See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/385717243

Wireless Sensing Network for Implementation of Air Quality Monitoring

System and Indoor Air Quality Index Application

Article in Iraqi Geological Journal · November 2024

DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.2D.17ms-2024-10-2

CITATIONS READS

0 131

3 authors, including:

Hussein Jabbar Faik Kadhem

University of Baghdad Baghdad
36 PUBLICATIONS 515 CITATIONS 8 PUBLICATIONS 18 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Hussein Jabbar on 11 November 2024.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

Iraqi Geological Journal

Journal homepage: https://www.igj-iraq.org

Wireless Sensing Network for Implementation of Air Quality Monitoring

System and Indoor Air Quality Index Application
Hussein J. Khadim1,*, Faik K. Obaed1, and Nahla S. Ajeel1
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract
Received: Indoor air quality significantly impacts respiratory health and mental activity. This study
9 May 2024 utilizes a wireless sensing network (WSN) based on the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor
indoor air quality, referred to as an indoor air quality monitoring system. The system was
Accepted:
installed and applied on campus at the University of Baghdad. The present study aims to
10 August 2024
monitor air quality parameters continuously within laboratories. Carbon monoxide, sulfur
Published: dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, and particulate objects are the pollutants chosen to be
31 October 2024 monitored by the installed system in this study. These pollutants were selected because they
affect indoor facilities' comfort, health, and working conditions. Colored coded data was
employed in the monitoring system; defined ranges for each pollutant were also integrated.
Sensor nodes, wireless modules that connect to the IoT server, and user applications are the
main components of the IAQMS system. LCDs, mobile applications, the ThingSpeak web
server, and the LabView platform are examples of techniques used to present data collected
by the system. Additionally, the system includes a notification function that alerts students
and lab personnel when indoor air quality index IAQI values signal unhealthy indoor air
quality. The proactive approach ensures a regulated standard for indoor air quality and
pollutants.
Keywords: Air quality; Monitoring system; IoT; Indoor air quality index; Wireless
sensing network; Air pollutants

1. Introduction
The right to breathe clean air is a fundamental entitlement for all individuals. However, this right
is violated daily, with 90% of the global population exposed to polluted air, leading to seven million
annual deaths (Bălă, 2021). While much research has been done on outdoor air pollution and its harmful
impacts on human health (Ostro et al., 2018), poor indoor air quality (IAQ) should not be
underestimated. This is particularly important since people spend nearly 90% of their time indoors.
Therefore, monitoring indoor air pollutants is paramount in homes, universities, hospitals, and offices
(Moreno-Rangel et al., 2018).
World Health Organization (WHO, 2021) recommendations for selected IAQ pollutants include
carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
radon, and particulate matter (Salonen et al., 2018; Branco et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2022)
Over the past few decades, there has been a growing concern regarding indoor air quality. This
concern initially stemmed from reports by building occupants regarding their experiences in indoor

DOI: 10.46717/igj.57.2D.17ms-2024-10-27

210
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

environments. Specifically, occupants frequently complained about vague symptoms, including

headaches, exhaustion, burning eyes, and mucous membrane irritation or dryness. Recognizing that in
certain instances, these symptoms might be linked to increased levels of particular pollutants, in an
indoor environment, there has been a heightened focus on assessing both climate conditions and
chemical compounds in the air within rooms when individuals expressed dissatisfaction with their
indoor air quality (Kang and Hwang, 2016; Chojer et al., 2020).
Besides the increasing concern regarding IAQ, advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) and
sensor tools have facilitated the development of affordable, compact air-quality monitoring systems.
Unlike professional air quality monitoring instruments designed for precise measurements, IoT-driven
methods for monitoring indoor air quality, quality monitoring systems (IAQMS) continuously monitor
users' living spaces using low-cost sensors and a variety of communication protocols. This real-time
monitoring empowers users to improve indoor air quality through actions like ventilation or air
purification systems, thanks to the systems' ability to instantly assess the existing air quality. On the
other hand, most air quality monitoring systems typically display raw numerical values of detected
pollutants, making it challenging for non-experts to gauge the air pollution levels or understand the
criteria for each pollutant. Indeed, one of the primary functions of IoT-based air quality monitoring
systems is to provide users with a more intuitive and comprehensive real-time air quality status rather
than inundating them with individual numerical data for each pollutant. To achieve this objective, these
systems must incorporate intuitive display devices capable of conveying the current air quality in a user-
friendly manner.
Several countries already employ the AQI for outdoor air quality. This provides a convenient
indicator of air pollution levels, enabling people to readily assess the current air quality. Establishing an
indoor air quality index usually involves many unique challenges, primarily due to the different air
quality criteria associated with specific indoor environments. Moreover, air quality experiences rapid
fluctuations due to various activities, including ventilation and looking. That might be difficult for
indoor air quality systems (Kang and Hwang, 2016).
Laboratories' indoor environments are considered critical areas for various experimental scientific
activities suitable to the accumulated pollutants, which may adversely affect the health and safety of lab
workers. Carbon monoxide, which is colorless, and odorless is released when carbon-based fuels burn
incompletely (Hussein et al., 2023). High CO concentration may lead to headaches, dizziness, and even
death in extremely high concentration. Continuous monitoring of CO concentration in the air is crucial
to detect leaks or combustion problems (Ng et al., 2018).
Ammonia is a chemical compound widely used in laboratories in various chemical processes. It
can irritate the eyes and respiratory system and cause cough and shortness of breath (Soltanzadeh et al.,
2023). Monitoring NH3 levels is important to prevent any harmful effects on laboratory personnel. Sulfur
dioxide gas is dangerous and colorless has a strong smell, and can destroy streams and fragile
ecosystems and prevent plant growth. For human health, it can affect the heart and lungs and worsen
pre-existing issues in the respiratory system (Weldeslassie et al., 2018). Another highly reactive gas is
nitrogen dioxide (NO) which results from emission with a characteristic reddish-brown color. It can
raise the risk of respiratory disorders. It can lead to a rapid decline in lung health and function upon
long-term exposure to relatively high levels of nitrogen dioxide. It also increases allergic reactions to
pollen exposure. So, monitoring NO2 levels is crucial (Chen et al., 2007). Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
establishes the highest percentage of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide reacts with sulfates
and forms about 95% of sulfur oxides. Therefore SO2 in the atmosphere has been recognized as a major
air pollution problem. The emission of SO2 causes acid rain, harms public health, leads to materials
decomposition, and reduces visibility (Fattah et al., 2021). Particulate matters (PM) result from many
sources and activities such as cutting, grinding, and the activity of laboratory equipment and chemicals.

211
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

Many allergies and respiratory problems can result from having such particles (Kwong et al., 2019;
Paluchamy et al., 2021).
Consequently, monitoring the levels of such particles helps to identify sources and provide suitable
measures to reduce exposure to such particles, which leads, in turn, to maintaining optimal working
conditions (Goldstein et al., 2020; Rosário Filho et al., 2021). Real-time monitoring of air quality enables
on-time response and implementation of control measurements to ensure a laboratory indoor safe
environment. This can be achieved by developing air quality monitoring systems (Khadim et al., 2021).
The compact air quality monitoring system based on IoT provides a comprehensive method to
detect indoor air quality levels. This method can provide a comprehensive, intuitive, real-time evaluation
of indoor air quality that utilizes data collected from cost-effective and cheap sensors and viewing it
using a user-friendly LED color display.
Exposure to harmful materials is particularly important for lab technicians and students, who
frequently spend more than 6-8 hours daily in these environments. Years of research have established
that IAQ significantly impacts user human health and correspondingly memorization, learning, and
complete well-being (Dumała and Badora, 2024).
The current study aims to provide a feasible, cost-effective, and comprehensive solution for WSN
for an air quality monitoring system station in indoor areas. The system integrates an Arduino
microcontroller, wireless sensor nodes, and an IoT server, providing real-time data displayed on an LCD
screen and accessible online. An assessment of the practicality of the IAQI accompanied initial
investigations. The system offers a holistic architectural overview and description of the IAQMS, which
is divided into two main components: the design of the sensing unit and the development of the web
applications.
The specific objective of the work is to use the IAQI to analyze air quality parameters for the first
time on campus and in laboratories of the Environmental Engineering Department at the University of
Baghdad.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Indoor Air Quality Index (IAQI)

Governmental organizations use the AQI, a numerical scale, to inform the public about the present
or projected level of air pollution. A high AQI value indicates poor air quality, adversely effecting
health. Countries, including the United States, Canada, China, India, the UK, and Europe, have their air
quality indices aligned with national air quality standards (Kang and Hwang, 2016). While these specific
standards may differ slightly, the methods for calculating and representing the AQI are similar across
countries. Calculating the AQI involves determining the concentration of air pollutants over a specified
averaging period, which is obtained from air monitors or models (Wang, 2023). This concentration and
time factor represents the dosage of the air pollutant.
The health effects associated with a particular dosage are recognized through epidemiological
investigation (USEPA, 2024). Air pollutants have different potency and conversion functions, ranging
from air pollutant concentration to AQI. Furthermore, AQI levels are generally classified into ranges,
and a color code, descriptor, and set of public health recommendations are given to each range. (Mumtaz
et al., 2021). The proposed system will adhere to one of the most important standards for calculating the
Indoor Air Quality Index (IAQI), employed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This
standard assesses the risk levels of five key air pollutants: Particulate Matter (PM2.5), SO 2, CO, and
NO2. IAQI illustrates the impact of air pollutant concentrations on human health using six categories
classification (Vallero, 2023): Good, Moderate, Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups, Unhealthy, Very
Unhealthy, and Hazardous listed in Table 1.

212
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

Table 1. Air quality index classification

AQI AQI AQI AQI AQI AQI

Pollutant name
(0-50) (51-100) (101-150) (151-200) (201-300) (301-500)
CO (ppm) 0-4.4 4.5-9.4 9.5-12.4 12.5-15.4 15.5-30.4 30.5-50.4
3
PM2.5 (µg /m ) 0-12 12.1-35.4 35.5-55.4 55.5-150.4 150.5-250.4 250.5-500.4
NO2 (ppb) 0-53 54-100 101-360 361-649 650-1249 1250-2049
SO2 (ppb) 0-35 36-75 76-185 186-304 305-604 605-1004
3
NH3 (µg/m ) 0-200 201-400 401-800 801-1200 1201-1800 1800+
Describe air Sensitive Very
Good Moderate Unhealthy Hazardous
quality Groups Unhealthy
The IAQI level for each pollutant is determined using Equation 1 (Shihab, 2021; Jabbar et al., 2022;
Hilal and Manii, 2024).

𝐼𝐻 − 𝐼𝐿
𝐼𝐴𝑄𝐼𝑃 = (𝐶 − 𝐵𝐿 ) + 𝐼𝐿 (1)
𝐵𝐻 − 𝐵𝐿 𝑃
Where: IAQIP presents the indoor air quality index of the pollutant P, CP presents the detected value
of the pollutant P, BL presents the breakpoint value (i.e., ≤ CP), BH presents the breakpoint value (i.e., ≥
CP), IL and IH present the IAQI breakpoints corresponding to BL, and BH respectively.
The highest IAQI value at each measurement site represents the highest sub-value for each pollutant
IAQIP (Shihab, 2021) as follows in equation 2.

I𝐴𝑄𝐼 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝐼𝐴𝑄𝐼𝑃𝑀2.5 , 𝐼𝐴𝑄𝐼𝐶𝑂 , 𝐼𝐴𝑄𝐼𝑁𝑂2 , 𝐼𝐴𝑄𝐼𝑆𝑂2 , 𝐼𝐴𝑄𝐼𝑁𝐻3 )

(2)

2.2. Design of IAQMS

The architecture of IAQMS based on IoT (Fig.1) was designed and applied to monitor indoor air
quality IAQ in real-time by an intuitive color LED display.

Fig. 1. IAQMS overview architecture.

213
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

The IAQMS was deployed and tested on the Baghdad University Campus. The selected unit sites
for indoor monitoring included a graduate research laboratory with a spacious layout (Lab.1), an
undergraduate laboratory (Lab. 2), and a control site in the Environmental Engineering office. In these
areas, full-time students and researchers occupied the spaces from 8:30 am-3:00 pm, five days a week.
Additionally, the laboratory spaces were utilized by a restricted number of researchers, and these labs
were equipped with fume hoods. It aggregates air quality information from multiple systems via the
Internet and comprises low-end sensors and an embedded IoT device (Fonseca et al., 2022). The
arrangement uses Wi-Fi and users' smart devices for connectivity. It includes PM2.5, NO2, CO, NH3,
and SO2. The primary objective is to use an intuitive display to inform the user of the present indoor air
quality's comprehensive state in real time. The IAQI method was tested in an experiment focusing on
four sensors, as indoor air quality is more likely to vary rapidly than ambient air due to activities like
chemical use and laboratory cleaning. The results of the IAQI can presented as a user interface through
LCD devices, mobile applications, ThingSpeak web servers, and the LabVIEW platform.

2.3. IAQMS System Hardware

The hardware of the smart IAQMS wireless sensing network for two sites and control unit each site
measurement consists of a sensor node that includes sharp GP2Y1010AU0F dust sensors that detect
PM2.5 by measuring the intensity and pattern of the scattered light, the sensor can estimate the particle
concentration., gas detection sensors, MICS-6814 for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Carbon monoxide
(CO), MQ137 detects Ammonia (NH3) and 2SH12 detects Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), DC power source for
the unit, and wireless RF (Radio Frequency) communication module unit HC-12 for transmitting data
to a control unit (Arduino Uno). On the other hand, the control station contains the same sensors, DC
power, Arduino Uno microcontroller, and a wireless unit for receiving data from other station HC-12,
in addition, to an LCD for displaying data. The Arduino Uno is built around the ATmega328P
microcontroller and Wi-Fi units ESP8266 wireless module for transmitting sensors' data to the WSN
system via the internet (cloud) (Khadim et al., 2022). A waterproof junction box encases the IAQMS
units. There are many values with time for each element detected and sent to the controller (Arduino) to
process these data and send them there using an RF unit. After receiving data from three stations by the
control station, these data are processed and displayed in four ways.

2.4. IAQMS System Software

As mentioned, there are four ways to display data in IAQMS design. The first one is LCD graphic
type. In this type, the screen connects with the microcontroller directly by cable, so the instructions are
written in the Arduino IDE using C++. The second type to display data is a mobile application, which
sends the data to the application from the control station using a Wi-Fi unit. The environment connected
between the control stations and mobile is the RemoteXY application (Khadim et al., 2021; Ozsahin et
al., 2022). The third method for displaying data is using the PLX-DAQ spreadsheet to send data from
Arduino to Microsoft Excel (El Hammoumi et al., 2018).
The last method to display data is a cloud server. In this type, the user can observe the change in
data from anywhere, which is the most crucial method for displaying data. On the other hand,
ThingSpeak is an IoT application designed for handling, recording, processing, and displaying data. It
provides customers with a complete hardware and software solution, allowing them to set up inputs,
feeds, graphs, dashboards, and profiles. The IAQMS project uses customized software, developed using
an Arduino microcontroller, to transfer directly with the ThingSpeak application by wireless connection.
The data is posted from the WSN to the ThingSpeak server using the standard API provided by
ThingSpeak. Furthermore, the LabVIEW graphical user interface GUI was used to display real-time
data and calculation IAQI.

214
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

2.5. Flowchart of IAQMS

The working steps of the sensing unit software of the IAQI computation flowchart when IAQMS
is applied are depicted in Fig.2. The result of IAQMS is displayed in real-time in the system through the
LCD and PLX-DAQ of Excel; on the other hand, the air quality data was sent to a cloud server to display
real-time data of each pollutant on the ThingSpeak server and Remote XY mobile application. At each
interval, the IAQMS completes a get-sensing task. For each pollutant, the current sensing value is
obtained in the get-sensing task, and the data collected by the IAQMS are utilized to calculate the IAQI.
Finally determined, the IAQI level is displayed on a color LED for four categories of classification
index. The IAQMS decision process for IAQI is determined according to the maximum number of sub-
index of IAQI of pollutants; therefore, when the overall IAQI gets worse, it causes a status unhealthy
index, consequently, the decision process by increasing ventilation in the lab environment. As a result,
even a person with no background in environmental science can easily determine the WSN's current
indoor air quality condition at the campus and lab locations

Fig. 2. Flowchart of the WSN process of IAQMS design

3. Results
In this section, the proposed IAQMS to achieve IAQI evaluation and the communication
performance by the RF radio and Wi-Fi units are assessed indoors in a campus building at Baghdad
University, Iraq. Sample indoor air quality data has been collected. IAQI is calculated and classified
over an extended period in three remote sites, a base control station at the campus, and the lab's
environment to monitor the air quality conditions of each pollutant. The results have been continuously
monitored through Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) sensors capable of detecting various pollutants and
particulate matter in an indoor environment. The IAQMS, as illustrated and displayed on LCD, the
system provides real-time concentration readings for SO2, PM2.5, CO, NH3, and NO2, and the
215
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

comprehensive IAQI values within the university campus network. These readings are prominently
displayed on the LCD output of the IAQMS device.
The ThingSpeak web server receives data every 10 minutes and monitors it on the web channel.
The web server's air quality data is illustrated in a graphical arrangement. Finally, the sample
measurements for the control unit's real-time concentration of pollutant elements (CO, NO2, SO2, NH3,
and PM2.5) for IAQMS (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Screenshot of ThingSpeak server displayed real-time monitoring parameters of IAQMS for the
base station (control).

The monitoring air quality data can be transferred to the user via a wire connection to the PLX-
DAQ spreadsheet in Excel form. Furthermore, the user can view the historical data of each monitoring
site at WSN on campus in the form of a graph that can show the mean, maximum, and average value of
each pollutant (CO, NO2, SO2, NH3, and PM2.5) in the network by using the PLX-DAQ excel format.
Real-time measurements for exporting IAQMS data (Fig. 4). One of the variables that may have
contributed to this outcome was the laboratory's extensive use of ovens, electrical devices, and other
equipment, as well as the long-term presence of chemicals. It is alarming that lab workers spend much
of their day in these settings. Because larger lab spaces affect pollutant concentration, air quality may
be improved. Through the results that were presented in several different methods of the IAQMS, the
findings present an increase in the levels of CO and PM2.5 in both laboratories and to a lesser extent in
the control unit due to this approach being consistent with the results found by Saad et al. (2013); Kwong
et al. (2019); Khadim et al. (2021) and Zumrut et al. (2024).

216
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

Fig. 4. IAQMS result per air quality sensor in WSN for control base station and labs (a) CO
concentration; (b) NO2 concentration; (c) PM2.5 concentration; (d) NH3 concentration; and (e) SO2
concentration.
The data acquisition module was built with the open-source LabView platform, which obtains data
from the IAQMS cloud. A Graphical User Interface is established to display real-time data transferred
from the Wi-Fi unit of each site at every 30-second interval. The graph in Fig. 5 illustrates the trend of
pollutants. The LabView swing component library is extensive, along with sensor information used to
show pollutant real-time data, sub-index IAQI of each pollutant, and overall IAQI with color LED
display.

217
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

Fig. 5. Screenshot of IAQMS results (a) LabView GUI showing IAQI data in real-time of control and
labs units, (b) Screenshots of mobile application of control and labs units.

An IAQMS's air pollutant concentration, which provides a general understanding of the overall
condition of the air in a given location, is needed to calculate the IAQI. The Screenshot of labView GUI
showing IAQI real-time data and classification (green color denotes good air quality, yellow color
represents moderate, orange color represents the sensitive case, whereas red color indicates unhealthy
air quality) in the campus site (base control) and labs site (Fig. 5 (a)).
On the other hand, the IAQMS result was transmitted to mobile devices using the RemoteXY
application, which serves as a bridge between the Arduino system and the mobile application as IoT to
ensure convenient access to the WSN information. Fig.5, b shows Screenshots of the remote XY Mobile
app for WSN of control and labs site displaying real-time air quality measurements and color-coded
data and ranges defining the different levels of the overall IAQI (good air quality is denoted by green,
moderate air quality by yellow, sensitive air quality by orange, and poor air quality by red).

4. Conclusions
Public awareness of the dangers of air pollution is limited due to the presence of numerous harmful
substances that often go unnoticed. This work presents a WSN for an IAQMS designed to detect and
continuously monitor real-time air quality. The system has been designed and implemented WSN using
cost-effective sensors and includes an Internet of Things application that provides data visualization via
a web server and LCD.
Using a multi-display approach, users can efficiently monitor and acquire real-time air quality
measurements in a laboratory environment at Baghdad University. This approach aids in maintaining
safety limits for air pollutant concentrations in the laboratory setting. Furthermore, the system calculates
and visualizes color LED displays of the IAQI classification. Future enhancements to the existing setup
may include adding gas sensors to detect contaminants such as radon, formaldehyde, and methane.
Additionally, improvements to the proposed IAQMS device aim to fully automate the control of exhaust
ventilation and air conditioning based on real-time air quality measurements and AQI predictions from
the monitoring system.

218
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

Acknowledgements
The authors appreciatively acknowledge the Dean of the Environmental Engineering Department,
College of Engineering-University of Baghdad for his support and help offered in laboratory works for
this study.

References
Bălă, G.P., Râjnoveanu, R.M., Tudorache, E., Motișan, R., Oancea, C., 2021. Air pollution exposure—the (in)
visible risk factor for respiratory diseases. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 19615-
19628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13208-x
Branco, P.T., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C.M., Martins, F.G., Sousa, S.I., 2019. Quantifying indoor air quality determinants
in urban and rural nursery and primary schools. Environmental Research, 176, 108534.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108534
Chen, T.M., Kuschner, W.G., Gokhale, J., Shofer, S., 2007. Outdoor air pollution: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
and carbon monoxide health effects. The American journal of the medical sciences, 333(4), 249-256.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b900f
Chojer, H., Branco, P.T.B.S., Martins, F.G., Alvim-Ferraz, M.C.M., Sousa, S.I.V., 2020. Development of low-
cost indoor air quality monitoring devices: Recent advancements. Science of the Total Environment, 727,
138385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138385
Dumała, S.M., Guz, Ł., Badora, A., 2024. Indoor Air quality in schools located in Poland, Lublin Province. Journal
of Ecological Engineering, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/172188
El Hammoumi, A., Motahhir, S., Chalh, A., El Ghzizal, A., Derouich, A., 2018. Low-cost virtual instrumentation
of PV panel characteristics using Excel and Arduino in comparison with traditional instrumentation.
Renewables, 5(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40807-018-0049-0
Fattah, A.H., Hassoon, A.F., Shubbar, R.M., 2021. Evaluation of air pollution dispersion in al-daura refinery after
used desulfurization techniques. Iraqi Geological Journal, 54 (1D), 43-56.
https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1D.4Ms-2021-04-24
Fonseca, A., Abreu, I., Guerreiro, M.J., Barros, N., 2022. Indoor air quality in healthcare units—a systematic
literature review focusing recent research. Sustainability, 14(2), 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020967
Goldstein, A.H., Nazaroff, W.W., Weschler, C.J., Williams, J., 2020. How do indoor environments affect air
pollution exposure?. Environmental science & technology, 55(1), 100-108.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c05727
Hilal, R.R., Manii, J.K., 2024. Dust storm effects on air quality and particulate matter pollution in Babylon
Governorate, Iraq. Iraqi Geological Journal, 57(1D), 233-239. https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.57.1D.17ms-
2024-4-27
Hussein, S.H., Manii, J.K., 2023. Monitoring and distribution of some air pollutants levels around Al-Zubaydiah
Electrical Power Plant in Wasit Governorate, Iraq. Iraqi Geological Journal, 56 (2C), 335-342.
https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.56.2C.0ms-2023-9-6
Jabbar, W. A., Subramaniam, T., Ong, A. E., Shu'Ib, M. I., Wu, W., de Oliveira, M.A., 2022. LoRaWAN-based
IoT system implementation for long-range outdoor air quality monitoring. Internet of Things, 19, 100540.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iot.2022.100540
Kang, J., Hwang, K.I., 2016. A comprehensive real-time indoor air-quality level indicator. Sustainability, 8(9),
881. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8090881
Khadim, H.K., Obaed, F., M., Rashid, H., 2022. Water quality detection using cost-effective sensors based on IoT.
SVU-International Journal of Engineering Sciences and Applications, 3(1), 98-103.
https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/svusrc.2022.135289.1047
Khadim, H.J., Obaed, F.K., Abd Ali, Z.T., 2021, November). Application of mq-sensors to indoor air quality
monitoring in lab based on IoT. In: 2021 International Conference on Intelligent Technology, System and
Service for Internet of Everything (ITSS-IoE), Sana'a, Yemen, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITSS-
IoE53029.2021.9615333.

219
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

Kwong, Q.J., Abdullah, J., Tan, S.C., Thio, T.H.G., Yeaw, W.S., 2019. A field study of indoor air quality and
occupant perception in experimental laboratories and workshops. Management of Environmental Quality:
An International Journal, 30(2), 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-04-2018-0074
Moreno-Rangel, A., Sharpe, T., Musau, F., McGill, G., 2018. Field evaluation of a low-cost indoor air quality
monitor to quantify exposure to pollutants in residential environments. Journal of Sensors and Sensor
Systems, 7(1), 373-388. https://doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-373-2018
Mumtaz, R., Zaidi, S.M.H., Shakir, M.Z., Shafi, U., Malik, M.M., Haque, A., Mumtaz, S., Zaidi, S.A.R., 2021.
Internet of things (IoT) based indoor air quality sensing and predictive analytic—A COVID-19 perspective.
Electronics, 10(2), 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020184
Ng, P.C.Y., Long, B., Koyfman, A., 2018. Clinical chameleons: an emergency medicine focused review of carbon
monoxide poisoning. Internal and emergency medicine, 13, 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-018-
1798-x
Ostro, B., Spadaro, J.V., Gumy, S., Mudu, P., Awe, Y., Forastiere, F., Peters, A., 2018. Assessing the recent
estimates of the global burden of disease for ambient air pollution: Methodological changes and
implications for low-and middle-income countries. Environmental Research, 166, 713-725.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.001
Ozsahin, D.U., Almoqayad, A.S., Ghader, A., Alkahlout, H., Idoko, J.B., Duwa, B.B., Ozsahin, I., 2022.
Development of smart jacket for disc. In: Modern Practical Healthcare Issues in Biomedical
Instrumentation, 31-46. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85413-9.00003-7
Paluchamy, B., Mishra, D.P., Panigrahi, D.C., 2021. Airborne respirable dust in fully mechanised underground
metalliferous mines–Generation, health impacts and control measures for cleaner production. Journal of
Cleaner Production, 296, 126524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126524
Rosário Filho, N.A., Urrutia-Pereira, M., d'Amato, G., Cecchi, L., Ansotegui, I.J., Galán, C., & Peden, D. B. 2021.
Air pollution and indoor settings. World Allergy Organization Journal, 14(1), 100499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100499
Saad, S.M., Saad, A.R.M., Kamarudin, A.M.Y., Zakaria, A., Shakaff, A.Y.M., 2013, December. Indoor air quality
monitoring system using wireless sensor network (WSN) with web interface. In: International Conference
on Electrical, Electronics and System Engineering (ICEESE), 60-64. IEEE.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEESE.2013.6895043
Salonen, H., Salthammer, T., Morawska, L., 2018. Human exposure to ozone in school and office indoor
environments. Environment International, 119, 503-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.012
Shihab, A.S., 2021. Assessment of ambient air quality of Mosul City/Iraq via air quality index. Journal of
Ecological Engineering, 22(10). https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/142448
Soltanzadeh, A., Adeli, S.H., Yarandi, S.M., Heidari, H., Mahdinia, M., 2023. Does exposure to ammonia
concentrations lower than the threshold limit value cause acute pulmonary effects?. Toxicology and
Industrial Health, 39(8), 471-479. https://doi.org/10.1177/07482337231185463
USEPA 2024. Criteria Air Pollutants, NAAQS Table. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available online:
https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table.
Vallero, D.A., 2023. Air Pollution Calculations: Quantifying Pollutant Formation, Transport, Transformation, Fate
and Risks. Elsevier.
Wang, K., 2023. Is air pollution politics or economics? Evidence from industrial heterogeneity. Environmental
Science and Pollution Research, 30(9), 24454-24469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23955-0
Weldeslassie, T., Naz, H., Singh, B., Oves, M., 2018. Chemical contaminants for soil, air and aquatic ecosystem.
Modern age environmental problems and their remediation, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-
64501-8_1
World Health Organization, 2021. WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2. 5 and PM10),
Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide. World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240034228
Zhao, B., Shi, S., Ji, J.S., 2022. The WHO Air Quality Guidelines 2021 promote great challenges for indoor air.
Science of the Total Environment, 827, 15437 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154376

220
 Iraqi Geological Journal Khadim et al. 2024, 57 (2D), 210-220

Zumrut, I.B., Kale, O.A., Tetik, Y.O., Baradan, S., 2024. Mitigation strategies to reduce particulate matter
concentrations in civil engineering laboratories. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31926-w

221

View publication stats