Lecture 4

Riemann surfaces and their moduli

spaces
 Grotzsch's theorem :

i [0 Ka] 1] <i
Suppose X [0 a] [0 1] <
Y [o
= =
x , x ,
, ,
,

for some 11.

finite set such

Suppose f : X >
-
Y differ outside a

that
If orientation
is preserving,
f
2 takes horizontal sides to horizontal sides ,
>
3 & takes vertical sides to vertical sides .

if
Them K1 * K with
equality if and
only
A is affine
A(x ,
y)
=
(kx ,
y)
Teichmiller's theorems :

role of flat affine

geometry +
maps

by holomorphic/meromorphic with
simple pole at z

marked
iff z is a
point
quadratic differentials
Quadratic differentials
Suppose X is a Riemann surface.

K (X) =

holomorphic cotangent bundle of X

bundle with
complex line fibre K-linear
maps
from T X + K .

↑
holomorphic 1- form is holomorphic section of K(X)
a .

A
holomorphic quadratic differential is holomorphic a

section of the
symmetric square of K(X) .
 Quadratic differentials
charts .
Suppose Ex : Va >
-
& are

differential of
A
holomorphic quadratic is a collection

functions t
holomorphic &(Za) s .

1 I has
finitely many
zeroes on Va
.
2 For co-ordinate charts za and zp that intersect
any

Pp(zp) = za

formal
expression badz independent of the chart
=> the is

and defines a
global object.
Quadratic differentials
As of
a section of the
symmetric square
K(X) ,
suppose
z : - > C is a chart .
Then TzoV I
identifies with

through 0
= -
&

Then $12)dz2
Il
evaluates on a
by P(E)
(dz(x))" =
P(z)

Note q(-0) .
q(0)
=
 Holomorphic A-forms

Holomorphic 15))
functions talza) sit
=
on intersections

evaluates + (z)x .
In this case +(2)dz
1)
on o
by ↑
(E)dz(E) =

Note w(-0) =
- w(r) ; also note we is a
quad differential
.

Riemann-Roch H(X) = of holo A-forms X

space on

=> dim H(x) & (X) of holo

quad diff X
g
=

space
=
.
on
,

Recall
=> dim G(X) 39 dimp Teich(s) 6g
-6
=
-
3 =

,
Riemann-Roch Theorem divisor
: D =

[ ap P
I
linear combination of Riem surface X
finite
points of
-

a .

on a
compact Riemann surface ,
any holomorphic fre is constant
.

KP'
example : divisor of a
meromorphic function : X-

↓ =
Elordzf)z + 2 Lordzfz principal divisors
f(z) = 0
↑ (z) =
c

canonical divisor divisor associated

: to a
holomorphic 1-form .

w
=
2 (ordzw)z assume closed surface
w(E) =
0

linear
equivalence : D-D'
> D-D' =
d

for some
principal divisor
Riemann-Roch theorem

divisor
degree of a
degD =
Zap

meromorphic function defines branched

deg(d) 0
=
a a

X CP' for such

covering
> a
map map
-

the
topological degree = #
preimage
counted with

multiplicities
is constant
.

=>
degree depends only on the equivalence
class under linear
equivalence .
 ↑

Riemann-Roch theorem

effective divisors :

I (D) dim of face f t

meromorphic
=
s .

div(f) + Dzo

Riemann Rock 1(D) 1(k D)

: =

degD -g + 1
-
-

I
canonical
 Degree of a canonical divisor :

Local calculation the simple

origin is
:
a
suppose
zero

A-form local co-ordinate

a
holomorphic w
,
so in a

w = zdz

Then Rew =
Re ( + iy) (du + idy) = x(x -

yby
Kev Rec Ro where
ye
0

+1
=
=

to
integrates
·
This J

- > (cosht ,
sinht) along I

&

const
N

ye-x =
L
it
↑

=> 4-half
planes glued around z = o T
Degree of a canonical divisor :

Similar local calculations show 2+ 2 half

planes glued
around I
the for z"dz
origin
Euler-Poincare formula : 2-prongs (2) =
2 Fuler char
-
.

w(z) =
0

[ 2 (2k + 2) z(z
2g)7z 2
29
- =
-
=

w(z) =
o

div(w)'
degw 2g
=do
2
=>
= -

Riemann Rock : 1(k) -

l(0) =

(2g
-

2) -

g + 1

=> e(k) =

g
 Local calculation differential
near a zero of a
quadratic
chart around of
Suppose q =
z"dz2 in a a zero
a

Choose a branch for - and consider w = dz

Find out the kernel foliation for Rew

Exercise should around the

give K + 2
prongs
zero.

to
Euler-Poincare
again get deg
.
Natural co-ordinates

differential
Suppose 9
is a
quadratic .

Suppose V is an

17 P(z)de" local chart

open
chart with no zeroes of
a q
=
in a

Fix po in U and define then a =E) dE

z(p) =

) where 8 is
any
smooth

Upo -
P
arc from
po-p

Transition functions - =z
+
=
:

period of a closed curve

It all transitions are translations then we have a

holomorphic
1- form If Ep
=
#Ex + )
then dz =
de ?
 Flat
geometry
charts to K + transitions
translations/half
I
translations

on 5- z z + z+ C z - -

z +C

structure flat metric

=>
holomorphic on all of S +

on S-Z removable singularity theorem

I
flat metric with
points at the
singular cone zeroes

+
poles of the differential .
Flat
geometry parallel and (indicated
B equal sides

C A
by the same
alphabet) are
glued
translations . The result
D D by
is 2-surface
a
genus
A C B
BS

C · A

charts to I are · ↓
D D
indicated on the
right
· o
A C
·B %
Flat
geometry

·
&
B B A
B D

C
%D
C C

C
· N D
A · To
A B
D
Flat
geometry
stratification of the
D
· ·

quadratic
E C of
space
· ·

differentials the
A B by
orders of the
· ·
singularities .

B
A

components
&
·
classification of
C E
⑧ ⑧
Kontsevich-Zorich Lannaeu ,
D ,

Chen-Moller
 Flat
geometry

⑧
B
&
C
B &
A
B
A ⑧ C
⑧

B
v
&

A
D
·
& ⑧
A
C E ·

C ⑧ D ·

sphere with a marked

genus
2

points & (2 2) ,
 Teichmiller's Theorems
suppressing the
marking from notation
Teichmiller
map
:
Suppose X ,
Y are
points of Teich (s)

A f X-Y said Teichmiller

homeomorphism :
is to be a

map
if there are holo
.
quadratic differentials gx
and
gy
on
X and Y and 10 st
resp .

& (zeroes of of
&
gx) zeroes
gy
=

2 if there with respect to flat co-ordinates around

g(w)
0 w

and + (w) the -

equals
,
map
v
f(u + iy) +
=
Teichmiller's Theorems

In the local co-ordinate

complex given by the flat structures

f(z)
=
=> and
=> k 1
uy
-

k+ 1 K if K

==
=>
Ke
if 1
*
K <
 Teichmiller's existence theorem

Suppose p : S-X and + : S >

-

Y are
points in Teich(s) .

Then there is a Teichmiller 7 : X-Y St

map
top and ↑ are
isotopic .

Teichmiller's theorem
uniqueness
Suppose that
g
: X-Y is a
quasi-conformal map isotopic
to a Teichmiller 7 : X -Y. Then
map
17gK]
with
equality it and
only if got" : X-X is conformal .