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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

An application of quality tools to improve the tyre

remanufacturing process

Jeevan Gaidhane1, Asmit Karadbhajane1, Abhay Khalatkar1, Inayat Ullah*1.

*Corresponding author

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, G H Raisoni College of Engineering Nagpur, India.

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Abstract. The tyre remanufacturing industries are facing quality and performance issues of the
remanufactured tyres as they have developed their own tyre retreading methods due to the lack
of standardized retreading process guidelines. This study focuses on identifying the challenges
of the tyre remanufacturing process, highlighting various defects in retread tyres and their causes
so that the challenges could be mitigated and the quality and performance of the tyres could be
improved. To achieve the objectives of the study, the quality tools including fishbone diagram
and Pareto chart has been used. For the above analysis, the data has been collected through
multiple field visits and semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that
organizations can improve the utilization of worn-out tyres by identifying tyre retreading defects
and their causes and by implementing corrective actions at different stages in the tyre
remanufacturing. According to cause-and-effect analysis, the defects found are failure of tread
due to lack of standard tread joint method, side bulge generation due to sidewall degrading, and
failure of the buffer layer due to tread and sidewall crack. Besides, a few recommendations are
made for tyre remanufacturing to increase productivity and minimize the defects generation in
retreaded tyres.

Keywords: Fishbone diagram, Pareto chart, Root-cause analysis, Retreading tyres defects, Tyre
remanufacturing.

1. Introduction
Tyre remanufacturing is an eco-friendly, sustainable and cost-effective method in which the worn-out
tyres are repurposed by applying new precure tread. Tyre remanufacturing increases the tyre life which,
in turn, reduces the environmental impacts of discarded tyres and hence, the process contributes to
sustainability and circularity [1]. Earlier, the worn-out tyres were disposed of using various disposal
practices such as stockpiling, burning, and illegal landfilling. These practices are still being used by the
majority of people which leads to serious environmental and health hazards [2]. Owing to these
hazardous impacts, academicians, policymakers, and practitioners have started looking into these issues
seriously. Many organizations, mostly small businesses, have started tyre retreading practices in order
to generate revenues from waste rather than minimizing environmental impacts [3]. In developing
countries such as India, tyre remanufacturing sector is still unorganized and there exists a lack of
standard process guidelines, thus, these organizations have developed their own methods of tyre
remanufacturing and recycling processes. Due to the lack of standardised process guidelines and other
challenges, the adoption of tyre remanufacturing practices is very low and the disposal rates are very
high. Majority of the existing processes are ineffective which results in poor quality, low life, and poor
performance of the remanufactured tyres [4,5]. To satisfy the expectations of the customers and to
popularize the use of remanufactured tyres, the remanufactured tyres must be more safe and durable,
have high levels of quality and capability of rendering better performance, which necessitates a clear

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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

change in the existing tyre remanufacturing processes [6]. The efforts are needed to develop best
operational practices, standards and quality systems to increase the process efficiency and productivity
as well as to improve the tyre life in terms of safety, quality, performance and durability [7]. Besides,
more research is needed to examine and identify new perspectives for increasing the use of tyres for
remanufacturing rather than disposal. However, to achieve the above, there is a need to identify the
prevailing challenges of tyre remanufacturing process, pinpoint the defects in retread tyres and their
causes so that necessary actions can be taken to rectify the crucial issues [8]. In line with the above, the
present study has been carried out to investigate the challenges of tyre remanufacturing process and the
defects in remanufactured tyres as well as their probable causes [9]. The study has used following
methodologies: data collection through field visits and semi-structured interviews, brainstorming,
pareto chart and cause-and-effect analysis. The findings of study provides crucial managerial
implications that the top management should look forward to implement for the development of better
operations routines and an effective and optimized tyre remanufacturing process that could help in
eliminating the defects of remanufactured tyres and increasing their quality, safety and performance.
The remainder of this study has been organized as follows. Section 2 provides a brief overview
of the existing tyre remanufacturing process and the use of quality tools. The methodology adopted for
the study are described in section 3. In section 4, the analyses performed to achieve the objectives of
the research has been illustrated. Following this, the findings of the study are discussed in section 4. In
the end, the conclusions and the directions of future research are outlined.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Tyre remanufacturing process

There are two methods of tyre retreading, namely hot tyre method and cold tyre method. In both of
these methods, a proper bonding of tread with tyre base is achieved through the application of heat and
pressure for a certain time period. Among these two methods, the cold tyre method is most popular
among the organizations which are involved in retread business [11,10]. These organizations work
closely with tyre manufacturing industries and keep an eye on the innovations/developments in the areas
of materials and other performance parameters which are then incorporated with tyre remanufacturing
process [12, 13]. The steps involved in the tyre remanufacturing process are as follows.

• Primary Inspection: In this step, the worn casing, cuts, punctures, and other damages are identified
to decide the extent of retreading.
• Buffing: Buffing is performed to remove the outer layers of worn-out tyres using high-speed buffers.
More specifically, buffing removes the undesired or worn tread.
• Cleaning: After buffing, the casing of the tyre is cleaned using high pressurized air.
• Casing repair: In this step, the casing is inspected for the damages that need to be corrected. These
corrections are necessary to make sure that the quality of casing would remain within the acceptable
limits and the retreaded tyre would exhibit similar performance as a new tyre.
• Cementing: A temporary bond between the tread and casing is created in this step to prevent the
buffed surface from corrosion.
• Curing or mold curing process: After adding the layers of tread up to the required diameter, using
uncured rubber compound, the casing is placed into the mold. The molds are then closed and the tyre
body is filled to the right pressure. This casing is allowed to expand within the mold so that so that the
uncured material achieves the desired structure of the product along with the tread pattern [14,15].

2.2 Pareto chart

The Pareto chart is an excellent quality tool for identifying significant issues in the system. It is made
up of a sequence of bars, the heights of which represent the frequency or severity of issues. The bars
are organized in ascending order of height from left to right. This indicates that the issues depicted by
the tall bars on the left are more crucial than those represented by the short bars on the right [16]. The
tool is incredibly helpful in identifying the issues that have the most significant cumulative effect on
the system. Furthermore, the tool renders ability to categorize the issues according to the weight of
impact so that the necessary actions can be employed in a prioritized manner. The literature states that
approximately 80% of the issues arise from 20% of the causes in any system. The appropriate data must

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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

be gathered and analysed from the process or system which is under scrutiny in order to produce a
Pareto Chart [17]. When the list of issues contains a mix of problems including both the issues with
potentially major repercussions and issues with minor consequences, one of the following two
approaches can be used, (i) the author weighting method to adjust count frequency, or (ii) frequency
analysis paired with a cost or exposure Pareto chart. The various versions of the basic Pareto chart are
routinely used in quality improvement approaches to identify the bulk of issues that may arise due to
small reasons [18].

2.3 Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a technique which is used for generating a large number of creative solutions and
innovative ideas for crucial problems that occur during the various stages of value creation and
distribution. Brainstorming is not a method for analysing ideas or creating ideas; nevertheless, its output
can be considered as an input to other quality improvement techniques such as the fishbone diagram
[19,20,21]. In this method, a group of experts, having different opinions regarding the subject of interest,
gather in a room and sit around a table to discuss and find all possible and valid solutions to the problem
at hand [22]. During the session, the suggestions and queries of all group members are catalogued in a
way that everyone can see them and, if necessary, modify them. To facilitate the brainstorming session,
it is preferable to adhere to the fundamental rules and explain them to the members. Furthermore, to
ensure the success of the meeting, the role of team leader in creating a friendly and comfortable
environment for the team members is crucial. The technique can be used for a variety of purposes,
including problem identification, determining causes and effects of a problem, and arriving at optimal
solutions with shared understanding of all the members of the team [23,24].

2.4 Cause-and-effect Diagram

The Fishbone diagram (also known as the Ishikawa diagram or cause-and-effect diagram) is a visual
representation of how different factors are sorted into main categories and subcategories. This technique
can aid in the generation of ideas by encouraging a balanced approach in a brainstorming session when
people list their observations about the origin (cause) of a problem (effect) [25]. Depending on the case
at hand, the causes are classified differently, but it is a widely recognized approach to assume six key
components that can contribute to an inappropriate characteristic, response, or impact. These
components are materials, machine, man, measurement, process, and environment. Each of these items
can then be explored for sub-causes through a brainstorming session among a group of experts [26].
The fishbone diagram improves the quality of the processes that are currently in use through the
monitoring and control of the causes and effects of different issues. It also aids in identifying the root
causes of an existing problem as well as analyzing the likelihood of future events and preventing them
from occurring.

2.5 Industrial applications of Pareto chart and cause-and-effect diagram

There are several studies in the literature that have utilized Pareto chart and fishbone diagram as quality
improvement tools. For example, Behnam and Alvelos (2011) discussed the application of quality tools
in tyre remanufacturing with the specific goal to improve the understanding of root-cause analysis
regarding the quality issues that has been discovered during the retreading process. In this work, the
authors identified the critical steps in the process, determined their root cause, and evaluated all the
potential causes of risks by using the high-quality tools such as Pareto chart, brainstorming, bond
diagram, and metrics diagram [27]. Laddha (2021) evaluated the performance of retreaded tyre and
their environmental impact. To meet the objectives of the work, a total of 60 retreaded tyres of different
brands and sizes were remanufactured and their quality and performance was assessed [28]. Banerjee
(2020) investigated the cold remanufactured process by studying the characteristics and composition of
materials in order to perform the quality checks that are needed at various stages of retreading [29]. A
brief summary of relevant literature has been provided in Table 1.

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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

Table 1: A summary of literature on the use of quality tools and identification of defects

References no. Research objectives Tools used

[27] Find out the root cause analysis of the process in the tyre Pareto Chart,
retreading industry from ken tyre. Brainstorming,
Fishbone Diagram,
Matrix Diagram.
[33] Risk management analysis for improvement of Pie chart.
performance and safety of tyres and reliability in the
deployment stages.
[34] Which method used retreading in government ST. the Bar chart.
workshop follows also finds the various retreading defects
during remanufacturing.
[30] Improvement of enveloped packing process before the tyre Bar chart.
is placed in the mold.
[32] The objective of the paper is to investigate the retread and Bar chart.
new tyres on the basis of distance travel of 1000km.

[29] Investigate and explain the tyre retreading stepwise process Fishbone diagram.
of cold and hot working and material properties of the
compound.
[28] Investigate the various factors affecting tyre retreading Bar chart.
brands and performance off retread tyres.
[31] Investigate the tyre retreading defect of fatigue growth Scatter diagram bar
crack rate generation in retreaded tyres. chart.

3. Methodology
The methodology adopted for this work is shown in Figure 1. The study began with the selection of the
tyre retreading process, i.e., cold retreading process. Further, data has been collected over a period of
four months (September 2021 to December 2021) through field visits and semi-structured interviews of
industry personnel. A total of 25 industries, located in Nagpur, Maharashtra, have been visited and 50
interviews have been conducted. During the data collection phase, the information regarding various
types of tyre defects and their causes and other important factors that play significant roles in the
assuring the quality and performance of retread tyres have been collected. Besides, a literature review
has been conducted to cross-validate the accuracy of the collected data. In the next step, the factors
influencing retreading process have been selected through the analysis of the data and literature review;
next, these factors are classified into the following categories, man, machine, technique, material,
process, and environment (Table 2). Following the categorization of factors, a fishbone diagram is
developed using all the valid tyre retreading factors (Figure 2). The various defects that occur in the
retreaded tyre are identified in the next step and a Pareto chart has been prepared to depict the severity
of defects (Figure 4). Using the output of the Pareto chart another fishbone diagram (Figure 5) is
prepared, containing the most severe defects. Following this, the root-cause analysis using the fishbone
diagram and brainstorming has been carried out to identify the major causes of the defects. Finally, an
action plan is prepared to improve the quality, safety, durability, and performance of retreaded tyre
(Table 3).

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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

Data collection using Identification of the

Selection of tyre
industry surveys and factors affecting the
remanufacturing
semi-structured tyre retreading
process.
interviews. process.

Identification of Generation of cause-

Development of various defects and-effect diagram of
Pareto chart for tyre generated in retread tyre retreading
defects.
tyre. challenges.

Root cause analysis of Preparation of action

tyre defects using plan to improve the Analysis and
fishbone diagram and tyre quality and discussion.
brainstorming. performance.

Figure 1. Research methodology.

4. Analysis and results

4.1 Challenges in tyre remanufacturing

The tyre remanufacturing industry faces several challenges during the application of the retread over
the worn-out tyre. Since the number of times for which tread can be applied on casing is limited, the
identification, monitoring, and control of the critical process parameters as well as challenges are
necessary. Through the analysis of the data, a total of 32 challenges have been identified. These
challenges are further classified into six categories. These categories and the challenges are shown in
Table 2. One of the major challenges is casing preparation, which requires skilled workers having the
ability to pinpoint the problems in the casing. As there is no automated system to check the casing
defects, it is done manually. Based on their skills and experience, the workers decide whether to accept
the casings and proceed with the steps of tyre retreading process. After the casing preparation, another
challenge is to apply the pre-cure tread on the casing due to difficulty in finalizing the pre-cure tread
length. To avoid the issue, the operator should measure the casing perimeter as well as tread length
while assembling the tread in the tyre casing. Further, by using all the valid challenges, a fishbone
diagram is prepared that depicts the different categories of crucial challenges that one could face in tyre
remanufacturing. The fishbone diagram is shown in Figure 2.

Table 2. Challenges faced during the tyre retreading process.

Category Valid and invalid tyre retreading challenges

Man • Lack of process knowledge
• Lack of awareness regarding tyre retreading defects
• Uneven speed (mura, muda, muri)
• Lack of training regarding inspection and quality control
• Lack of classification of defects and causes
• Lack of systematic work plan
Machine • Improper mold design
• Old technology-based machines
• Lower tyre curing rate
• Lack of calibration of tools, machines and instruments
• Absence of preventive maintenance plan
• High energy consumption
Material • Lack of testing of material composition
• Lack of testing of material properties

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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

Process • Lack of standards for manufacturing methods

• Lack of standard guidelines for tyre casing preparation
• Lack of proper loading and unloading methods of tyres
• Lack of variations in tread pattern designs
• Lack of proper guidelines for deciding the tread gauge
• Lack of standard for retreading pressure
• Lack of standard for retreading temperature
• Lack of standard setup time
Environment • Poor weather conditions (hot, cold, humid)
• Dusty (pollution)
• Shortage of natural resources.
• Lack of floor area
• Unspecified light intensity
Method • Lack of standard measuring instrument
• Lack of FIFO, LIFO
• Lack of 5S
• Lack of destructive and non-destructive testing
• Lack of compound testing methods

Figure 2. Valid challenges in tyre remanufacturing.

4.2 Use of Pareto chart to display the severity of retreading defects.

The most common defects in remanufactured tyres include failure of tread, failure of the sidewall,
failure of the buffer layer, bead delamination, penetration damage, sidewall cut, exposed ply, and
bulges. The defects are shown in Figure 3. In this study, a Pareto chart is used to organize the
remanufacture tyre defects and to help the operations managers in determining the severity of defects
and identifying the appropriate solution to overcome the defects. The Pareto chart depicting various
defects and their severity is presented in Figure 4. The Pareto chart shows the percentage frequency of
various defects which are arranged in descending order. The steps involved in drawing the Pareto chart
are as follows. First, the common defects in retreaded tyres have been identified through literature
review, field visits, and interviews. The identified defects are further arranged in a sequence based on
their severity level as specified by the data collected from the industrial survey. Following this, using
MS-Excel, the data has been plotted in the form of a bar chart showing the percentage-wise rating of
defects and their cumulative percentage. It can be observed from the Pareto chart that the most severe
defect of retread tyre is the failure of tread which is found about 39% of total defect generations in the

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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

retreaded tyre. The other important defects include exposed ply, failure of the sidewall, failure of the
buffer layer, bulge, casing defects, and bead delamination.

4.3 Analysis of the causes of tread failure through fishbone diagram

By analysing the data, a portfolio of important causes of tread failure and their sub-causes have been
identified. These factors are further used for the development of a fishbone diagram, depicting the major
causes and their sub-causes. To ensure the well-defined identification of the various causes and sub-
causes in each of the major categories, a team of experts, containing 6 members, has been consulted
and a rigorous brainstorming session has been conducted.

Figure 3. Defects in remanufactured tyres.

Figure 4. Pareto chart.

The experts included a remanufacturing and planning supervisor, casing preparation worker, tyre
storage manager, quality worker, sales representative, and a representative of the factory manager who
was also the team's leader. In the brainstorming session, the team leader, first, explained the objectives
of the session. After that, the conversation regarding the essential process factors, tyre defects and their
causes has been started. The activity proceeded with a discussion of the group members' ideas and
suggestions, which they had written down on paper. In the final step, the conclusion, the final
evaluation, and modification (some identified sub-causes were deleted while others were added) have
been incorporated into the common solution. Figure 5 illustrates the fishbone diagram based on the
causes and sub-causes of tread failure.

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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

Figure 5. Causes of tread Failure.

5. Discussion
The purpose of the present study is to identify the tyre remanufacturing process challenges and the
various causes of tread failure so that appropriate actions can be employed by the managers to improve
the above. To this end, data has been collected through industrial visits and semi-structured interviews
of industry personnel. The information collected is further used to develop fishbone diagrams and
Pareto chart. The identified challenges of tyre remanufacturing are classified into five sections, namely
man, machine, process, material, and environment. It has been observed that workers lack the process
knowledge due to the lack of specific training and therefore, they do not perform the work
systematically. The workers do not possess the knowledge regarding the different tyre defects, their
causes and the approaches to prevent the defects. The machines which are being used by the majority
of the industries are based on old technologies and need to be upgraded to ensure the production of
high-quality remanufactured tyres. The other significant observation related to machine includes the
lack planning for preventive maintenance, lack of proper mold design, poor curing rate due to the lack
of standard operating procedure, high energy consumption, and lack of calibration of tools and
instruments. Besides, the findings show that the firms do not focus on employing the crucial operational
practices such as inspection and testing of material quality and composition, developing standard
process guidelines for casing preparation, ensuring the effectiveness of process parameters such as
pressure, temperature, and time, developing standard procedure for minimizing loading and unloading
of tyres on machine as well as setup and changeover time, and implementing 5S methodology at the
shop-floor.
While investigating the tyre defects, it has been observed that tread failure is the most
prominent defect in a retread tyre which is followed by exposed ply failure of sidewalls, failure of buffer
layer, bulge, casing defects, and bead delamination. Among these defects, tread failure accounts for
39% of total tyre retreading defects. The majority of the firms follow their own tread joint procedure,
such as using high additive gum, bonding gum, and cushion strip in the joint area, and a few of them
apply staple pins to achieve better tread joints. The application of staple pins in the joint area is
extremely unsafe and leads to generation of most of the defects in retread tyres. The fishbone diagram
(Figure 5) illustrates the various causes of these defects which could be beneficial for managers in
deciding how to control the occurrence of these defects. Overall, the use of quality tools reveals that
one of the most important reasons for the defects is the lack of standard process guidelines regarding
tyre remanufacturing which have led these firms to develop their own work procedure. These
procedures are mostly faulty as the firms do not have the required skilled personnel, advanced
technologies as well as the innovative mindset.
In addition to the above, a list of action plan is formulated to minimize the defects and to
mitigate the process challenges which is presented in Table 3. As the pollution is increasing day-by-day
and the hazardous impacts of environmental deterioration are now becoming visible in the form of
changing climatic conditions, weather pattern, losses of flora and fauna, and various diseases, it has
now become imperative more than ever for everyone to look for ways to minimize the resource
consumption, pollution, and carbon footprint. The adoption of tyre remanufacturing business approach
could be one of the most effective means to achieve the above. Using tyre remanufacturing as a business
strategy one can generate revenue from wastes, however, the process the not that simple as it needs

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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

a lot of efforts in terms of resources and time. Hopefully, the findings of the study would help the firms
to move ahead towards the implementation of an effective system for tyre remanufacturing.

Table 3. Action plan to mitigate tyre retreading challenges.

Type Suggested action plan

Man • The workers should be trained for the retreading process.
• Experienced workers should be assigned for product and process quality checks.
• Fostering problem identification and joint problem-solving approach.
• Use of concurrent engineering and value stream mapping to develop standard work
plan.
• The development of standard operating procedure for handing tyre defects and their
causes.
Machine • Maintaining the proper standard pressure during the curing process.
• Maintaining the standard temperature during the curing process.
• Machine design mold patterns used the latest technology tread patterns design.
• Using either technological advanced machines or developing and installing
innovative attachments in old machines.
• Using calibrated measuring instruments to enhance the accuracy of process
parameters.
• Calculation of optimum curing time in the mold.
• Developing periodic preventive maintenance plan.
Method • Development of standard process specifications in tyre retreading process.
• Development of standard work procedure for hot and cold tyre retreading.
• Development of standard inspection methods.
• Use of FIFO approach in tyre retreading.
• Use of standard material testing techniques to ensure the product quality.
Material • Performing material composition testing.
• Procuring raw material from certified suppliers
• Implementing quality inspection for worn-out tyres as well as tread to be applied.
Process • Development of standard procedure for casing preparation and providing necessary
training to workers.
• Development of standard operating procedure for loading and unloading of tyres
• Selection of best procedure to make a perfect tread joint to avoid tread failure.
• Development of standard operating procedure for the selection of specific tread
pattern for specific tyre size for better performance.
• Selection of optimum tread depth for a particular application and providing TWI
(tread wear indicator) to all remanufactured tyres.
Environment • Minimizing the energy consumption per kg of tyres.
• Minimizing the waste generation during tyre retreading operations.
• Development of guidelines for recycling and reuse of the waste generated during
the process.
• Investigating the effects of weather conditions (hot, cold, and humid) on the tyre
retreading process and developing the control parameters.

6. Conclusions
The present work highlights the significant challenges of tyre remanufacturing and classifies them into
different categories that could be used by the managers while looking to overcome the impediments. In
addition, the most prominent defects and the reasons for their occurrences have been identified and a
comprehensive list of plans of action has been provided which could provide necessary insights to the
managers while developing a roadmap for the development of high quality and high-performance
remanufactured tyres. The use of quality tools including the Pareto chart and fishbone diagram has
provided a clear picture of the current situations as well as the actions that can be taken to improve
them. Hopefully, the present work would prove beneficial for the firms to adopt and excel in the tyre
remanufacturing business.

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International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2022 (ICAME-2022) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1259 (2022) 012033 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1259/1/012033

Acknowledgement
This work has been conducted under the Center of Excellence Flexible manufacturing system/ Robotic
Design, G H Raisoni College of Engineering Nagpur India. The authors are also thankful for the support
provided by the organisation Bharat Tyre Retreading Works Nagpur, India.

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