Introduction to IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of interrelated physical devices that collect and exchange
data through the internet. These devices can range from everyday household items to sophisticated
industrial tools, all embedded with sensors and software that allow them to connect and interact.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept which enables communication between internetworking devices and
applications, whereby physical objects or ‘things’ communicate through the Internet. The concept of IoT
began with things classified as identity communication devices. Radio Frequency Identification Device
(RFID) is an example of an identity communication device. Things are tagged to these devices for their
identification in future and can be tracked, controlled and monitored
using remote computers connected through the Internet.

The concept of IoT enables, for example, GPS-based tracking, controlling and monitoring of devices;
machine-to-machine (M2M) communication; connected cars; communication between wearable and
personal devices and Industry 4.0.

The Internet is a vast global network of connected servers, computers, tablets and mobiles that is
governed by standard protocols for connected systems. It enables sending, receiving, or communication
of information, connectivity with remote servers, cloud and analytics platforms.

Examples:
Smart thermostats, wearable fitness trackers, connected cars, smart refrigerators, and industrial
machines with predictive maintenance features.

History of IoT
Understanding the history of IoT helps in appreciating how technology has evolved and what factors
contributed to the interconnected world we live in today.

Early Concepts (1980s - 1990s):

1982 – The First "Smart" Device:
The concept of connected devices first emerged at Carnegie Mellon University, where a group of
students modified a Coca-Cola vending machine to report its inventory and whether drinks were cold.
This is often considered one of the earliest examples of an IoT device.
1990 – The Toaster Goes Online:
John Romkey created an internet-connected toaster that could be turned on and off over the internet,
showcased at an industry conference. This quirky invention highlighted the potential for everyday
objects to be controlled remotely.

Coining the Term (1999):

Kevin Ashton, a British technologist, is credited with coining the term "Internet of Things" while working
at Procter & Gamble. He used the term in a presentation about using RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification) to improve supply chain management. Ashton’s vision was to connect physical objects to
the internet to automatically collect data without human intervention.

Early 2000s – Growth and Development:

With the rise of RFID technology and wireless networks, more devices started to connect to the internet.
Companies and researchers began exploring the potential of IoT in various industries, from logistics to
healthcare.
The development of IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) was critical during this time. It allowed for a
virtually limitless number of IP addresses, which made it possible to assign unique identifiers to billions
of devices.
2010s – IoT Becomes Mainstream:
2010 – The term “Internet of Things” gained wider recognition when Google started collecting data from
Street View vehicles—not just images, but also data on Wi-Fi networks.
2011 – Gartner added IoT to its list of emerging technologies, predicting rapid growth.
2014 – Google acquired Nest Labs, a company that produced smart thermostats, highlighting how major
tech companies were investing heavily in IoT.
2015 – The number of connected devices surpassed the global population, signaling the explosive
growth of IoT.

Present Day:
IoT is now a multi-billion-dollar industry, deeply integrated into everyday life and critical sectors like
healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and manufacturing.
The rise of 5G networks and edge computing has further accelerated IoT growth, allowing faster, more
efficient data processing and enabling more devices to connect seamlessly.
AI and machine learning are being integrated into IoT devices to make them smarter and more
autonomous.

How IoT Works:

Devices & Sensors: Collect data from their surroundings.
Connectivity: Use networks like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or 5G to transmit data.
Data Processing: Data is analyzed locally (edge computing) or in the cloud.
User Interaction: Results are shared through apps, alerts, or automated actions.

Applications of IoT:
Smart Homes: Automation of lighting, heating, and security systems.
Healthcare: Remote monitoring of patients and health tracking.
Agriculture: Precision farming using sensors to monitor soil and crop health.
Industrial IoT (IIoT): Optimizing manufacturing processes and predictive maintenance.
Transportation: Smart traffic systems and autonomous vehicles.

Benefits of IoT:
Efficiency: Automates routine tasks, increasing productivity.
Convenience: Allows remote control of devices from anywhere.
Data Insights: Real-time data helps in making informed decisions.
Safety: Enhances security and monitoring capabilities.

Challenges and Risks:

Security & Privacy: IoT devices can be vulnerable to cyberattacks and data breaches.
Interoperability: Devices from different manufacturers may not work seamlessly together.
Data Overload: Massive amounts of data require proper management and storage solutions.
Dependence on Connectivity: IoT systems rely heavily on stable internet connections.

The Future of IoT:

Integration with AI and machine learning for smarter decision-making.
Wider adoption of 5G for faster and more reliable device communication.
Focus on sustainability through energy-efficient and eco-friendly IoT solutions.

Principles in Creating IoT

● Adrian McEwen and Hakim Cassimally equation is a simple conceptualization of a framework for IoT
with connectivity to a web service:
Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet = Internet of Things
● An equation to conceptualize a general framework for IoT with connectivity to a data center,
application or enterprise server for data storage, services and business processes is:
Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + Organize and Analyze = Internet of Things
Oracle suggested IoT architecture is the basis for this equation.
● Another equation which conceptualizes the general framework for IoT using the cloud-based services
is:
Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage and Analyze = Internet of Things

An IoT system has multiple levels (Equations 1.1 to 1.3). These levels are also known as tiers. A model
enables conceptualization of a framework. A reference model can be used to depict building blocks,
successive interactions and integration. An example is CISCO’s presentation of a reference model
comprising seven levels (Figure 1.4). New terms in the figure will be explained in the subsequent
chapters.

reference model could be identified to specify reference architecture. Several reference architectures are
expected to co-exist in the IoT domain. Figure 1.5 shows an Oracle suggested IoT architecture. New
terms in the figure will be explained in the subsequent chapters.
int trig = 10;
int fan = 8;
int echo = 9;
int led = 7;
int buzzer= 6;
int i=0;
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16, 2);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trig,OUTPUT);
pinMode(echo,INPUT);
pinMode(led,7);
pinMode(fan,8);
pinMode(buzzer,OUTPUT);
lcd.setCursor(4,0);
lcd.print("Welcome");
delay(200);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait.");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait..");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait...");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait....");
delay(200);
 lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait.....");
delay(200);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait.");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait..");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait...");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait....");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait.....");
delay(200);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait.");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait..");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait...");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait....");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait.....");
delay(200);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Please wait.....");
delay(200);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Visitor Counter");
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.print("By Eirol Jan");
delay(2500);
lcd.clear();
}

void loop() {
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("People visited:");
digitalWrite(trig,LOW);
 delayMicroseconds(5);

digitalWrite(trig,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trig,LOW);

int a = pulseIn(echo,HIGH);

int distance = a*0.034/2;

if ( distance<40) //in
{
i=i+1;
delay(500);
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
delay(100);

lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("People visited:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(i);
delay(400);

}
if ( distance>60) //out
{
i=i-1;
delay(500);
digitalWrite(buzzer,HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(buzzer,LOW);
delay(100);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("People visited:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(i);
delay(400);