Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics

Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2022, pp. 2460~2470

ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v11i5.3949  2460

MPPT implementation and simulation using developed P&O

algorithm for photovoltaic system concerning efficiency

Asaad A. H. AlZubaidi1, Laith Abdul Khaliq1, Hassan Salman Hamad1, Waleed Khalid Al-Azzawi2,
Mohanad Sameer Jabbar1, Thaer Abdulwahhab Shihab1
1
Department of Medical Instruments Techniques Engineering, Technical College of Engineering, Albayan University, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Medical Instruments Engineering Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The great development witnessed by investments in renewable energy has
made it the focus of researchers’ attention in order to increase its efficiency.
Received Apr 13, 2022 This is due to the increase in demand for electrical energy due to rapid
Revised Jun 23, 2022 technological growth, increase in population numbers, and high fuel prices
Accepted Jul 26, 2022 that are used in the production of traditional electrical energy, but it suffers
from a problem that is greatly affected by two factors, namely, the change in
the intensity of solar irradiation and temperature, which makes its electrical
Keywords: characteristics non-linear, which causes a decrease in its efficiency. To
address the efficiency problem, the researchers developed several techniques
Buck converter for tracking the MPP point and extracting the maximum energy from the solar
Irradiation & temp. panels under various measurement conditions. Maximum power point
MPPT tracking technology (MPPT) is the most widely used technology in solar
P&O energy systems. MPPT technology is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink for
Photovoltaic system the purposes of extracting maximum power and managing the duty cycle of a
DC-DC buck converter. The performance of the photovoltaic system under
various irradiance fluctuations and settings of constant temperature could well
be determined using simulation results. Under standard and varied test
settings, allowing the inverter to convert over 99% of the electricity provided
by the solar panels.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Hassan Salman Hamad
Department of Medical Instruments Techniques Engineering, Technical College of Engineering
Albayan University
Airport St, Baghdad, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Researchers and scientists have been forced to find alternative ways to generate electricity that are
less expensive and inexhaustible as a result of the global financial crisis and the rise in fossil fuel prices, the
main source of conventional electric power production, and the increase in demand for electric power. The
emphasis was on renewable energy sources such as solar and wind (wind energy, thermal energy, solar energy,
and ocean energy). The most widely used energy source nowadays is solar which utilized renewable energy
source for producing electrical energy. It has become the focus of researchers' interest for a variety of reasons,
including its availability, cheap costs, and the fact that it is an ecologically beneficial energy that does not
pollute or exhaust. All of these aspects, as well as others, have made it the target of their study attention [1],
[2]. Electrical energy is obtained by shining sunlight on panels prepared of semiconductors [3], that
sequentially produces electrical energies. Its cost be determined by double key features: the intensity of solar
irradiation and temperature [4], [5]. For this reason, its electrical properties are always non-linear, which causes

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Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  2461

the efficiency of the photovoltaic system to decrease [6]. In order to address the problem of the low efficiency
of solar panels and the effect of changing the intensity of irradiation and temperature on them, several methods
have been developed to control the charge and track the MPP point in addition to maximum power can be
extracted with panels despite the change of weather conditions called the maximum power point tracking
technology (MPPT) [7]. In the literature, many algorithms that were developed to be applied in MPPT
technology are mentioned such as a fuzzy logic control (FLC) algorithm which considers a powerful and simple
algorithm, and it shows less loss in tracking the MPP point in various measurement conditions and compare
the simulation results with the results of applying the methods conventional perturb and observe (P&O) [8]-
[10]. This research aims to simulate the photovoltaic system consisting of (a solar panel, DC-DC buck
converter, and MPPT technology), where the P&O algorithm was developed and applied to track MPP and
control the duty cycle of the transformer to battery charge using 48 volts voltage then compare the simulation
results with simulation results conventional method (P&O) [11], [12].
The accurate evaluation of solar radiation on the location place with understanding of its parameters are
required for the system designing to convert solar energy into any type of energy (thermal or electrical) [13]. Solar
panels efficiency improvement as well as inverters are difficult, thus the output is limited by technology.
Furthermore, the system's design may necessitate higher-performance components, resulting in significantly higher
installation costs [14]. Instead, it's easier to improve MPPT using a new control method, which saves money.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is advancing at a rapid evolution across many industries and including
renewable energy. AI algorithms achieve extraordinarily good in nonlinear systems, for instance photovoltaic
(PV) systems, according to a literature review and research experiments. Kamran et al. [15] for example,
provide an entirely new design approach for converting the MPPT algorithm into a buck–boost converter-based
PV control system [16]. They use Bode diagrams with mode and phase conditions in their work. In incremental
conductance (IC) algorithms, the design approach is used to P&O. As a consequence, the authors proved that
the proposed design form may maximize energy collection, agreeing an algorithm for realizing remarkable
performance in MPPT and adaptivity.
Zand et al. [17] designed a system of PV with MPPT and a DC-DC boost converter based on self-
predictive incremental conductance. Their method beats the standard incremental conductance (I&C)
algorithm, based on authors' MATLAB/Simulink simulation findings, and the output power has low ripple.
Mnati et al. [18] used typical MPPT approaches to investigate several converter configurations for a PV system,
including the P&O technique thru flexible step sizes, improved I&C. Such algorithms compare static and
dynamic irradiation while taking into account algorithm properties like as fluctuations of MPP, track speed, in
addition to recognition parameters.
Basha and Rani [19] have conducted extensive research on popular MPPT techniques. They are
pursuing both P&O and I&C techniques in their study. As a result, they propose new modified forms of the
P&O and I&C techniques to improve the techniques' inefficiency. Palanisamy et al. [20] propose an MPPT
method that integrates fuzzy logic and neural networks, as well as an adaptive radial basis function-neural
network (RBF–NN). A DC–DC boost converter is driven by the suggested method, which is coupled to a
resistive load and a PV module. In terms of energy conversion efficiency, the new technique, known as I&C,
outperforms the traditional P&O algorithms. Additionally, the PV panel could be strongly connected to the
inverter, removing the need for a DC–DC converter thus lowering expenses and simplifying the system [21].
In addition, in grid-connected settings with further of two proportional integral (PI) controllers, the earlier work
shows strategies for demonstrating the high-quality transit performance necessary.

2. RESEARCH METHOD AND MATERIAL

2.1. Modeling of the photoelectric system
The photovoltaic system that we will work on in this research consists of an array of solar panels that
provide an electrical power of (945 watts) that is connected to a DC-DC buck converter that works to regulate
the output voltage and maintain it at a certain level (48 volts), working on it. MPPT technology is based on the
fuzzy logic controller (FLC) algorithm for converter duty cycle control and MPPT to excerpt maximum power
as of solar panels under standard as well as variable test conditions [22]. Figure 1 shows the scheme of the
photovoltaic system.

2.2. PV generator model

The photovoltaic cell's main function is to convert light into electrical energy using the photo-voltage
effect without affecting environmental pollution or creating frustrating sound [23]. The resistances of the
photovoltaic cell involve with group of panels which can be either in parallel, or in series, neither both are not
included in a conventional solar cell, but they are implanted and coupled to the PV diode in a real application,
the equivalent circuit of a single-diode photovoltaic panel can be shown in Figure 2 [15].

MPPT implementation and simulation using developed P&O algorithm for … (Assad A. Alzubaidi)
2462  ISSN: 2302-9285

Figure 1. A schematic diagram of a PV system [13] Figure 2. The corresponding cct of PV cell

This is owing to variables such as the PV semiconductor's magnitude of resistance and a non-optimal
PN junction diode, which result in the implementation of series and shunt resistance, respectively. Kirchhoff's
law (1) may be used to determine the current generator from a solar cell [15]:

𝐼𝑃𝑉 = 𝐼𝐿 – 𝐼𝑑 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ (1)

the current generator (IL) may be in (2):

IL=G{ISC[1+kα(T–TSTC)]} (2)

here, the solar irradiation is G, and an ambient temperature is T of climate conditions, PV cell’s short circuit
current ISC, ka is the temperature coefficient and the temperature operation TSTC for the PV cell within standard
test conditions (STC), and PV diode current is Id, that is specified from Shockley’s (3):
𝑞𝑉𝑑
𝐼𝑑 = 𝐼𝑜 (exp( ) − 1) (3)
𝑛𝐾𝑇

𝐾𝑣(𝑇𝑐−𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )
𝐼𝑜 = (𝐼𝑠𝑐 + 𝐾𝑎(𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ))/[exp (𝑞 (𝑉𝑜𝑐 + ) − 1] (4)
𝑁𝑠𝐴𝐾𝑇𝑐

where
𝐼𝑝ℎ = [𝐼𝑠𝑐 + 𝐾𝑎(𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )] ∗ (𝑖𝑟𝑟/𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) (5)
and Tref=25 °C, irr is the irradiation [W*m-2], and 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑓 =1000 W*m-2. The PV unit's output then can be
considered from current Kirchhoff's rule as:
𝑞(𝑉+𝑅𝑠∗𝐼)
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼𝑜 (exp ( ) − 1) − (𝑉 + 𝑅𝑠 ∗ 𝐼)/𝑅𝑠ℎ (6)
𝑁𝑠𝐴𝐾𝑇𝑐

with related to MATLAB simulation model and using Suntch STP155D-12-VEC PV modules. The maximum
output power is 155 watts; the characteristics of PV module can be listed in Table 1.

2.3. DC-DC converter

The DC-DC buck, boost, and buck-boost power converters are the most often used DC-DC converter
in photovoltaic power conversion because it enables a greater maximum power transmission with lower energy
losses seen between solar module panals and the load [18]. The MPPT method is used to regulate the DC-DC
converter’s duty ratio in addition to meeting the source voltage and the load operational points at the
determined power point. In contrast to previous complicated setups, a DC-DC buck converter has been
preferred for employing here to achieve a greater conversion efficiency with electrical circuit simplicity [19],
and can be applied for the purposing of battery charging by voltage equal 40 volts, an output voltage from the
buck converter being less than or equal to the input voltage (the voltage extracted from the solar panel) [24].
Figure 3 shows the equivalent circuit of a buck converter.
The converter considers ideal when the array voltage (Vo) is more than battery voltage (Vi), an
average output voltage can be (7) [25]:
𝑉𝑜
𝐷= (7)
𝑉𝑖

the dynamic model of this buck converter may be realized to [22]:

1 −𝐷
0 𝐼
𝑑 𝑉𝑖 0 0 𝑉𝑖 𝐶 𝐶2
[ ]=[ ][ ] + [ 1 ] [𝑉𝑏 ] (8)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑖 𝐷/𝐿 0 𝐼𝑖 0
−1
0 𝐼𝑏
𝐿

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2022: 2460-2470
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  2463

Table 1. General PV system main parameters

General characteristics rate Value
Voltage at open cct (Voc) 25.4 V
Current with short cct (Isc( 8.8 A
voltage at Opt. operating (Vmpp) 17.8 V
Current at Opt. operating (Impp) 7.8 A
Current- temp. coef. Isc (0.045±0.01)%/K
Voltage- temp. coef. Voc 0.075 mV/K Figure 3. The DC-DC buck converter [20]

3. MPPT ALGORITHMS
Since the panel’s MPP oscillates by way of irradiation level and temperature, MPPT algorithms are
important in PV applications in order for acquiring a greatest power possible from solar array. An algorithms
P&O in addition to I&C can be considered the best widespread algorithms meanwhile the implementation can
be the easiest. PV curve with just unique maximum point under typical circumstances, thus there is no issue.
Regarding the level of detail, budget, attractiveness, rapid converging, technical specifications, and plus
efficiency, all of the mentioned are distinctive [26].

3.1. Perturbation and observation

Due to its ease of application and simplicity of result, the P&O algorithm is one of the most extensively
used and popular ways of MPPT technology. The P&O method defines the slope of the characteristic curve as
being equal to zero on MPP point and for left portion is positively (growing region), while for the right portion
of MPP point is negative (reducing region) [27]. Consequently, till MPP may be attained, the oscillation process
continues. The turbulence stages size is lowered to prevent oscillation, yet the process of
getting to the MPP point is slowed significantly by this [28].
This approach creates a basic closed-loop regulator with only a few controllable parameters. By
regularly adjusting the solar panel voltage by means of a miniscule incremental stage to lessen the fluctuation
round an MPP or any intended stage, the P&O algorithm made a comparison of the power that was previously
given with the one following a disruption. Because of its simplicity and the fact that it only involves a few
measured parameters, such algorithm was commonly used commercialy [29]. Figure 4 depicts the P&O
algorithm flowchart.
The P&O approach regularly changes the PV output voltage through the terminals then compares a
former cycle strength with present one. Whether voltage and power are straight connected, so that when one
rises, the second rises besides, an equipment for regulating position adapts accordingly; an operating point then
exchanges to the other direction Figure 5 [30]. The existing changes at a steady pace after the current shift
position is detected. This level is a variable that may be changed to apportion stability among quick feedbacks
by reducing state variance.

Figure 4. P&O algorithm flowchart [22]

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Figure 5. PV curve related to classical P&O

The common issue with the P&O method is that the array voltage level interrupts each MPPT cycle; as
a result, after MPP has been achieved, output power swings on the way to an ideal due to a decrease in the plan's
energy. This is especially true in instances where the environment is stable or gradually changing. Again, when
the energy is moving predominantly in one direction, a sophisticated control regulation changes the scale factor
of perturbation toward a widely levels due to a wide range of environmental variables, which can be utilized to
remedy this issue using an improved P&O approach by adjusting the disturbance’s step size.

4. SIMULATION RESULTS
The total MATLAB/Simulink execution may be seen at Figure 6, that involves PV generator represented
by a group of panels connected in series and parallel, where a solar panel anof STP153D-12 is utilized, DC-DC
buck converter, and MPPT algorithm which is based on the P&O technology developed for controling the
converter’s duty cycle, in addition to resistive load. Table 1 shows specifications of the PV panels and buck
converters which were in employment. Double scenarios of changing solar irradiation are run in this section of
the simulation in parallel to examine the effectiveness and precision of the suggested MPPT tactic for tracking
accessible power in various insolation situations and conversion points. The suggested MPPT scheme is then
associated to other well-known MPPT algorithms applied alike of P&O, I&C, besides fuzzy logic. On the basis
of two cases, simulation results using such a P&O technique are also shown.

Figure 6. MPPT simulation of P&O

4.1. Scenario 1: standard condition

The photovoltaic system test was simulated with MPPT technology created at P&O algorithms in standard
test conditions during a period 1 sec time simulation, an obtainable result shown in Figure 7(a) for the electrical

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2022: 2460-2470
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  2465

signals received from the solar panels for (voltage, current, and power) in addition to Figure 7(b) for the electrical
output signals from a buck converter as well as Figure 7(c) indicating the duty cycle for P&O algorithms.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 7. Output characteristics of (a) solar panels when Ir is 1000 W/m2 & 25 °C temp. at P&O algorithm,
(b) a buck converter when irr=1000 W/m2 & T=25 °C with P&O algorithm, and (c) the duty cycle for P&O
algorithm

As can be seen in Figure 7 by the output power, voltage curves for the P&O method. The curve appears
smoother and contains a lot more ripple content, as observed in the simulation using the back converter. The
STC was being used to produce this curve while maintaining the irradiance constant.

4.2. Scenario 2: section 1

When the solar irradiation intensity varies while the temperature remains constant. In this section,
solar irradiation was varied (200, 500, 750, and 1000 W/m2) in this region, as indicated in Figure 8, at a constant
temperature of 25 °C. Figure 9(a) depicts the electrical signals (voltage, current, and power) received from the
solar panels, as well as the electrical output signals from a buck converter for P&O algorithms Figure 9(b).
Figure 9 depicts the three main parameters collected as of solar panel as the intensity of the irradiation changes

MPPT implementation and simulation using developed P&O algorithm for … (Assad A. Alzubaidi)
2466  ISSN: 2302-9285

while the temperature is constant. The current and power are the characteristics that change the greatest in
relation to irradiation fluctuation, as can be shown. The voltage, on the other hand, remains practically constant.

Figure 8. change in the intensity of solar irradiation (200, 500, 700, and 1000 W/m2)

(a)

(b)

Figure 9. Output characteristics with P&O algorithm of (a) solar panels when irr = (200, 500, 700, and 1000
W/m2) and T=25 °C and (b) a buck converter when the intensity of solar irradiation is variable and the
temperature is constant

4.3. Section 2: an adjustable temperature and constant irradiation intensity

Here, variable temperature like (15 °C, 25 °C, 35 °C, and 50 °C), with constant irradiation of
1000 W/m2 as in Figure 10, while Figure 11(a) displays the outcomes expected for PV system parameters
(power, voltage, and current) at a period 1 sec time and the characteristics of a buck converter for adjustable
temperature and an intensity of solar irradiation is constant P&O algorithm shown in Figure 11(b). In each
temperature level, the P, V, and I are extracted with P&O at a time interval of 0 to 1 s, with higher oscillations
around MPP. The PV output power of the P&O method at 1000 W/m 2 with varying temperature is shown in

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2022: 2460-2470
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285  2467

Figure 11. The P&O algorithm's PV output power and voltage are (950-1000) W/m2 and 125 V, respectively.
The efficiency of the P&O method is higher than that of the other traditional approach because there is some
fluctuation near the maximum power point. Furthermore, as compared to the intelligent algorithm utilized as
an MPPT control mechanism, the P&O algorithm showed more substantial oscillations around the MPP in the
steady state.

Figure 10. Temperature change (45 °C, 35 °C, 25 °C, and 15 °C)

(a)

(b)

Figure 11. Output characteristics with P&O algorithm of (a) PV module with irr=(1000 W/m2) & T=(45 °C,
35 °C, 25 °C, and 15 °C) and (b) a buck converter at flexible temperature and the intensity of solar irradiation
is constant

Table 2. Displays the measurements of the main parameters taken for solar panel under typical settings
Under standard test conditions
𝑃𝐼/𝑃 𝑉𝐼/𝑃 𝐼𝐼/𝑃 Efficiency of 𝑃𝑂/𝑃 𝑉𝑂/𝑃 𝐼𝑂/𝑃 MPPT technology
algorithms
(W) (V) (A) extracting power (%) (W) (V) (A) efficiency (%)
P&O 943.4 124 7.605 99.83 793.6 52.33 15.16 84.21
Under volatile weather conditions (change of irradiation intensity)
P&O 943.8 123.8 7.627 99.87 832.8 52.28 15.93 88.23
Under volatile weather conditions (temperature change)
P&O 959.9 133.7 7.18 97.62 832.1 52.36 15.89 86.68

MPPT implementation and simulation using developed P&O algorithm for … (Assad A. Alzubaidi)
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5. CONCLUSION
The principal goal of this work is to provide a proposed simulated model intended for a solar PV system
that uses the P&O technique for MPPT that focuses on building an effective as well as optimization scheme was
achieved. The MPP tracker must match its load to the maximum available power from the most electrically
efficient PV generator. P&O algorithms were integrated into the MPPT controller to achieve this. The
aforementioned algorithm controls the buck converter's duty. The position MPP of a PV module varies when solar
radiation and module temperature increase. In a MATLAB/Simulink environment, the typical technique is
implemented. The P&O controllers improves a normal P&O regulator in terms of MPP performance. It has the
ability to decrease disturbed voltage once it is recognized. Many nations in the globe are positioned in the tropical
and temperate belts, somewhere sunshine intensity can approach 1000 W/m2. The preeminence of a P&O
algorithm may be observed from the outcomes displayed in results by way of simulated features might also show
the effect of environmental conditions such as temperature and irradiance fluctuations and compared to the
conventional approach P&O, attained greater efficiencies of 88%.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Asaad A. H. AlZubaidi is a lecturer at Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq,

where he has a faculty member since 2021. He is graduated with B.Sc. degree in Applied
Sciences of University of Technology-Baghdad, Iraq in 2008, and M.Sc. in Physics of Solid
State and Nano-Structures form Voronezh State University, Russia Federation in 2011, and
Ph.D in Physics of Condensed Matter from Voronezh State University, Russia Federation in
2014. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Laith Abdul Khaliq he received a B.Sc. in Biomedical Engineering, in 2004

from Al-Khwarizmi Engineering College, Iraq. He received M.Sc. degree in medical
electronics and physics at Queen Mary University of London, UK, in 2014. In 2022, he joined
the Department of Medical Instruments Technical Engineering, Al-Bayan University. Prior
to that, he was with industry for 18 years in manufacturing, research, and developing systems
for telecommunication, medical equipment. He is interested in computer network studies and
research, image processing, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. He can be contacted at
email: [email protected].

Hassan Salman Hamad he obtained his Ph.D In Electrical Power Engineering

from Moscow University for Energy/2000 and received his M.Sc in Electrical Engineering
from Moscow University for Energy/1996 and B.Sc Middle Technical University/Technical
Electrical College Baghdad, Iraq. Currently worked Albayan University, Technical College
of Engineering. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

MPPT implementation and simulation using developed P&O algorithm for … (Assad A. Alzubaidi)
2470  ISSN: 2302-9285

Waleed Khalid Al-Azzawi his Ph.D in control engineering from De Montfort

University/Leicester/UK/2013 and received his M.Sc and B.Sc in control and automation
from University of Technology Baghdad, Iraq. Currently worked as a Dean of Medical
Technical College/Al-Farahidi University. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Mohanad Sameer Jabbar is Assistant professor at Al-Bayan University,

Baghdad, Iraq in Technical College of Engineering, medical instruments techniques
Engineering Department where he has been a faculty member since 2021. I’m graduated
withe a B.Sc. degree in mathematics since from Mustansiriyah university, Baghdad, Iraq and
an M.Sc. in computer since from university of Singhania-Jhunjhunu, India in 2010. and Ph.D
in computer since specialized in network and communication from university of Singhania-
Jhunjhunu, India in 2013.our research interest in the area of network, communication, and
network security. He can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Thaer Abdulwahhab Shihab he obtained his Ph.D in Applied Mechanics

engineering from Ivano-Frankivsk University/2019 and received his M.Sc and B.Sc in
control and automation from Middle Technical University/Technical College, Baghdad, Iraq.
Currently worked Albayan University, Technical College of Engineering. He can be
contacted at email: [email protected].

Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2022: 2460-2470