s 2t
Anet = A −  d 0t + 
4p

Chapter 2: Tension members 10


2.3. Eccentrically and locally connected tension members
In simpler methods, the effects are approximated by reducing the cross-
sectional area of the member to an effective net area Anet,eff and by
designing it as if concentrically loaded.

For a single angle in tension connected by a single row of bolts in one leg
(EC3-1-8):
- For one bolt: Anet ,eff = 2.0 ( e2 − 0.5d 0 ) t

- For two bolts: Anet ,eff =  2 Anet

- For three or more bolts: Anet ,eff = 3 Anet


Chapter 2: Tension members 11
2.3. Eccentrically and locally connected tension members
β2 = 0.4 when p1 ≤ 2.5d0; β2 = 0.7 when p1 ≥ 5d0
β3 = 0.5 when p1 ≤ 2.5d0; β3 = 0.7 when p1 ≥ 5d0
→ linear interpolation for intermediate spacings
For an unequal angle connected by its smaller leg, Anet should be taken
as the net section of an equivalent equal angle of leg equal to the
smaller leg of the unequal angle.

Angles with holes in both legs

For an angle or other member with holes in more than one plane, p
should be measured along the centre of thickness of the material (EC3-
1.1 – Fig. 6.2).
Chapter 2: Tension members 12
2.3. Eccentrically and locally connected tension members
Angles connected by one leg

2.0 ( e2 − 0.5d 0 ) tf u
N u , Rd =
M2

 2 Anet fu
N u , Rd =
M2

3 or more bolts
3 Anet fu
N u , Rd =
M2

Chapter 2: Tension members 13


2.4. Design
Concentrically loaded tension members
N t , Ed  N t , Rd = min ( N pl , Rd , N u , Rd )

- Yield limit state:


N pl , Rd = Af y  M 0
γM0 = 1: partial factor for cross-section resistance
- Fracture limit state:
N u , Rd = 0.9 Anet fu  M 2
γM2 = 1.25 : partial factor for resistance in tension to fracture
0.9 : ensures that the effective partial factor γM2 /0.9 ≈ 1.39 for the
limit state of material fracture is suitably higher than the value of γM0
(=1) for the limit state of yielding, reflecting the influence of greater
variability in fu and the reduced ductility of members which fail by
fracture at bolt holes
Chapter 2: Tension members 14
2.4. Design
Eccentrically connected tension members
N u , Rd = Anet ,eff fu  M 2

→ effective net area Anet,eff replaced for the 0.9Anet

Chapter 2: Tension members 15


2.4. Design
Serviceability, corrosion and fatigue
Tension members transfer load very efficiently
→ thus tend to have relatively small cross-sectional areas
→ Ties susceptible to excessive elongation under axial load
Resulting in:
→ large drift of a structure if the tie forms part of a bracing system
→ large lateral deflection under self weight
Light rolled sections are easily damaged in transport.

Good practice limits the slenderness of tension members to


L = 300 for principal members
  =
r = 400 for secondary members

Corrosion: Consequences of loss of material are greater for tension


members since they are relatively highly stressed.

Chapter 2: Tension members 16


2.4. Design
Flow chart for the design

Chapter 2: Tension members 17


2.5. Examples
Ex01. Net area Checking a tension member

Flange of universal column section


S355 steel, d = 20 mm
Nt,Ed = 4000 kN
Chapter 2: Tension members 18
2.5. Examples
Ex01. Net area Checking a tension member

Chapter 2: Tension members 19


2.5. Examples
Ex01. Net area Checking a tension member
From Table 3.1
t f = 25 mm  40 mm : f y = 355 N mm 2 , f u = 510 N mm 2

Resistance
N pl , Rd = Af y  M 0 = 201  102  355 1.0 = 7135.5 kN
Anet = 161  102 mm 2
N u , Rd = 0.9 Anet fu  M 2 = 0.9 161  102  510 1.25 = 5912 kN
N t , Rd = min ( N pl , Rd , N u , Rd ) = 5912 kN

Chapter 2: Tension members 20


UB 610229125
2.5. Examples
Ex02. Checking a tension member
Data:
S355 steel, d = 20 mm, d0 = 22 mm
Nt,Ed = 4000 kN

Resistance

t f = 19.6 mm  40 mm : f y = 355 N mm 2 , f u = 510 N mm 2


A = 15900 mm 2
N pl , Rd = Af y  M 0 =159  102  355 1.0 = 5644.5 kN
Anet = 15900 − 4  22  19.6 = 14175 mm 2
N u , Rd = 0.9 Anet fu  M 2 = 0.9 14175  510 1.25 = 5205.1kN
N t , Rd = min ( N pl , Rd , N u , Rd ) = 5205.1kN

Chapter 2: Tension members 21


2.5. Examples
Ex03: Checking an eccentrically connected single unequal angle

Chapter 2: Tension members 22


2.5. Examples
Ex04: Checking an eccentrically connected single unequal angle

Chapter 2: Tension members 23


2.5. Examples
Ex04: Checking an eccentrically connected single unequal angle

Chapter 2: Tension members 24


2.5. Examples
Ex05: Checking an eccentrically connected single unequal angle

Chapter 2: Tension members 25

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