Aguilar, Baguio, De Luna, Peñalba, Sta.

Cruz
A Process and Instrumentation
Diagram (P&ID) is a detailed
diagram used in engineering to
show the piping and equipment
layout of a process flow system.
It’s a key document in fields like
chemical, electrical, and
mechanical engineering,
especially in process industries
like power plants, oil refineries,
and manufacturing facilities.
Visual Representation
Process Flow Clarity
Equipment Layout
Safety Standards
Communication Tool
Maintenance Aid
Troubleshooting Assistance
P&IDs provide detailed information
about the piping, instrumentation,
and control devices within a process.
They include all the necessary details
to understand how the process will
be controlled and monitored.
Component Specification
Process Understanding
Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Safety and Compliance
Documentation and Record Keeping
They are not on a scale, similar to real models.
They are not standardized documents so they
vary from company to company.
Analyzer Element (Chemical Composition) AE
Air Operated Valves AOV
Burner Element (flame detector) BE
Conductivity Recorder CR
Differential Pressure DP
Density Transmitter DT
Flow Controller FC
Flow Control Valve FCV
Flow Element FE
Flow Sight Glass FG
Flow Hand Control (manual) FHC
Hand Switch in Flow Loop FHS
Flow Indicator FI
Flow Indicating Controller FIC
Is a system of devices or set of
devices, that manges commands,
directs or regulates the behavior of
other devices or systems to achieve
desired results.
Control system engineering is the
branch of engineering which deals
with the principles of control theory,
to design a system which gives yields
the desired behavior in a controlled
manner.
In a control system, a clear
mathematical relationship between
input and output is essential. If this
relationship is linearly proportional,
it’s called a linear control system. If
the relationship is not simply linear,
it’s called a non-linear control
system.
Accuracy is the measurement of the
closeness to true value or tolerance of the
instrument and defines the limits of the
errors made when the instrument is used
in normal operating conditions. Accuracy
can be improved by using feedback
elements. To increase accuracy of any
control system error detector should be
present in it.
It is an important characteristic of control
system. For the bounded input signal, the
output must be bounded and if input is
zero then output must be zero then such a
control system is said to be stable system.
The parameters of control system are
always changing with change in
surrounding conditions, internal
disturbance or any other parameters.
This change can be expressed in terms
of sensitivity. Any system should be
insensitive to such parameters but
sensitive to input signals only.
It is the time taken by it to achieve its
stable output. A good control system
possesses high speed. The transient
period for such system is very small.
A small numbers of oscillation or
constant oscillation of output tend to
system to be stable.
An operating frequency range decides
the bandwidth of control system.
Bandwidth should be large as possible
for frequency response of good control
system.
Mechanical System
Electronic System
Computer System
Pneumatic System
Sub-Systems
Control Systems
Open Loop System - The control action is totally
independent of output of the system then it is called
open loop control system.

INPUT PROCESS OUT PUT

Block Diagram of an open loop control system

INPUT OUT PUT

OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

ELECTRIC HAND DRIER AUTOMATIC WASHING AUTOMATIC COFFE/ TEA LIGHT SWITCH
MACHINE MAKER
ADVANTAGES
Simple in Construction and
Design
Economical They are Inaccurate
Easy to Maintain They are unreliable
Generally Stable Any change in output cannot
Convenient to use as be corrected automatically
output is difficult to
measure. DISADVANTAGES
A control system in which the output has an effect on the input quantity
in such a manner that the input quantity will adjust itself based on the
output generated is called closed loop control system. Open loop control
system can be converted in to closed loop system by providing a
feedback.
1. Automatic Electric Iron - Heating elements are controlled
by output temperature of the iron.
2. Servo Voltage stabilizer - Voltage controller operates
depending upon output voltage of the system.
3. Water Level Controller - Input water is controlled by water
level of the reservoir
4. Air conditioner - functions depending upon the
temperature of the room
5. Cooling system in Car - it operates depending upon the
temperature which it controls.
1. More accurate even in the 1. Coslier
presence of non-linearity 2. complicated to design
2. Highly accurate as any error 3. Required more maintenance
arising is corrected 4. Feedback leads to oscillatory
3. Bandwith range is large response
4. Facilitates automation 5. Overall gain is reduced due
5. sensiticity of system may be to the prescence of feedback
small to make more stable 6. stability is the major problem
6. system is less affected by and more care is needed to
noise design a stable closed loop
system.