Introduction To Database
Database is a very large integrated collection of
data, which models real-world enterprise. It
possesses entities and relationships.
DBMS (Database Management System)
DBMS is a software package designed to store and
manage databases. Eg:-
• Banking: All Transactions
• Airlines: Reservations, Schedules
• Universities: Registration, Grades
Advantages of Database Systems
• No data redundancy and inconsistency
• No difficulty in accessing data
• No integrity problems
• No Security Problems
• No need to write a new program to carry out
each new task.
• Easy to add or edit new constraints.
For Drawbacks of File Systems, write the exact
opposite of the above.
Levels of Abstraction
• Views describe how users see the data
• Conceptual Schema defines logical structure
• Physical Schema describes the files and indexes
used.
• Schemes are defined using DDL (Data Definition
Language)
• Data is modified/queried by DML (Data
Manipulation Language)
• There are three levels of abstraction:-
◦ Physical Level:- Describes storage of record
◦ Logical Level:- Describes relationships and
data in a database.
◦ View Level: Application programs hide details
and information.
Instances and Schemas
Schema is the logical structure of the database.
• Physical Schema: Describes design at physical
level
• Logical Schema: Describes design at the
logical level.
• It is analogous to the variable value and type.
SQL (Structured Query Language)
SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating
and retrieving data in databases.
DDL (Data Definition Language) is the
specification notation for defining the database
schema.
Eg:- CREATE TABLE todo_list (
task varchar(25),
time varchar(20)
);
DDL Commands are:-
• CREATE:- Creates a table or databse
• ALTER:- Used for alteration
• DROP:- Used to drop a table
• RENAME:- Used to rename a table.
DML (Data Manipulation Language) is used for
accessing and manipulating data organized by
appropriate data model. Eg:- SQL.
DML commands include:-
• INSERT:- Used to add new data in table.
• UPDATE:- Used to update existing data in table.
• DELETE:- Used to delete records from table
• SELECT:- Retrieves information from database
table.
Database Terminologies
• Relation: A table in a database
• Tuple/Record: A row in a table
• Field/Attributes: A column in a table
• Domain: Possible pool of values for a specific
column
• Degree: Number of columns in a table at that
instance
• Cardinality: Number of rows in a table at that
instance.
Keys
Key is used to uniquely identify any record in a table
or establish relationships between tables.
• Primary Key
◦ It uniquely identifies each record in a table.
◦ It should contain unique values and not null
values
◦ Each table can have only one primary key.
• Candidate Key
◦ It is a super key with no repeated attributes.
◦ Primary key should be selected from the
candidate keys.
◦ A table can have multiple candidate keys.
• Alternate Key
◦ They are candidate keys which are not primary
keys.
◦ Database administrator chooses a different
key as the primary key.
Constraints
UNIQUE:- Ensures all values in a column are
different. It allows one null value
NOT NULL:- Ensures that all values in a column are
not null. Thus, it makes this column to be mandatory.
DEFAULT:- It is the value added to each row in a
column if no other value is specified.
CHECK:- Ensures that all values in a column satisfy
certain condition(s).
Basic MySQL Operations
Write any 6 commands in SQL.
